In overlapping distribution areas of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S.discolor in North China(Mount Tuoliang,Mount Xiling and Mount Baihua),Sorbus indi-viduals were found with pink fruit,which have never been recorded for ...In overlapping distribution areas of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S.discolor in North China(Mount Tuoliang,Mount Xiling and Mount Baihua),Sorbus indi-viduals were found with pink fruit,which have never been recorded for the flora of China.Fourteen morphological characters combined with four chloroplast DNA markers and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)were used to analyze the origin of the Sorbus individuals with pink fruits and their relationship to S.pohuashanensis and S.discolor.PCA,SDA and one-way(taxon)ANOVA of morphological characters provided convincing evidence of the hybrid ori-gin of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits based on a novel morphological character and many intermediate characters.Haplotype analysis based on four cpDNA markers showed that either S.pohuashanensis or S.discolor were maternal parents of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits.Incongru-ence of the position of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits between cpDNA and ITS in cluster trees supported by DNA sequence comparative analysis,implying former hybridiza-tion events between S.pohuashanensis and S.discolor.Mul-tiple hybridization events between S.pohuashanensis and S.discolor might have contributed to the generation of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits.This study has provided insights into hybridization between species of the same genus in sympatric areas,which is of great significance for the study of interspecific hybridization.展开更多
Nanoparticles(NPs)have already been widely used in catalysis,antibacterial and coating fields.Compared with the traditional toxic and harmful reducing reagents,green synthesis of NPs by using plant extracts is not onl...Nanoparticles(NPs)have already been widely used in catalysis,antibacterial and coating fields.Compared with the traditional toxic and harmful reducing reagents,green synthesis of NPs by using plant extracts is not only environmental-friendly and cost-effective but also conducive to the multi-level and efficient utilization of wild plant resources.In this study,the aqueous extracts from Sorbus pohuashanensis(SP)and Aronia melanocarpa(AM)fruits were used as the reducing and protective reagents for synthesizing Au/AgNPs,with the characteristics of originality operation and high repeatability.The SP/AM fruit extracts functionalized Au/AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy(UV-vis),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).UV-vis spectrums showed the NPs peaks verified by the presence between 400–550 nm;TEM and SEM demonstrated NPs displayed approximately spherical structures;EDS confirmed the existence of Au/Ag elements;XRD measurements confirmed that the obtained NPs showed highly crystalline structures;FTIR demonstrated the fruits extracts were adsorbed on the surface of NPs.Primary experiments indicated that SP/AM fruit extracts functionalized-NPs could be used as the reagents for removing the organic dyes efficiently;Zone of inhibition tests(ZOI)explained that NPs have slow-release antibacterial activity.展开更多
A study was conducted to determine the effects of electrostatic field （ESF） treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorbus pohuashanesis. The experiments were arranged by uniform design computed by the ...A study was conducted to determine the effects of electrostatic field （ESF） treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorbus pohuashanesis. The experiments were arranged by uniform design computed by the Data Processing System （DPS）, including three levels of seeds soaking time, four levels of ESF intensity and four levels of ESF treatment time, with 12 treatments. Ten seeds were used in each treatment with three replicates. Seed vigor, seed germinating ability, emergence rate of seedling, survival rate of seedling, and seedling height and diameter, as well as the change in activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, soluble protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, soluble total sugar contents in leaves of S. pohuashanensis seedlings were measured after ESF treatments. The experiment results show that ESF treatment could improve the water absorption ability of dry seeds of S. pohuashanensis, resulting in fast germination at room temperature under light conditions. Combined treatment of ESF with cold stratification could increase seed germination percentage significantly （to 42.20%）, promote seedling height growth, affect leaf SOD activity, and could raise contents of total chlorophyll, soluble protein, and total soluble sugar in leaves. Seed soaking time had a significant effect on seed relative electroconductivity, seed germination under light, SOD activity, soluble protein content and total soluble sugar content of seedling leaves. ESF intensity exerted a moderate effect on these indexes. ESF treatment time only had significant effect on total chlorophyll contents, no evident effect on other indexes.展开更多
