Assessment of Point and Nonpoint Sources Pollution in Songhua River Basin,Northeast China by Using Revised Water Quality Model

Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source.In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps(S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH 3-N) loads were estimated.Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively.NH 3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively.Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present.The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities.It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin.The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.

Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soils of Yongshuyu Irrigation Area from Songhua River Basin,Northeast China

There is an increasing concern for potentially hazardous metals pollution, which can threaten crops production and human health. In this study, the spatial distribution and environmental risks of eight heavy metals in surface soil samples collected from the paddy fields in Yongshuyu irrigation area, Northeast China were investigated. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg and As were 34.6 ± 4.67, 82.8 ± 9.51, 17.3 ± 4.09, 21.2 ± 12.0, 88.6 ± 17.9, 0.18 ± 0.15, 0.22 ± 0.07 and 8.77 ± 2.47 mg/kg, respectively, which were slightly higher than their corresponding background values of Jilin Province, indicating enrichment of these metals in the paddy soils, especially for Ni, Cd and Hg. The spatial distribution of heavy metals was closely correlated with local anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural production, mining and transportation. The hot-spot areas of As and Cd were mainly concentrated in the up-midstream where were associated with agricultural activities. Cr and Cu showed similar spatial distributions with hot-spot areas distributed the whole irrigation area uniformly. Ni was mainly distributed in the downstream where Ni quarries concentrated, while the spatial distribution patterns of Hg was mainly located in the upstream and downstream where the soil was significantly influenced by irrigation and coal mining emission. The spatial distributions of Pb and Zn were mainly concentrated along the highway side. The pollution levels of Yongshuyu irrigation area were estimated through index of geo-accumulation(Igeo), Nemerow integrated pollution index(NIPI) and potential ecological risk index(PERI). The results showed that Cd and Hg were the main pollutants in the study area. Health risk assessment results indicated that children were in higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults with the carcinogenic metal of As. Ingestion was the main exposure pathway to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for both adults and children. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that Cr and Cu were mainly from parent materials, while Cd and As were mainly affected by agricultural activities. Pb and Zn were controlled by traffic activities, and the accumulations of Ni and Hg were associated with mining activities. This study would be valuable for preventing heavy metals inputs and safety in rice production of the Songhua river basin.

Mountain Effect and Differences in Storm Floods between Northern and Southern Sources of the Songhua River Basin

In this study, the differences in annual rainstorm changes in the Second Songhua River Basin and the Nenjiang River basin and their causes were compared from the perspective of mountain effects. The following results were drawn: (1) Altitude effect is the primary factor leading to increased rainstorms in the southern source; (2) Slope effect primarily leads to differences of the weather systems in the two sources, and thus cause the difference of the rainstorms; (3) Slope effect is responsible for the greater fluctuation in the observed floods in the southern source. These landform differences eventually lead to the differences in the characteristics of floods in the southern and northern sources. Commensurability method was used to identify the period of rainstorms in the southern and northern sources. The results showed that although rainstorms do not appear at the same time in the two sources they are characteristic of a 10 years' period in both areas. These results can serve as hydrological references for flood control and long-term flood disaster predictions.

Mechanism and Forecasting Methods for Severe Droughts and Floods in Songhua River Basin in China

