Reversed-Phase-HPLC Assay Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Sodium Chlorides in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Drug Solution for Infusion

A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.

Selective hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol with tannic acid-based porous carbon sphere supported Ni-Ru bimetallic catalysts

Ni-Ru bimetallic porous carbon sphere(Ni-Ru@PCS) catalysts were synthesized via formaldehyde-assisted, metal-coordinated crosslinking sol-gel chemistry, in which biomass-derived tannic acid and F127 surfactant were used as carbon precursor and soft template, respectively, and Ni2+and Ru3+were used as cross-linkers. In the developed method, Ni-Ru particles became uniformly dispersed in the carbon skeleton due to strong coordination bonds between metal ions(Ni2+and Ru^(3+)) and tannic acid molecules and bimetal interactions. The as-synthesized Ni-Ru10:1@PCS catalyst with a loading Ni:Ru mole ratio of 10:1 was applied for the selective hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol, and provided 99% glucose conversion with a sorbitol selectivity of 100% at 140℃ in 150 min reaction time and exhibited good stability and recyclability in which sorbitol yield remained at 98% after 4 cycles with little or no metal agglomeration. The catalyst was applied to glucose solutions as high as 20 wt% with 97% sorbitol yields being obtained at 140℃ in 20 h. The developed bimetallic porous carbon sphere catalysts take advantage of sustainably-derived materials in their structure and are applicable to related biomass conversion reactions.

Role of Calcination Temperature on Isosorbide Production from Sorbitol Dehydration over the Catalyst Derived from Ce(IV)Sulfate

Isosorbide is a multi-purpose chemical that can be produced from renewable resources.Specifically,it has been investigated as a replacement for toxic bisphenol A(BPA)in the production of polycarbonate(PC).In this study,the synthesis of isosorbide by sorbitol dehydration using a cerium-based catalyst derived from calcined cerium(IV)sulfate(300°C,400°C,450°C,500°C,and 650°C)was investigated.The reaction occurred in a high-pressure reactor containing nitrogen gas.Advanced instrumental techniques were applied to analyze the characteristics of the calcined catalyst.The results showed that the calcined catalysts demonstrated different crystalline structures and sulfate species at different temperatures.However,the acidic properties(strength and amount)of the catalyst did not change with the calcination temperature.The cerium(IV)sulfate calcined at 400°C exhibited the best catalytic performance,achieving the highest isosorbide yield(55.7%)and complete conversion of sorbitol at 180°C,20 bar of N2,and 6 h using CeSO-400.The presence of a sulfate group on the catalyst was the most important factor in determining the catalytic performance of sorbitol dehydration to isosorbide.This work suggests that CeSO-400 catalysts may play an important role in reducing reaction conditions.

A Novel Ultrafine Ru-B Amorphous Alloy Catalyst for Glucose Hydrogenation to Sorbitol

An ultrafine Ru-B amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction with KBH4 in aqueous solution,which exhibited perfect selectivity to sorbitol(~100%)and very high activity during the liquid phase gluecose hydrogenation,much higher than the corresponding crystallized Ru-B,the pure Ru powder,and Raney Ni catalysts.The correlation of the catalytic activity to both the structural and surface electronic characteristics was discussed bricfly.

Preparation and Properties of 1-octadecanol/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) Benzylidene Sorbitol/Expanded Graphite Form-stable Composite Phase Change Material

A 1 -octadecanol (OD)/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) benzylidene sorbitol (DMDBS)/expander graphite (EG) composite was prepared as a form-stable phase change material (PCM) by vacuum melting method. The results of field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that 1 -octadecanol was restricted in the three-dimensional network formed by DMDBS and the honeycomb network formed by EG. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that no chemical reaction occurred among the components of composite PCM in the preparation process. The gel-to-sol transition temperature of the composite PCMs containing DMDBS was much higher than the melting point of pure 1-octadecanol. The improvements in preventing leakage and thermal stability limits were mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the three-dimensional network formed by DMDBS and the honeycomb network formed by EG. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the latent heat and phase change temperature of the composite PCMs. During melting and freezing process the latent heat values of the PCM with the composition of 91% OD/3% DMDBS/6% EG were 214.9 and 185.9 kJ kg'1, respectively. Its degree of supercooling was only 0.1 °C. Thermal constant analyzer results showed that its thermal conductivity (k) changed up to roughly 10 times over that of OD/DMDBS matrix.

