Ecological Assessment on the Introduced Sonneratia caseolaris and S. apetala at the Mangrove Forest of Shenzhen Bay, China

yTwo exotic species, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. and S. apetala B. Ham., were introduced to Futian Mangrove Forest Nature Reserve, Shenzhen Bay, in 1993 for afforestation. Winter cold caused frigid harm but did not appear to be an obstacle to the introduction. The cold tolerance of the parental and filial generation increased in several years. The two Sonneratia spp. could propagate by seeds and disperse in Shenzhen Bay. While the two species grew faster than indigenous species, at the same time they promoted the growth of indigenous species, but they could not replace indigenous mangrove species. Suitable habitat was more important than the distance from the source in the natural spreading for the two species. The niche of the two species did not overlap with the niche of indigenous species. The two species did not self regenerate, although they could disperse on localized area in Shenzhen Bay. Therefore, it was unlikely that the two species would pose ecological disaster.

Study on Sonneratia apetala productivity in restored forests in Leizhou Peninsula, China

The exotic Sonneratia apetala in Leizhou Peninsula, has shown outstanding fast-growing ability in restored mangrove forests, at the middle and high tide intertidal zone, with year-round fresh water input from drainage. By setting plot and selecting standard tree, investigation and measurement on height growth, diameter growth, biomass, productivity, and so on, were made in a S. apetala plantation at age of six at Lanbei, Fucheng, Leizhou Peninsula in May 2001. The investigating results showed that the mean annual height growth of plantation was 2.03 m and mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH) was 2.35 cm. There exists a significant correlation between the diameter at ground surface (DGS) and DBH. The average biomass of a single standard tree in dry weight was 95.647 kg/m2. A ratio of above-ground biomass to under-ground biomass was 1.60. The stand biomass of unit area was 22.955 kg/m2, singletree wood volume was 88.23 dm3, and the annual wood volume productivity (PA) of the same year was 0.407. The forest energy accumulation was 424.851 MJ/m2, with annual solar energy fixing rate of 40.68 ×10-7%. It is concluded that S. apetala species had characteristics of outstanding high biomass accumulation and could be used as coastal planting tree species in southern China.

秋茄(Kandelia obovata)和无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)红树人工林消波效应量化研究

采用野外监测的方法对海南东寨港三江湾秋茄和无瓣海桑红树人工林的消波效应进行了量化研究。结果表明,裸露海滩的消波作用较弱,波浪在经过裸滩50m后,1/10波高、1/3波高和平均波高分别减低2.9%、4.4%和5.8%。红树林的消波作用显著,总体来说,波浪在经过秋茄林50m后,1/10波高、1/3波高和平均波高分别减低46.3%、46.4%和46.1%,在经过无瓣海桑林50m后分别减低30.1%、29.6%和28.8%。红树林的消波率随林分基部断面积的增大而增加;在浅水区域,红树林的消波率随水深增加而降低;在水深相同的条件下,红树林的消波效应随着波高的增加而增强;红树林的消波率与波浪的传播距离呈非线性正相关性,随着传播距离的增加,波高持续降低,但降幅减小。

海桑属(Sonneratia)红树植物木材结构的比较解剖学研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和激光扫描共聚焦成像显微镜对海桑属 6种红树植物木材结构进行观测 .首次报道了海桑属植物具有纤维状导管分子 ,并对其生态学意义进行了讨论 .同时对其次生木质部的形态结构特征的共同点和不同点进行了总结和描述 ,以作为比较解剖学的依据 ,进一步讨论海桑属与红树植物其它属木材结构相异的原因 .对海桑属与同一科的八宝树属(Daubanga)

海桑属(Sonneratia)6种红树植物的木材解剖特性及其应用

应用光镜及扫描电镜对生长在热带、亚热带海岸潮间带的 6种海桑属红树植物的次生木质部进行了解剖学研究表明 :海桑属 6种红树植物的次生木质部具有导管直径小 ,导管分布频率高 ,复孔率高 ,导管壁厚和纤维壁较厚且具次生加厚 ,木薄壁组织缺乏或稀少等与环境相适应的特点。海桑属 6种红树植物的数量特征还表明 :海桑、无瓣海桑、卵叶海桑的木材可能适合造纸。