The influence of various factors, mechanisms, and principles affecting runoff are summarized as periodic law, random law, and basin-wide law. Periodic law is restricted by astronomical factors, random law is restricted by atmospheric circulation, and basin-wide law is restricted by underlying surface. The commensurability method was used to identify the almost period law, the wave method was applied to deducing the random law, and the precursor method was applied in order to forecast runoff magnitude for the current year. These three methods can be used to assess each other and to forecast runoff. The system can also be applied to forecasting wet years, normal years and dry years for a particular year as well as forecasting years when floods with similar characteristics of previous floods, can be expected. Based on hydrological climate data of Baishan (1933-2009) and Nierji (1886-2009) in the Songhua River Basin, the forecasting results for 2010 show that it was a wet year in the Baishan Reservoir, similar to the year of 1995; it was a secondary dry year in the Nierji Reservoir, similar to the year of 1980. The actual water inflow into the Baishan Reservoir was 1.178 × 10 10 m 3 in 2010, which was markedly higher than average inflows, ranking as the second highest in history since records began. The actual water inflow at the Nierji station in 2010 was 9.96 × 10 9 m 3 , which was lower than the average over a period of many years. These results indicate a preliminary conclusion that the methods proposed in this paper have been proved to be reasonable and reliable, which will encourage the application of the chief reporter release system for each basin. This system was also used to forecast inflows for 2011, indicating a secondary wet year for the Baishan Reservoir in 2011, similar to that experienced in 1991. A secondary wet year was also forecast for the Nierji station in 2011, similar to that experienced during 1983. According to the nature of influencing factors, mechanisms and forecasting methods and the service objects, mid-to long-term hydrological forecasting can be divided into two classes:mid-to long-term runoff forecasting, and severe floods and droughts forecasting. The former can be applied to quantitative forecasting of runoff, which has important applications for water release schedules. The latter, i.e., qualitative disaster forecasting, is important for flood control and drought relief. Practical methods for forecasting severe droughts and floods are discussed in this paper.

Application of multivariate statistical techniques in assessment of surface water quality in Second Songhua River basin,China

Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.

Analysis of Urbanization Based on Center-of-gravity Movement and Characteristics in Songhua River Basin of China and its Southern Source Sub-basin between 1990 and 2010

Urbanization in modern times led to a series of development strategies that brought new opportunities in China. Rapid urbanization caused severe stress to the ecosystems and the environment. Using the center-of-gravity(COG) method and parameters such as population, economy, and land, we studied the urbanization pattern in Songhua River Basin and its southern source sub-basin from 1990 to 2010. Urbanization was analyzed based on the COG position, eccentric distance, movement direction of COG, and distance of COG movement. Various characteristics of urbanization in the southern source sub-basin of the Songhua River were explained in relation to the whole Songhua River Basin. Urbanization in the southern source sub-basin of the Songhua River is balanced, relatively advanced, and stable compared to the whole Songhua River Basin. The average eccentric distance between the urbanization COGs in the Songhua River′s south source basin indicated rapid expansion of land urbanization during the span of this study. A basic pattern of urbanization COG in the whole Songhua Basin was observed, but there existed differences among the three aspects of urbanization process. Land urbanization is still in its active stage, so future studies should focus on analysis of such urbanization trends.

Water Quality Analysis of the Songhua River Basin Using Multivariate Techniques

Multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were used to evaluate temporal and spatial variations and to interpret a large and complex water quality data sets collected from the Songhua River Basin. The data sets, which contained 14 parameters, were generated during the 7-year (1998-2004) monitoring program at 14 different sites along the rivers. Three significant sampling locations (less polluted sites, moderately polluted sites and highly polluted sites) were detected by CA method, and five latent factors (organic, inor-ganic, petrochemical, physiochemical, and heavy metals) were identified by PCA and FA methods. The re-sults of DA showed only five parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen) and eight parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, volatile phenols and total arsenic) were necessarily in temporal and spatial varia-tions analysis, respectively. Furthermore, this study revealed the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to inflow of effluent from domestic and industrial wastewater disposal.

Spatial and temporal distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin in northeastern China

The Songhua River Basin is a burgeoning agricultural area in the modern times in China. Particularly in recent years, increasing chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been applied with the development of agricultural production. However, the situation of non- point source pollution （NSP） from agricultural production in this basin is still obscure. In order to solve the problem, the occurrence and distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin before rain season and after rain season were investigated. In addition, total organic carbon was analyzed. The result showed that the concentration of acetochlor ranged from 0.47 to 11.76 μg/kg in sediments and 0.03 to 709.37 μg/kg in riparian soils. During the high flow period in 2009, the mean concentration was 4.79 μg/kg in sediments and 0.75 μg]kg in riparian soils, respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration was 2.53 μg/kg in sediments and 61.36μg/kg in riparian soils, during the average flow period in 2010. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of acetochlor and total organic carbon in surface sediments. Moreover, the distribution of acetochlor in sediments of the Songhua River was significantly correlated to land use and topography of the watershed. The investigated data suggested that the concentration of acetochlor in the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain was higher than that in the other areas of the basin, and riparian buffering zones in these areas bad been destroyed by human activities. The optimal agricultural measures to alleviate the contamination of pesticides should be adopted, including controlling agricultural application of acetochlor and ecological restoration of riparian buffering strips.