We characterized the effects of KNO3 pretreatment and germination temperature on dormancy breaking and germination of mature mountain ash seeds. Seeds treated with KNO3 and germinated at 25 ℃ followed by 5 ℃ had sig...We characterized the effects of KNO3 pretreatment and germination temperature on dormancy breaking and germination of mature mountain ash seeds. Seeds treated with KNO3 and germinated at 25 ℃ followed by 5 ℃ had significantly higher germination percentages and germination potentials （51% and 49%, respectively）, compared with controls. These treated seeds also exhibited reduced germination initiation times （minimum of 48 days）, and elevated germination rate indices （up to 97）. The germination of seeds subjected to long-term cold storage （2 years at 0-5 ℃） was also significantly improved by 3 days of 4% KNO3 pretreatment before germinating under a variable temperature regimen （5 ℃ followed by 25 ℃, and followed by 5 ℃）. Germination percentages and germination potentials for these cold-stored seeds reached 67% and 54%, respectively, and the germination rate index increased to 126.99. Pretreatment of mountain ash seeds with KNO3 represents a practical, effective, and pollution-free method for improving germination, and can be implemented easily within a variety of nursery settings.展开更多
The breaking of dormancy mediated by reac-tive nitrogen species(RNS)is related to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in germinating embryos but the underlying mechanism is unclear.The objectives of this s...The breaking of dormancy mediated by reac-tive nitrogen species(RNS)is related to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in germinating embryos but the underlying mechanism is unclear.The objectives of this study were:(1)to explore the relationship between RNS-mediated dormancy release and ROS accumulation in germinating embryos of Sorbus pohuashanensis;and,(2)to investigate the relationships among germination time,ROS metabolism,and endogenous hormone synthesis.We studied the effects of exogenous nitric oxide(NO)donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP),the NO scavenger(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide(PTIO),abscisic acid(ABA),the exogenous ethylene donor ethrel,and the ethylene receptor inhibitor 2,5-norbornadien(NBD)on embryo germination and seedling growth.Embryos were released from dormancy by pretreatment with NO or ethylene, which was related to increased ethylene biosyn-thesis and decreased ABA levels. Breaking of dormancy by SNP was related to increased levels of ethylene, hydrogen peroxide, and glutathione, increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased levels of ABA, superoxide anions, and malondialdehyde. These effects of nitric oxide were especially significant in seedling hypocotyls and radicles. These results demonstrate that NO can break S. pohuashanensis embryo dormancy by induc-ing ethylene biosynthesis, and that this signalling pathway is closely related to ROS accumulation and the antioxidant defence response.展开更多
Sorbus pohuashanensis(Hance) Hedl. is a potential horticulture and medicinal plant, but its genomic and genetic backgrounds remain unknown. Here, we sequence and assemble the S. pohuashanensis reference genome using P...Sorbus pohuashanensis(Hance) Hedl. is a potential horticulture and medicinal plant, but its genomic and genetic backgrounds remain unknown. Here, we sequence and assemble the S. pohuashanensis reference genome using Pac Bio long reads. Based on the new reference genome, we resequence a core collection of22 Sorbus spp. samples, which are divided into 2 groups(G1 and G2) based on phylogenetic and PCA analyses. These phylogenetic clusters are highly consistent with their classification based on leaf shape.Natural hybridization between the G1 and G2 groups is evidenced by a sample(R21) with a highly heterozygous genotype. Nucleotide diversity(π) analysis shows that G1 has a higher diversity than G2 and that G2 originated from G1. During the evolution process, the gene families involved in photosynthesis pathways expanded and the gene families involved in energy consumption contracted. RNA-seq data suggests that flavonoid biosynthesis and heat-shock protein(HSP)-heat-shock factor(HSF) pathways play important roles in protection against sunburn. This study provides new insights into the evolution of Sorbus spp.genomes. In addition, the genomic resources, and the identified genetic variations, especially those related to stress resistance, will help future efforts to produce and breed Sorbus spp.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:32071779.
文摘In overlapping distribution areas of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S.discolor in North China(Mount Tuoliang,Mount Xiling and Mount Baihua),Sorbus indi-viduals were found with pink fruit,which have never been recorded for the flora of China.Fourteen morphological characters combined with four chloroplast DNA markers and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)were used to analyze the origin of the Sorbus individuals with pink fruits and their relationship to S.pohuashanensis and S.discolor.PCA,SDA and one-way(taxon)ANOVA of morphological characters provided convincing evidence of the hybrid ori-gin of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits based on a novel morphological character and many intermediate characters.Haplotype analysis based on four cpDNA markers showed that either S.pohuashanensis or S.discolor were maternal parents of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits.Incongru-ence of the position of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits between cpDNA and ITS in cluster trees supported by DNA sequence comparative analysis,implying former hybridiza-tion events between S.pohuashanensis and S.discolor.Mul-tiple hybridization events between S.pohuashanensis and S.discolor might have contributed to the generation of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits.This study has provided insights into hybridization between species of the same genus in sympatric areas,which is of great significance for the study of interspecific hybridization.
基金support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020DR07)Natural Science Fund of Heilongjiang Province(LH2019B001)+1 种基金the 111 Project(B20088)Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program(Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team).