Ceria-Based Mixed Oxide Supported CuO: An Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Conversion of Cellulose to Sorbitol

A series of CeO2-Al2O3, CeO2-TiO2, CeO2-ZrO2, and CeO2-SiO2 mixed-oxide supported copper catalysts were prepared by a modified deposition-precipitation method from ultra dilute aqueous solutions and were investigated for hydrogenolysis of cellulose in aqueous medium, in the presence of hydrogen to produce sorbitol as major product. Among all the catalysts tested in the present work, CuO/CeO2ZrO2?catalyst proved to be the most promising with high conversion (92%) and excellent selectivity (sorbitol 99.1%), at an intermediate reaction temperature of 245°C in a neutral aqueous solution without an aid of liquid phase acid. The catalyst was recyclable in repeated runs and no deactivation was observed even after five reaction cycles. CuO/CeO2-ZrO2 has been characterized by XRD, SEM, TPR and BET surface area techniques.

Mannitol and Sorbitol Improve Uniformity of Adventitious Shoots Regeneration in Echinacea purpurea L. Moench

Mannitol or sorbitol was added into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium contain-ing certain concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA) which was used to induce adventi-tious buds of Echinacea purpurea L. Results showed that the induced adventitious buds growing from medium added with 15 g·L-1 mannitol or sorbitol of the same con-centration were more consistent in height. The regeneration rates in MS medium containing 0.2 mg·L-1 BA and 15 g·L-1 mannitol were increased, while in MS medium containing 0.2 and 0.5 mg·L-1 BA, and 15 g·L-1 sorbitol, the regeneration rates were suppressed. On the other hand, genotype of explants and the concentration of BA in-fluenced the incidence of hyperhydricity, and the hyperhydricity of regenerated buds was more severe when the petiole explants were inoculated on medium with 15 g·L-1 mannitol or 15 g·L-1 sorbitol. The present study offers new possibility to the production of uniform plantlets for commercial cultivation in this important medicinal plant.

Sorbitol-based osmotic diarrhea:Possible causes and mechanism of prevention investigated in rats

AIM: To study the possible causes of sorbitol (S)-based diarrhea and its mechanism of reduction by rice gruel (RG) in cecectomized rats. METHODS: S was dissolved either in distilled water or in RG (50 g/L) and ingested as a single oral dose (1.2 g/kg body mass, containing 0.5 g/L phenol red as a re-covery marker) by S (control) and S + RG groups (n = 7), respectively. This dose is over the laxative dose for hu-mans. Animals were sacrificed exactly 1 h after dose in-gestion, without any access to drinking water. The whole gastro-intestinal tract was divided into seven segments and sampled to analyze the S and marker remaining in its contents.RESULTS: Gastric-emptying and intestinal transit were comparatively slower in the S + RG group. Also, the S absorption index in the 3rd and last quarter of the small intestine (24.85 ± 18.88% vs 0.0 ± 0.0% and 39.09 ± 32.75% vs 0.0 ± 0.0%, respectively, P < 0.05) was sig-nificantly higher in the S + RG group than in the control group. The S absorption index and the intestinal fluid volume are inversely related to each other. CONCLUSION: The intestinal mal-absorption of S is the main reason for S-based osmotic diarrhea. Where RG en-hanced the absorption of S through passive diffusion, the degree of diarrhea was reduced in cecectomized rats.

Sorbitol Hydrogenolysis to Glycols over Baisic Additive Promoted Ni-based Catalysts

一系列 Ni 与不同支持基于催化剂，基本添加剂被顺序的受精方法准备。催化剂被 XRD，赌注， H2-TPR 和 CO2-TPD 技术描绘。基本添加剂的介绍提高了 catalyats 的盐基度并且由在 Ni 2+ 和基本添加剂之间的强壮的相互作用支持了 Ni 粒子的 dispersities，这被发现。在 Ni 之中基于催化剂， 10%Ni/10%La2O3 /ZrO2 在山梨糖醇 hydrogenolysis 显示出优异表演。Ni 和 La2O3 的 synergistic 效果被证明在选择合成起一个必要作用例如并且 1,2-PG。处于最佳的反应条件，催化剂介绍了 100% 山梨糖醇变换和超过 48% 乙二醇(例如并且 1,2-PG ) 产量。polyols (山梨糖醇，木糖醇和甘油) 的动力学学习 hydrogenolysis 证明有更多的氢氧根数字的 polyols 举办更高的活动，产品分发是运动平衡的最后的结果，它能给我们关于怎么改变产品选择的某灵感。