THE FLOOD OF THE NENJIANG RIVER AND THE SONGHUA RIVER IN 1998 AND THE COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE RIVER BASINS

In the summer of 1998, an exceptionally serious flood, with the characteristics of high water level, large volume of flow, long duration and serious losses caused by the disaster, occurred in the Nenjiang River basin and the Songhua River basin. Greater flood peak occurred three times in the trunk stream of the Nenjiang River for the floods occurred in its tributaries one after another. At Jiangqiao Hydrometric Station, the water level was 141.90 m and the rate of flow was 12?000 m 3/s. The flood is ranged to a catastrophic one, which occurs once in 50 years. Ranged to a catastrophic flood at Qiqihar Hydrometric Station that occurs once in 400 years, its water level, 0.89 m higher than the former all time highest, was 149.30?m and the corresponding rate of flow was 14?800?m 3/s. The water level that exceeded the all time highest lasted for 7 days. At Harbin Hydrometric Station, the water level, 0.59?m higher than the former all time highest, was 120.89?m and the corresponding rate of flow was 17?400?m 3/s. The water level that exceeded the all time highest lasted for 9 to 10 days. The flood here is ranged to a catastrophic one, which occurs once in 150 years. The flood of the Nenjiang River damaged 456×10 4?ha of crops and 115×10 4 rooms and the direct loss of economy exceeded 40 billion yuan(RMB). The main reasons of the flood are great rainfall, long flood season, unreasonable land use, regional ecological environment degradation and lack of water control projects. It is obvious that the following measures are greatly needed: the comprehensive management of the river basins; the formulation of development planning of the river basins, especially the water control projects; the development of agriculture based on ecological security.

吉林省松原市:经济增长、生态环境、人口聚集耦合协调研究

松辽流域是国家“十四五”发展规划中的重要生态研究基地。松花江流域的协调发展对促进东北区域经济振兴战略、落实国家旅游建设、实现乡村振兴有着重要意义。文章基于2012—2021年松花江流域吉林段市区数据,从对外贸易、经济、生态环境三个维度,构建综合评价指标体系。同时,运用熵值法和耦合协调模型进行计算,评估松花江流域各市区对外贸易、经济发展与生态环境之间的耦合协调发展水平。基于分析结果,提出发展对外贸易、实施东北振兴、坚持生态保护举措、加快推动松花江流域经济一体化发展等建议。

松花江流域NPP时空演变及其对极端气候的响应机制

为探究全球气候变化条件下松花江流域陆地生态系统健康程度的变化特征,基于2000—2020年MODIS MOD17A3HGF数据集,采用趋势分析、相关性分析、M-K检验、地理探测器和相对重要性分析等方法,结合气象站点数据和土地利用数据,分析植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)时空演变特征及其对极端气候事件的响应机制。结果表明:松花江流域年均NPP值为407.45 g/m^(2)(以C计,下同),以年均4.82 g/m的速率显著上升(p<0.01);极端降水事件对植被NPP空间分异性的影响强于极端气温事件,极端气候指数间交互作用的影响大于单一极端气候指数的影响,流域及农田和草地生态系统NPP主要受总降水量(PRCPTOT)与年平均最低气温(TMIN)交互作用的影响,森林、湿地和聚落生态系统NPP分别受中雨日数(R10 mm)与年平均最高气温(TMAX)交互作用、强降水量(R95P)与TMIN交互作用和R10 mm与暖夜日数(TN90P)交互作用的影响;时间尺度上PRCPTOT、TMAX和TMIN是植被NPP的主要影响因素,空间尺度上PRCPTOT和TMIN是多年平均NPP的主要影响因素。研究结果可为量化气候变化背景下区域生态系统健康程度和应对极端气候事件措施的制定提供科学依据。