海桑属(Sonneratia)植物的木材结构及其系统演化意义

研究了海桑科海桑属(Sonneratia)6种植物的木材结构特征,并与同科的八宝树属(Duabanga)、千屈菜科的紫薇属(Lagerstroemia)植物的木材结构进行比较。结果表明1.射线高度和射线宽度可作为卵叶海桑区别于其它种类的鉴定特征或辅助特征;2.海桑属形成一单系的类群,并与紫薇属有更近的亲缘关系,而与同科的八宝树属的亲缘关系更远;3.导管数量特征的聚类分析可以推测海桑属植物沿两支进化,一支进化为水分输导效率高的种类(即导管直径宽和输导面积大,管孔密度小,如海桑和拟海桑),另一支进化为水分输导安全性高的种类(即导管直径窄、输导面积小,管孔密度大,如杯萼海桑、卵叶海桑、无瓣海桑、海南海桑)。

华南沿海基围渔塘内无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala的生长效应

在华南沿海基围渔塘内人工控水条件下进行了红树植物无瓣海桑的人工恢复试验,结果表明:(1)基围内不同控水滩血高程对红树植物无瓣海桑的生长量和成活率有显著影响,随着滩面控水高程的增加,无瓣海桑的生长量与成活率有降低的趋势;(2)基围内种植密度对无瓣海桑的生长有显著的影响:在一定的控水滩面高程下,种植密度越大,生长越差;(3)种植季节对无瓣海桑种植初期的生长影响显著,较冷季节时种植不利于无瓣海桑的成活和生长;(4)在一定的条件下,种植20个月后基围内、外无瓣海桑的生长和成活情况基本接近,差异较小;(5)在基围渔塘内,大米草对红树植物无瓣海桑种植后的初期生长有一定的抑制作用。研究结果可以为华南沿海大面积的基围渔塘内红树林的生态恢复提供一定的理论参考。

Ecological influence of exotic plants of Sonneratia apetala on understory macrofauna

The study aims to compare the differences of macrofauna communities of wetlands at 3-year-forest- age, 5-year-forest-age Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves, 5-year-forest-age Kandelia candel ar- tificial mangroves with the same restoration background, and the naked tidal flat in the Qi’ao Island Mangrove Nature Reserve of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. The results show that there were signif- icant structural differences in macrofauna communities among four kinds of habitats. The increase of biomass and species diversity of macrofauna at 3-year-forest-age S. apetala artificial mangroves was obviously faster than that at 5-year-forest-age K. candel artificial mangroves whose average tree height was close to that of 3-year-forest-age S. apetala artificial mangroves. The BIOENV analysis shows that it was related to the rapid growth of S. apetala, which rapidly changed the light level and shading conditions in the forests. The 5-year-forest-age S. apetala artificial mangroves had lower macrofauna species diversity but higher density and biomass than K. candel artificial mangroves with the same forest age. This was due to the rapid changes of physical and chemical properties of habitat soil by the ecological restoration of S. apetala artificial mangroves as well as the changed food sources possibly caused by the leaf-litter of such non-indigenous mangrove species S. apetala. However, further survey should be conducted on whether there are any negative ecological impacts of large-scale cultivation of S. apetala on macrofauna communities, so as to evaluate correctly S. apetala’s role in the restoration of coastal mangrove ecosystems.