Synthesis of Dibenzylidene Sorbitol Series Compound

A series of alditol derivatives were designed and synthesized with relatively high yield. On the basis of reaction between sorbitol and a series of substituted benzaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst, a series of acetal derivatives were synthesized through free hydroxyl esterification. D-sorbitol acetal amido derivatives were prepared by reduction of nitryl and acylation of amino. D-sorbitol acetal carboxyl esterification derivatives were prepared through esterification and hydrolysis. By high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectra (HPLC-MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H-NMR), 36 compounds prepared were identified. Among these derivatives prepared, 26 compounds have not been reported in the previous literatures.

Fructose-sorbitol ingestion provokes gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with eating disorders

AIM:To evaluate gastrointestinal(GI) symptoms and breath hydrogen responses to oral fructose-sorbitol(F-S) and glucose challenges in eating disorder(ED) patients.METHODS:GI symptoms and hydrogen breath concentration were monitored in 26 female ED inpatients for 3 h,following ingestion of 50 g glucose on one day,and 25 g fructose/5 g sorbitol on the next day,after an overnight fast on each occasion.Responses to F-S were compared to those of 20 asymptomatic healthy females.RESULTS:F-S provoked GI symptoms in 15 ED patients and one healthy control(P < 0.05 ED vs control) .Only one ED patient displayed symptom provocation to glucose(P < 0.01 vs F-S response) .A greater symptom response was observed in ED patients with a body mass index(BMI) ≤ 17.5 kg/m 2 compared to those with a BMI > 17.5 kg/m 2(P < 0.01) .There were no differences in psychological scores,prevalence of functional GI disorders or breath hydrogen responses between patients with and without an F-S response.CONCLUSION:F-S,but not glucose,provokes GI symptoms in ED patients,predominantly those with low BMI.These findings are important in the dietary management of ED patients.

Densities and Viscosities of the Quaternary System Mannitol-Sorbitol- D-Glucose-H2O and Its Ternary Subsystems at 298.15K

为了检查简单密度方程和粘性方程的适用性在里面，到非电解质答案，密度和粘性的半理想答案理论在 298.15K 为第四级的系统 mannitol-sorbitol-D-glucose-H2O 和它的第三的分系统 mannitol-D-glucose-H2O 和 sorbitol-D-glucose-H2O 被测量。结果被用来为密度和粘性测试简单方程的适用性多部件非电解质答案。在预言并且测量的结果之间的协议好。

Synthesis and Gel Properties of Sorbitol Derivative Gelators

1,3:2,4-di-p-methylbenzylidene-D-sorbitol(MDBS)is known to be an efficient sorbitol derivative gelator.Two new sorbitol derivative gelators were designed and synthesized in contrast to MDBS in order to study the gel properties of gelators with different structures.Their gelation behavior to 30 solvents was investigated.It was found that the gelation behavior was related to the molecular structure of gelators.Compared with MDBS,the gelator with more hydroxyl in the molecular structure could gel water and that with more aromatic ring could gel aromatic solvent.The fibrous and three-dimensional network of the gels was obtained by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)spectroscopy revealed thatπ-πinteraction was one of the main driving forces for the formation of gels.Theπ-πstacking of gelation increases with the number of aromatic rings in the molecular structure of gelator.Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy revealed that the hydrogen bonding was also the main driving force for the formation of gels.The layered structure of the gels was studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD).

Sorbitol induces flower bud formation via the MADS-box transcription factor EjCAL in loquat

Sorbitol is an important signaling molecule in fruit trees. Here, we observed that sorbitol increased during flower bud differentiation(FBD) in loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Transcriptomic analysis suggested that bud formation was associated with the expression of the MADS-box transcription factor(TF) family gene, EjCAL. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that EjCAL was enriched in flower primordia but hardly detected in the shoot apical meristem. Heterologous expression of EjCAL in Nicotiana benthamiana plants resulted in early FBD. Yeast-one-hybrid analysis identified the ERF12 TF as a binding partner of the EjCAL promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR confirmed that EjERF12 binds to the EjCAL promoter, and β-glucuronidase activity assays indicated that EjERF12 regulates EjCAL expression.Spraying loquat trees with sorbitol promoted flower bud formation and was associated with increased expression of EjERF12 and EjCAL. Furthermore, we identified EjUF3GaT1 as a target gene of EjCAL and its expression was activated by EjCAL. Function characterization via overexpression and RNAi reveals that EjUF3GaT1 is a biosynthetic gene of flavonoid hyperoside. The concentration of the flavonoid hyperoside mirrored that of sorbitol during FBD and exogenous hyperoside treatment also promoted loquat bud formation. We identified a mechanism whereby EjCAL might regulate hyperoside biosynthesis and confirmed the involvement of EjCAL in flower bud formation in planta. Together,these results provide insight into bud formation in loquat and may be used in efforts to increase yield.