三江平原松花江流域地下水环境变化及其控制因素

针对近年来我国农业地区地下水水质明显退化,严重威胁水环境安全和人类健康的问题,选取典型农业区——三江平原松花江流域作为研究区,基于2012、2022年采集的浅层地下水样品,运用熵权水质指数(EWQI)评估地下水水质变化情况,并通过Piper图分析地下水的水化学特征变化,进而综合运用Gibbs图和阴阳离子比值分析法,识别地下水环境变化的主要控制因素。结果表明,研究区地下水水质明显下降,水化学类型由HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg型演变为HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg和SO_(4)·Cl-Ca·Mg混合型;研究区地下水化学特征主要受水—岩相互作用控制,同时也受到阳离子交替吸附作用的影响;2022年农业活动、粪便和污水排放等人为输入对研究区地下水水质的影响加剧,是导致地下水水质下降的主要因素,未来应加强区域人为输入对地下水水质影响的研究,制订相关污染物排放管理政策。研究结果可为三江平原松花江流域地下水资源的可持续开发利用提供理论参考。

松花江流域植被净初级生产力时空演变及其与气候因子的响应

基于MOD17A3数据集,结合气候和土地覆被数据,采用趋势分析、稳定性分析、偏相关分析等方法对松花江流域植被NPP进行分析。结果表明,在空间格局上,松花江流域植被NPP均值呈中间低、四周高的分布特征;在时间尺度上,20年间植被NPP呈波动性缓慢上升趋势,平均值峰值出现在2014年,最大值峰值出现在2019年;在变化趋势上,呈增加趋势的地区占总面积的91.28%,降低的区域多出现在城市附近。植被覆盖类型按NPP均值从大到小排列依次为:森林、湿地、农田、草地;从稳定性上看,流域植被变异程度低,整体稳定;选取的气候因子中,气温对植被NPP的影响更为显著。

松花江流域防洪现状及重难点问题解决思路

松花江是我国七大江河之一,为适应防洪新形势及新变化,分析了松花江流域防洪工程体系现状与面临的问题,立足流域防洪实际和经济社会发展需求,结合水情、工情、社情变化,提出科学开展滩区围堤分类治理,明确蓄滞洪区启用条件,解决防洪重点难点问题,以期为构建与经济社会高质量发展相适应的现代化防洪工程体系、系统提升松花江流域防洪减灾能力提供参考。

松花江流域陆地水储量时空变异特征与影响因素探究

松花江流域是我国重要的粮食生产基地和生态区,研究其水源供给与水量变化对实现流域科学配水和生态环境保护具有重要意义。研究采用2003-2020年GRACE与GRACE-FO重力卫星反演的CSR RL06 Mascon数据产品,针对GRACE与GRACE-FO之间缺失的数据,采用已发表的重构数据进行填补,并通过GLDAS模拟水储量数据验证其在研究区的准确性。在此基础上,采用Theil-Sen结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验,分析了流域陆地水储量时空变化特征。同时,利用Pearson相关系数与地理探测器方法,深入探究降水(Pre)、蒸散发(ET)、人口密度(POP)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、生态分区(Ez)以及高程(DEM)等因子对陆地水储量的影响程度及不同因子的综合影响。并针对不同精度遥感数据进行相关性分析时,重采样带来的误差问题,对传统栅格数据重采样方式进行优化。研究结果表明:①GRACE数据产品在研究区具有较好的准确性,变化趋势线性区间与GLDAS数据具有很高的相关性;②优化后的重采样方式更适用于类似Pearson相关性分析的空间研究,相比于直接使用原始数据的方式,多数数据精度有显著提升;③松花江流域水储量在研究期内呈现增长趋势,极值比增加明显,研究末期,区内水储量空间分布趋于稳定,呈现东北多西南少的基本态势;④造成流域水储量变化的主要单一因子是降水和蒸散发,多数因子共同作用产生的效果外在表现形式均为非线性增强。

