The first part of this investigation analyzes the deep earthquake occurrences in Nazca subducting under South America. The depth taken is to get information about possible influences from the unknown materials and for...The first part of this investigation analyzes the deep earthquake occurrences in Nazca subducting under South America. The depth taken is to get information about possible influences from the unknown materials and formations under the crust. The results revealed the presence of malleable material, which is unbreakable and, therefore, unable to trigger earthquakes. The structure of those elements is diamagnetic, attracting ionized particles from the Van Allen belt region in the ionosphere. The charged particles travel towards Earth’s surface, enhanced during the geomagnetic storms. The South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) found that the deformation suffered by the anomaly moving from South Africa to South America is, possibly due to a bulge of unknown flexible material buried underneath the oceanic and continental crust. The continental part is strengthening in weakness because the background also has a high amount of diamagnetic material in this region, and it would not happen over the Atlantic Ocean, where part of the deformation is placed.展开更多
The South Atlantic Anomaly(SAA)is a region where the geomagnetic field is significantly lower than that of the surrounding area.On the basis of the models of CHAOS-7.8,Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter Model(NRLMSI...The South Atlantic Anomaly(SAA)is a region where the geomagnetic field is significantly lower than that of the surrounding area.On the basis of the models of CHAOS-7.8,Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter Model(NRLMSISE-00),and International Reference Ionosphere 2016(IRI-2016),we theoretically investigated the lower and upper boundaries of the ionospheric dynamo region inside the SAA.In the ionospheric dynamo region,electrons are coupled with magnetic field lines,whereas ions are decoupled from magnetic field lines.Our results showed that the ionospheric dynamo region inside the SAA is higher and larger than that outside the SAA.We also studied the boundary variations of the dynamo region inside the SAA depending on the seasons and solar activities.We found that the dynamo region inside the SAA is the highest and largest in the summer of the southern hemisphere at solar maximum.The larger and higher altitude range of the ionospheric dynamo region in the SAA can contribute to the stronger ionospheric currents in this region.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of Solar cycles and season fluctuations on earthquakes, in a location named South Atlantic anomaly. The area used herein is delimited 0N, ?50S, 40E, ?90W, and is the...The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of Solar cycles and season fluctuations on earthquakes, in a location named South Atlantic anomaly. The area used herein is delimited 0N, ?50S, 40E, ?90W, and is the region with the Earth’s lowest magnetic field, which allows a higher number of ionized particles to reach the ionosphere. The period chosen is 1996-2018, comprising two Solar Cycles and the respective solar maxima in 2000 and 2014. The first results pointed out that occurrences of swarm location depending from the depth search. Shallow earthquakes developed swarms near the shorelines and deep depth inland. A mathematical model was developed to statistically evaluate the changes in the earthquakes increases. The outcome resolutions showed Summer and Fall are the most important seasons for tremors in this region. The period analyzed have an extended solar minimum occurred 2003-2010, we analyzed the evolution of earthquakes occurrences under the South Atlantic anomaly.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the most significant events that occurred in the period 1996-2018 located under the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), where the earth’s magnetic field is weaker and the trapped par...The purpose of this paper is to analyze the most significant events that occurred in the period 1996-2018 located under the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), where the earth’s magnetic field is weaker and the trapped particles during the geomagnetic storms suffer decay over time. The time examined corresponds to the Solar Cycles 23 and 24;the area covered is defined by the following coordinates: 0N,?-50S, 40E,?-90W. Some significant events in this region reported Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves before the event, varying from minutes, hours, and even weeks before the earthquakes. Our study searches for a mechanism to explain why the crust creates electromagnetic signs detected at the ionosphere. Piezoelectric currents flow on the crust, combining with the magnetic field lines, temporarily producing pre-seismic electromagnetic pulses that are detected at the ionosphere prior to the events. The mechanism that allows electromagnetic signs to be detected at the ionosphere is also elucidated. These signs are brief, and they will cease with the beginning of the shock or shortly thereafter. However, some features contribute to making the signs impossible to detect, involving crust materials, location, magnitude, and depths. We suggest that these ionospheric events could happen for other kinds of hazard events, such as Volcanos.展开更多
“Zebra stripes”denote banded structures characterized by periodic peaks and valleys in the spectrograms of energetic electrons in the Earth's inner radiation belt and slot region.In contrast to previous investig...“Zebra stripes”denote banded structures characterized by periodic peaks and valleys in the spectrograms of energetic electrons in the Earth's inner radiation belt and slot region.In contrast to previous investigations primarily grounded in equatorial observations,this study presents two events exhibiting the evolution of electron zebra stripes within the South Atlantic Anomaly,as observed from the Macao Scientific Satellite-1 in low Earth orbit.Our findings affirm that the structural and evolutionary features of zebra stripes in both events accord with the drift echo hypothesis.The start time extrapolated from the electron spectrograms correlates with substorm onsets,consistent with prior conclusions.Notably,the duration of zebra stripe evolution during the event of June 5–6,2023,reaches an impressive 34.7 h,a markedly longer interval than findings from the Van Allen Probes.This discrepancy suggests that the observed lifetime of electron zebra stripes may not inherently reflect natural limitations but could be constrained by instrumental capabilities.The results implicate that high-energy-resolution detectors have the potential to significantly enhance our capacity to scrutinize the dynamics of the radiation belt.展开更多