山梨醇杂质对异山梨醇型聚碳酸酯聚合的影响

异山梨醇型聚碳酸酯(PIC)是一类理想的可替代传统双酚A型聚碳酸酯(BPA-PC)的生物基聚碳酸酯,具有广泛的应用前景。然而,异山梨醇(IS)中的痕量杂质会干扰聚合反应,导致产物分子量低、易黄变,产业化应用受到严重制约。探究杂质对PIC聚合的影响可为其性能优化提供思路。以异山梨醇和碳酸二苯酯(DPC)作为原料,乙酰丙酮锂作为催化剂,通过熔融酯交换缩聚法成功制备了PIC,黏均分子量(Mη)达40180,玻璃化转变温度(T g)可高达174℃。通过反向添加法结合碳酸酯交换反应动力学探究了山梨醇杂质对PIC聚合的影响。结果表明,山梨醇的存在会显著降低PIC的聚合反应速率(k′)和分子量,山梨醇含量为异山梨醇及杂质物质的量总量的1%时,Mη降低了22042。并且随着山梨醇含量的增多,PIC由淡黄色逐渐变成棕黑色。此外,山梨醇的增多会使PIC的T g以及热稳定性出现轻微的下降现象。

拓扑优化相变热沉在不同重力场的性能

为强化相变热沉的性能,基于带惩罚的固体各向同性材料(SIMP)法对山梨糖醇相变热沉进行传热拓扑优化设计。对拓扑优化的相变热沉(Ⅰ)和直肋式的相变热沉(Ⅱ)进行定常重力(0~20g)和周期性重力条件的数值模拟研究。利用无量纲数对比二者的热性能,研究结果表明:热沉Ⅰ的吸热和均热性能优于热沉Ⅱ;在相同重力环境下,以80℃为目标,热沉Ⅰ温控时间比热沉Ⅱ平均多26.8%;微低重力下热沉内部近乎导热,略逊于常规重力下热性能;超重力强化的自然对流可以显著提升热沉性能,10g条件相比常规重力的温控时间增加8.94%,而相同Ra^(*)下,周期性重力对热沉Ⅰ的性能有抑制作用。研究结果对飞行器载相变热沉的地面细化设计有一定指导意义。

D-山梨醇醚化过程的热力学计算与分析

D-山梨醇在酸催化下会发生醚化反应,生成失水山梨醇的混合物。为便于了解各反应特性,采用Benson法、Myrdal-Krzyzaniak-Yalkowsky法、Joback法等基团贡献法和Marrero-Pardillo键贡献法估算了D-山梨醇醚化反应中所涉及物质的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔熵和摩尔定压热容等热力学参数。并根据估算数据计算了不同温度下各反应的标准摩尔反应焓变、标准摩尔反应Gibbs自由能变和平衡常数。计算结果表明:D-山梨醇醚化过程中,各个反应均为吸热反应,升高温度有利于醚化反应进行,标准摩尔反应Gibbs自由能变均小于0,反应为自发过程,反应能正向完全进行。产物中1,4-失水山梨醇的平衡常数较大,会进一步生成异山梨醇。这些数据为失水山梨醇的高效制备提供理论参考。

ORIGINAL ARTlCLES Silybin Decreases Erythrocytic Sorbitol Leveland Improves Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity in Patients with No

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Synthesis of vegetable oil based polyol with cottonseed oil and sorbitol derived from natural source

In order to prepare the polyol with all bio-based components as raw materials,cottonseed oil was first epoxidized by peroxyformic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid,and the cottonseed oil based polyols with variable hydroxyl value were then prepared by the ring-opening of epoxidized cottonseed oil with sorbitol,which is a multi-functional hydroxyl compound derived from a natural source.The chemical structure of the products was characterized with FTIR analysis, and the residual epoxy oxygen content and hydroxyl value of the polyol versus the ring-opening time were investigated.