习近平生态文明思想视域下松花江流域法治路径研究

习近平生态文明思想为我国生态文明建设提供了根本遵循,是构建松花江流域环境法治体系的行动指南。松花江流域法治实践应坚持科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法的宗旨,深化流域一体化建设,实现流域高质量发展,努力在对“生态美、法保障”的回应中打造流域治理样板。

近40年松花江流域气象干旱演变特征

本文基于中国区域地面气象要素驱动数据集1979—2018年的降水数据,采用标准化降水指数为评价指标,计算松花江全流域及嫩江、松花江下游和松花江吉林段各子流域近40年各季节、年尺度干旱指数,并在此基础上利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了流域各季节的气象干旱演变特征,研究成果对松花江流域的水资源管理和生态保护具有重要理论意义和实践价值。

MIKE BASIN模型在松花江流域的应用研究

根据松花江流域实际情况和水资源管理需求,提出松花江流域水资源配置模型框架。对项目区域和模型结构进行了详细介绍,下一阶段进行参数率定、未来相关规划方案的制定等一系列工作,以期更好地为流域水资源管理服务。

北大西洋和热带印度洋海温的协同作用对松花江流域暖季降水年代际变化的影响

利用松花江流域100站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、哈得来中心海温资料等,运用多种统计方法和数值模拟分析了1975—2020年松花江流域暖季(5—9月)降水的年代际变化特征及其与北大西洋和热带印度洋海温的关系。研究表明,松花江流域暖季降水具有明显的年代际变化特征,20世纪90年代中后期发生了明显的年代际转变,由多雨阶段转为少雨阶段。年代际尺度上,暖季北大西洋马蹄型(North Atlantic Horseshoe,NAH)海温模态和印度洋海盆一致型(Indian Ocean Basin,IOB)海温模态分别与同期松花江流域降水呈显著的负相关和正相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.77和0.68。20世纪90年代中期之前,NAH模态负位相的海温异常在欧亚中高纬度地区激发纬向波列,将异常波能量传递到东北亚地区,在日本海至贝加尔湖地区产生异常气旋式环流;同时,IOB模态正位相的海温异常通过激发开尔文波,引起中国南海到孟加拉湾地区异常反气旋式环流,该异常反气旋式环流在东亚沿海激发出太平洋-日本型(PJ)波列,使得松花江流域出现异常气旋式环流。两者的共同作用使北太平洋水汽输送至松花江流域,有利于松花江流域降水偏多;20世纪90年代中期之后,NAH(IOB)模态由负位相(正位相)转为正位相(负位相),在NAH正位相和IOB负位相的协同影响下,松花江流域出现异常反气旋式环流,导致该区域降水偏少。

松花江流域冬季降雪的年际变化与西北太平洋海温的关系

利用松花江流域(Songhua River Basin,SRB)103站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及NOAA海温等资料,运用多种统计方法,分析了1979-2019年松花江流域冬季降雪的年际变化特征及其与西北太平洋地区海温异常的联系。研究表明,松花江流域冬季降雪主要受到其年际变率的调控,且年际降雪异常EOF分解的第一模态表现为流域一致型变化(方差贡献率为55.3%)。当松花江流域冬季年际降雪偏多(偏少)时,鄂霍次克海到阿留申地区出现位势高度正异常(负异常),其南部中低纬地区位势高度为负异常(正异常)。进一步分析表明,冬季西北太平洋地区偶极子型海温异常对同期松花江流域年际降雪有重要影响。当西北太平洋海温偶极子为正位相时(日本海地区海温正异常,菲律宾群岛以东地区海温负异常),引起西北太平洋中高纬地区对流层中层出现位势高度正异常,低层为异常反气旋式环流,中低纬地区对流层中层出现位势高度负异常,低层为异常气旋式环流。在此环流背景下,北太平洋到松花江流域被异常东南风控制,有利于阿留申以南海域以及我国东部近海地区的水汽输送至松花江流域并辐合上升,导致该流域冬季年际降雪增加;反之亦然。