文摘Nanoparticles(NPs)have already been widely used in catalysis,antibacterial and coating fields.Compared with the traditional toxic and harmful reducing reagents,green synthesis of NPs by using plant extracts is not only environmental-friendly and cost-effective but also conducive to the multi-level and efficient utilization of wild plant resources.In this study,the aqueous extracts from Sorbus pohuashanensis(SP)and Aronia melanocarpa(AM)fruits were used as the reducing and protective reagents for synthesizing Au/AgNPs,with the characteristics of originality operation and high repeatability.The SP/AM fruit extracts functionalized Au/AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy(UV-vis),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).UV-vis spectrums showed the NPs peaks verified by the presence between 400–550 nm;TEM and SEM demonstrated NPs displayed approximately spherical structures;EDS confirmed the existence of Au/Ag elements;XRD measurements confirmed that the obtained NPs showed highly crystalline structures;FTIR demonstrated the fruits extracts were adsorbed on the surface of NPs.Primary experiments indicated that SP/AM fruit extracts functionalized-NPs could be used as the reagents for removing the organic dyes efficiently;Zone of inhibition tests(ZOI)explained that NPs have slow-release antibacterial activity.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during 2006–2010 (2006BAD03A04)
文摘A study was conducted to determine the effects of electrostatic field （ESF） treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorbus pohuashanesis. The experiments were arranged by uniform design computed by the Data Processing System （DPS）, including three levels of seeds soaking time, four levels of ESF intensity and four levels of ESF treatment time, with 12 treatments. Ten seeds were used in each treatment with three replicates. Seed vigor, seed germinating ability, emergence rate of seedling, survival rate of seedling, and seedling height and diameter, as well as the change in activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, soluble protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, soluble total sugar contents in leaves of S. pohuashanensis seedlings were measured after ESF treatments. The experiment results show that ESF treatment could improve the water absorption ability of dry seeds of S. pohuashanensis, resulting in fast germination at room temperature under light conditions. Combined treatment of ESF with cold stratification could increase seed germination percentage significantly （to 42.20%）, promote seedling height growth, affect leaf SOD activity, and could raise contents of total chlorophyll, soluble protein, and total soluble sugar in leaves. Seed soaking time had a significant effect on seed relative electroconductivity, seed germination under light, SOD activity, soluble protein content and total soluble sugar content of seedling leaves. ESF intensity exerted a moderate effect on these indexes. ESF treatment time only had significant effect on total chlorophyll contents, no evident effect on other indexes.
文摘We characterized the effects of KNO3 pretreatment and germination temperature on dormancy breaking and germination of mature mountain ash seeds. Seeds treated with KNO3 and germinated at 25 ℃ followed by 5 ℃ had significantly higher germination percentages and germination potentials （51% and 49%, respectively）, compared with controls. These treated seeds also exhibited reduced germination initiation times （minimum of 48 days）, and elevated germination rate indices （up to 97）. The germination of seeds subjected to long-term cold storage （2 years at 0-5 ℃） was also significantly improved by 3 days of 4% KNO3 pretreatment before germinating under a variable temperature regimen （5 ℃ followed by 25 ℃, and followed by 5 ℃）. Germination percentages and germination potentials for these cold-stored seeds reached 67% and 54%, respectively, and the germination rate index increased to 126.99. Pretreatment of mountain ash seeds with KNO3 represents a practical, effective, and pollution-free method for improving germination, and can be implemented easily within a variety of nursery settings.
基金provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32071757)National Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(C201407).
文摘The breaking of dormancy mediated by reac-tive nitrogen species(RNS)is related to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in germinating embryos but the underlying mechanism is unclear.The objectives of this study were:(1)to explore the relationship between RNS-mediated dormancy release and ROS accumulation in germinating embryos of Sorbus pohuashanensis;and,(2)to investigate the relationships among germination time,ROS metabolism,and endogenous hormone synthesis.We studied the effects of exogenous nitric oxide(NO)donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP),the NO scavenger(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide(PTIO),abscisic acid(ABA),the exogenous ethylene donor ethrel,and the ethylene receptor inhibitor 2,5-norbornadien(NBD)on embryo germination and seedling growth.Embryos were released from dormancy by pretreatment with NO or ethylene, which was related to increased ethylene biosyn-thesis and decreased ABA levels. Breaking of dormancy by SNP was related to increased levels of ethylene, hydrogen peroxide, and glutathione, increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased levels of ABA, superoxide anions, and malondialdehyde. These effects of nitric oxide were especially significant in seedling hypocotyls and radicles. These results demonstrate that NO can break S. pohuashanensis embryo dormancy by induc-ing ethylene biosynthesis, and that this signalling pathway is closely related to ROS accumulation and the antioxidant defence response.
基金supported by the Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31770369) to J. Z。
文摘Sorbus pohuashanensis(Hance) Hedl. is a potential horticulture and medicinal plant, but its genomic and genetic backgrounds remain unknown. Here, we sequence and assemble the S. pohuashanensis reference genome using Pac Bio long reads. Based on the new reference genome, we resequence a core collection of22 Sorbus spp. samples, which are divided into 2 groups(G1 and G2) based on phylogenetic and PCA analyses. These phylogenetic clusters are highly consistent with their classification based on leaf shape.Natural hybridization between the G1 and G2 groups is evidenced by a sample(R21) with a highly heterozygous genotype. Nucleotide diversity(π) analysis shows that G1 has a higher diversity than G2 and that G2 originated from G1. During the evolution process, the gene families involved in photosynthesis pathways expanded and the gene families involved in energy consumption contracted. RNA-seq data suggests that flavonoid biosynthesis and heat-shock protein(HSP)-heat-shock factor(HSF) pathways play important roles in protection against sunburn. This study provides new insights into the evolution of Sorbus spp.genomes. In addition, the genomic resources, and the identified genetic variations, especially those related to stress resistance, will help future efforts to produce and breed Sorbus spp.