福建不同地区人工引种无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)生理生态研究

采用乙醇提取法、纳氏比色法、钼锑抗显色法及F-C法分别研究了人工引种于福建省漳浦、集美、泉港、连江无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)成熟叶片的生理指标:叶绿素、氮、磷及总酚含量。结果表明,4个地区叶片叶绿素a含量在(1.44±0.54)—(2.52±0.94)mg/g之间波动,叶绿素b含量范围在(0.54±0.02)—(0.94±0.11)mg/g之间,叶绿素a/b随着纬度的升高有增大趋势,表明随纬度升高无瓣海桑对蓝紫光需求比例增大;各地点无瓣海桑氮、磷含量均无显著差异,且N:P比值均小于14,表明均存在N限制;总酚含量随着纬度的升高而逐步升高,可能与无瓣海桑生长条件随纬度的上升而受到外界环境胁迫增大有关。

Ecological indicators showing the succession of macrofauna communities in Sonneratia apetala artificial mangrove wetlands on Qi'ao Island at Zhuhai, South China

The Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves in the intertidal zone of Da Wei Bay at Qi’ao Island of Zhu-hai, South China were chosen as the macrofauna succession plots while bare tidal flats of the same size were established as control plots in surrounding interference-free areas. Conventional change indicators of community structure, such as biomass and biodiversity, and indicators, such as exergy and specific exergy, which reflect the information change of overall communities, were used to analyze the succession of macro-fauna communities inS. apetala artificial mangroves. The similarities and differences in variation tendency of the different ecological indicators and their reflected ecological principles were compared. The results showed that from D-1 to D-1275 after plantingS. apetala, the biomass of the macrofauna communities first increased, which was then followed by an increase in the network relationship between the macrofauna communities （analysis of the Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. The system in-formation （specific exergy） increased the slowest. Between D-1460 and D-2370 after plantingS. apetala, there was a decrease in biomass, network structure, and system information in the succession plots. After the decrease in the system information （the specific exergy）, there was a decline in the network relationships （Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. Biomass was the last indicator to decrease. The similarities and differences among the different ecological indicators varied during the succession pro-cess, which reflected the relativity and differences among the indicators. This study suggested that, although the species diversity index can be an effective indicator of two types of changes （network structure and system information）, it was quite clear that species diversity measurement was not suitable for expressing the changes in biomass during the succession process. While exergy and specific exergy can provide useful information about the structural development of communities, they cannot identify the information state of the system. Therefore, when evaluating macrofaunal succession inS. apetala artificial mangrove wetlands, it would be better to apply a number of different ecological indicators, rather than just one single indicator.

Chemical constituents of marine medicinal mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris

Twenty-four compounds including eight steroids （1-8）, nine triterpenoids （9-16, 24）, three flavonoids （20-22）, and four benzenecarboxylic derivatives （17-19, 23） were isolated and identified from stems and twigs of medicinal mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data. Among these rnetabolites, compounds 1, 4-20 and 22-24 were isolated and identified for the first time from S. caseolaris. In the in vitro cytotoxic assay against SMMC-7721 human hepatoma cells, compound 21 （3＇,4＇,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone） exhibited significant activity with IC50 2.8 μg/mL, while oleanolic acid （14）, 3,3＇-di-O-methyl ether ellagic acid （18）, and 3,3＇,4-O-tri-O-methyl ether ellagic acid （19） showed weak activity. None of these compounds displayed significant antibacterial activites.

国产海桑属（Sonneratia Linn．f．）植物的形态解剖

本文描述我国海南岛产的卵叶海桑、海南海桑、杯萼海桑、拟海桑、海桑等５种海桑属植物的叶、花、果实、种子、木材等的形态结构；分析它们的主要特征在各种植物之间的异同．观察结果表明，海南海桑和拟海桑两新种的形态结构特征与其它各种植物有明显的不同，并讨论它们之间的分类关系。

Accumulation and Cycle of Heavy Metals in Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris Mangrove Community at Futian of Shenzhen, China

This paper reports the absorption, accumulation, distribution and cycle of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni in S. apetala + S. caseolaris, mangrove community at Futian Mangrove Nature Reserve of Shenzhen. The Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni contents in forest soil increase from bottom to surface layers, and the storage of the five heavy metals in the surface layer (depth 0 ~ 30 cm) is Zn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cu. The concentration ability is S. caseolaris > S. apetala > K. candel. The existing accumulation of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni in the community μis 23 019.63g/m2μ, 23 429.66g/m2μ, 117 870.42g/m2μ, 6 835.80g/m2μ, and 12 995.22g/m2μ, respectively. The annual absorption is 6 592.57g/m2μ, 2 664.80g/m2μ, 23 123.56g/m2μ, 853.24g/m2μ, and 1 990.95g/m2, respectively. The annual return is μ3 179.50g/m2μ, 1 300.65g/m2μ, 7 401.31g/m2μ, 398.99g/m2μ, and 646.20g/m2, respectively. The annual net retention accumulation of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni in the community is 3 413.07μg/m2, 1 364.15μ g/m2, 15 722.25μg/m2, 454.25μg/m2, and μ1 344.75g/m2, respectively. The turn over periods of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni are 8,19,15,18 and 21 years, respectively.