文摘The first part of this investigation analyzes the deep earthquake occurrences in Nazca subducting under South America. The depth taken is to get information about possible influences from the unknown materials and formations under the crust. The results revealed the presence of malleable material, which is unbreakable and, therefore, unable to trigger earthquakes. The structure of those elements is diamagnetic, attracting ionized particles from the Van Allen belt region in the ionosphere. The charged particles travel towards Earth’s surface, enhanced during the geomagnetic storms. The South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) found that the deformation suffered by the anomaly moving from South Africa to South America is, possibly due to a bulge of unknown flexible material buried underneath the oceanic and continental crust. The continental part is strengthening in weakness because the background also has a high amount of diamagnetic material in this region, and it would not happen over the Atlantic Ocean, where part of the deformation is placed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(undergrant no.42122061)Macao Foundation+1 种基金the Project of Civil Aerospace“13th Five Year Plan”Preliminary Research in Space Science(grant nos.D020308 and D020301)the international partnership program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.183311KYSB20200017)。
文摘The South Atlantic Anomaly(SAA)is a region where the geomagnetic field is significantly lower than that of the surrounding area.On the basis of the models of CHAOS-7.8,Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter Model(NRLMSISE-00),and International Reference Ionosphere 2016(IRI-2016),we theoretically investigated the lower and upper boundaries of the ionospheric dynamo region inside the SAA.In the ionospheric dynamo region,electrons are coupled with magnetic field lines,whereas ions are decoupled from magnetic field lines.Our results showed that the ionospheric dynamo region inside the SAA is higher and larger than that outside the SAA.We also studied the boundary variations of the dynamo region inside the SAA depending on the seasons and solar activities.We found that the dynamo region inside the SAA is the highest and largest in the summer of the southern hemisphere at solar maximum.The larger and higher altitude range of the ionospheric dynamo region in the SAA can contribute to the stronger ionospheric currents in this region.
文摘The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of Solar cycles and season fluctuations on earthquakes, in a location named South Atlantic anomaly. The area used herein is delimited 0N, ?50S, 40E, ?90W, and is the region with the Earth’s lowest magnetic field, which allows a higher number of ionized particles to reach the ionosphere. The period chosen is 1996-2018, comprising two Solar Cycles and the respective solar maxima in 2000 and 2014. The first results pointed out that occurrences of swarm location depending from the depth search. Shallow earthquakes developed swarms near the shorelines and deep depth inland. A mathematical model was developed to statistically evaluate the changes in the earthquakes increases. The outcome resolutions showed Summer and Fall are the most important seasons for tremors in this region. The period analyzed have an extended solar minimum occurred 2003-2010, we analyzed the evolution of earthquakes occurrences under the South Atlantic anomaly.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to analyze the most significant events that occurred in the period 1996-2018 located under the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), where the earth’s magnetic field is weaker and the trapped particles during the geomagnetic storms suffer decay over time. The time examined corresponds to the Solar Cycles 23 and 24;the area covered is defined by the following coordinates: 0N,?-50S, 40E,?-90W. Some significant events in this region reported Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves before the event, varying from minutes, hours, and even weeks before the earthquakes. Our study searches for a mechanism to explain why the crust creates electromagnetic signs detected at the ionosphere. Piezoelectric currents flow on the crust, combining with the magnetic field lines, temporarily producing pre-seismic electromagnetic pulses that are detected at the ionosphere prior to the events. The mechanism that allows electromagnetic signs to be detected at the ionosphere is also elucidated. These signs are brief, and they will cease with the beginning of the shock or shortly thereafter. However, some features contribute to making the signs impossible to detect, involving crust materials, location, magnitude, and depths. We suggest that these ionospheric events could happen for other kinds of hazard events, such as Volcanos.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42230202)the Major Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Research and Development(Grant No.2021YFA0718600)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(Grant No.SKL-LPS(MUST)-2024-2026)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M670025)。
文摘“Zebra stripes”denote banded structures characterized by periodic peaks and valleys in the spectrograms of energetic electrons in the Earth's inner radiation belt and slot region.In contrast to previous investigations primarily grounded in equatorial observations,this study presents two events exhibiting the evolution of electron zebra stripes within the South Atlantic Anomaly,as observed from the Macao Scientific Satellite-1 in low Earth orbit.Our findings affirm that the structural and evolutionary features of zebra stripes in both events accord with the drift echo hypothesis.The start time extrapolated from the electron spectrograms correlates with substorm onsets,consistent with prior conclusions.Notably,the duration of zebra stripe evolution during the event of June 5–6,2023,reaches an impressive 34.7 h,a markedly longer interval than findings from the Van Allen Probes.This discrepancy suggests that the observed lifetime of electron zebra stripes may not inherently reflect natural limitations but could be constrained by instrumental capabilities.The results implicate that high-energy-resolution detectors have the potential to significantly enhance our capacity to scrutinize the dynamics of the radiation belt.