Analysis on genetic diversity of mangrove species of Sonneratia and relationship to plant introduction

RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among 6 species of Sonneratia in the National Mangrove Nature Reserve of Dongzhai Harbor in Hainan. By using the 15 effective 10 -oligonucleotide arbitrary primers, a total of 512 DNA bands were amplified, among which 297 (58.01%) were polymorphic. Based on UPGMA cluster analysis of 512 DNA bands amplified by the thirty primers, a DNA molecular dendrogram was established, which divided 6 species of Sonneratia into three main groups. Group A included 4 species: Sonneratia apetala , S. hainanensis, S. abla, S. ovata, and Group B: S. paracaseolaris and Group C: S. caseolaris only contained one species respectively. Group A could be divided into two subgroups, A1; Sonneratia apetala , S. hainanensis, S. covata and A2: S. abla; Two populations of Sonneratia apetala, which were from Hainan and Fujian (introduced from Hainan) respectively, were compared by RAPDs. The phenotypic frequencies detected by the 15 primers were calculated and used to estimate diversity (H) within sub-populations. Fujian sub-population exhibited 0.669 and Hainan exhibited 0.671 variability. Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity was then used to partition the diversity within and between sub-populations components. An assessment of the proportion of diversity present within sub-populations, Hpop/Hsp = 0.933, compared with that between sub-populations, (Hsp- Hpop) /Hsp = 0.067, indicates that, on average, most of the diversity (93.3%) is detected within sub-populations; while only 6.7% between populations. The plant introduction of S. hainanensis and S. ovata, which have the nearer genetic distance with Sonneratia apetala , is also discussed.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of mangrove plant Sonneratia alba

Objective:To investigate the antimicrobial property of mangrove plantSonneratia alba(S. alba).Methods:The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion and microdilution methods against six microorganisms. Soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction with a series of solvents,n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in sequence of increasing polarity.Results:Methanol extract appeared to be the most effective extract whilen-hexane extract showed no activity. The antimicrobial activities were observed against the gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) and Bacillus cereus(B. cereus), the gram negative Escherichia coli(E. coli) and the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans appeared to be not sensitive to the concentrations tested since no inhibition zone was observed.E. coli(17.5 mm) appeared to be the most sensitive strain followed by S. aureus(12.5 mm)and B. cereus(12.5 mm).Conclusions:From this study, it can be concluded that S. alba exhibit santim icrobial activities against certain microorganisms.

Antimicrobial activity of kojic acid from endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Sonneratia apetala,a mangrove plant of the Sundarbans

Objective: To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s) from the ethyl acetate(EtOAc) extract of endophytic fungus Colietotrichum gloeosporioides(C.gloeosporioides) isolated from Sonneratia apetala. Methods: Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus, and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain. Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale. Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound, kojic acid. The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Grampositive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay. Results: The fungus C. gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala. Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope. Subsequently, the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C. gloeosporioides. Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites.Kojic acid(1) was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract, and the structure was confirmed by 1 D, 2 D NMR and mass spectrometry. The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms.Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4×10^(-4)mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, those of kojic acid(1) were between 0.125 mg/mL and1 mg/mL. The EtOAc extract and kojic acid(1) were most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MIC = 2.4×10^(-4). mg/mL) and Micrococcus luteus(MIC = 0.125 mg/mL), respectively. Conclusions:The results revealed that the endophytic fungus C. gloeosporioides could be a good source of commercially important kojic acid, which exhibited antimicrobial properties.

珠江口无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)湿地中浮游动物构成及富营养化评价

选择珠江口南沙区两处典型的以大面积人工种植红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)为主的感潮河涌,进行湿地区域中的浮游动物研究。于2011年5月和11月对开放性河涌湿地14涌(A区)和封闭性河涌湿地19涌(B区)中的浮游动物进行调研,从种类数和丰度、污染指示种和优势种、营养指数E和污染指数A等方面对浮游动物进行群落结构和功能的分析,并以此对湿地水质和无瓣海桑的净化能力进行评价。结果表明,B区林内原生动物总丰度可达106ind/L数量级,7种丰度优势种均为纤毛虫类,优势种哑铃中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum),1种赤潮原生动物种类,单种丰度在春秋两季可达1.8×105ind/L、5.1×105ind/L。桡足类、枝角类在春季B区林内丰度最高,分别可达576ind/L和46ind/L,显示春季可能为其繁殖季节。轮虫相对不耐污染生境。指数E和指数A均远高于判断阈值。提出了二项浮游动物的富营养判断标准和二条原则。据此判断,B区湿地存在极重的有机污染现象,主要可能与无瓣海桑林内凋落物量较大或根系分泌物的作用且林内水流不畅有关。

Cloning and Structural Analysis of Calmodulin Gene from the Mangrove Plant Sonneratia Paracaseolaris

Calmodulin is a calcium binding protein that modulates the activity of diverse groups of protein including some protein kinase, adenylate cyclases and ATPase. Here we use the total DNA of Sonneratia paracaseolaris as the template of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR primers have been designed and synthesized according to the 5-and 3-terminal oligonucleotide sequences of Calmodulin gene of plants in Genbank and ligated with cloning vector pBsk(+).The recombinant clones have been obtained from the selected medium. The results of DNA sequences analysis show that the nucleotide sequences of ORF share more than 85% homologies as compared with those of calmodulin genes of several other plants.Similar to rice and apple, the ORF is interrupted by an intron behind the 75th nucleotide.

Indoor Control Efficacy of 4 Kinds of Pesticides against Latoia pastorlis (Butler) in Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham

[Objective]The paper was to screen pesticide that could effectively control Latoia pastorlis （Butler）, and provide reference for its utilization in fields. [Method]The indoor control efficacy of 25% benzoylphenal urea, 30% trichlorfon, 16 000 IU/mg Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana on 2-3 instars larvae of L. pastorlis were determined, and the indoor toxicity of 25% benzoylphenal urea and crystal trichlorfon on shrimp was also tested. [Result]Four pesticides all had insecticidal effects on 2-3 instars larvae of L. pastorlis, of which 30% trichlorfon 800, 1 000 and 1 500 times and 25% benzoylphenal urea 800 times had the best control effect. Crystal trichlorfon with the concentrations of 0.500, 0.100, 0.010 mg/L and 25% benzoylphenal urea 8 000, 10 000, 15 000 times had little or no impact on shrimp, respectively.[Conclusion] 30% Trichlorfon was rapidly available with small impact on shrimp, which were suitable for emergency use or daily control of L. pastorlis. 25% Benzoylphenal urea and 16 000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis had relatively slow insecticidal effect, which was suitable for daily control of L. pastorlis.

Biological Characteristics of Trabala vishnou Lefebure in Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham

[Objective]The paper was to understand the biological characteristics of Trabala vishnou Lefebure. [Method]Using the combination methods of field survey, caged observation in forest and indoor rearing observation, the morphological characteristics, biological characteristics and natural enemies of T. vishnou in Qinzhou Kangxiling Mangrove Natural Reserve in Guangxi Province were investigated.[Result]T. vishnou occurred for 4- 5 generations each year in Qinzhou Mangrove Nature Reserve of Guangxi, the developmental duration of each generation averagely was 57.64 d. The pest survived the winter as eggs, mature larvae or pupae, and the overwintering eggs, mature larvae and pupae began to occur in December.[Conclusion]The study provided a scientific theoretical foundation for the prediction and control of T. vishnou.