Paleoseismological Study of the Late Quaternary Slip-rate along the South Barkol Basin Fault and Its Tectonic Implications,Eastern Tian Shan,Xinjiang

The easternmost Tian Shan lies in eastern Xinjiang, Central Asia. The South Barkol basin fault（SBF） in the northern part of the easternmost Tian Shan is a major tectonic structure in this orogenic region. The late Quaternary activity, paleoseismology, and deformation characteristics of the fault provide important clues for understanding the tectonic process of the eastern Tian Shan orogen and implementing seismic mitigation. Through interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, unmanned aerial vehicle measurements, and detailed geological and geomorphic investigations, we suggest that the fault exhibits clear left-lateral slip along its western segment. Paleoseismic trenches dug near Xiongkuer reveal evidence of six large paleoearthquakes. The four latest paleoearthquakes were dated： the oldest event occurred at 4663 BC–3839 BC. Data on the horizontal offsets along the probable 1842 Barkol earthquake coseismic rupture suggest clear multiple relationships between cumulative offsets and possible ~4 m of coseismic left-lateral slip per event. From the cumulative offsets and 14 C sample ages, we suggest an average Holocene left-lateral slip rate of 2.4–2.8 mm/a on the SBF, accounting for ~80% of lateral deformation within the entire eastern Tian Shan fault system. This result is comparable with the shortening rate of 2–4 mm/a in the whole eastern Tian Shan, indicating an equal role of strike-slip tectonics and compressional tectonics in this orogen, and that the SBF may accommodate substantial lateral tectonic deformation.

Characteristics of strike-slip inversion structures of the Karatau fault and their petroleum geological significances in the South Turgay Basin,Kazakhstan

The Karatau fault is one of the important strike-slip faults in central Asia,and the South Turgay Basin is located towards its northern end.Detailed seismic interpretation indicated that the strikeslip tectonism of the Karatau fault weakened gradually from west to east in the South Turgay Basin.Typical flower structures developed on the section,and strike-slip faults showed an echelon pattern on planar view.The Karatau strike-slip fault affected the South Turgay Basin in two periods：（1） The South Turgay strike-slip pull-apart rift basin formed as a result of regional extensive stress in the Early-Middle Jurassic,characterized by the juxtaposition of horsts and grabens.The formation of horsts provided favorable reservoir spaces for later hydrocarbon accumulation,and different filling stages of grabens controlled different reservoir-forming factors in grabens.（2） Two stages of tectonic inversion occurred in the Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous and played a crucial role in the final shape of the structure in the South Turgay Basin.The oil and gas migrated to form reservoirs and mainly concentrated in the horsts,graben slopes and in both sides of the strike-slip fault zone.In the case of the degree of accumulation of petroleum,the factor explaining why horsts are better than grabens is the strike-slip pull-apart of the South Turgay Basin,and the structure inversion of the South Turgay Basin explains why the west graben is better than the east one.Overall,the Karatau strike-slip fault played a very important role in the formation of the South Turgay Basin and its hydrocarbon accumulations.

Western fault zone of South China Sea and its physical simulation evidences

The western fault zone of the South China Sea is a strike-slip fault system and consists of four typical strike-slip faults. It is the western border of the South China Sea. The formation of the system is due to the extrusion of Indo - China Peninsula caused by the collision of India with Tibet and the spreading of the South China Sea in Cenozoic. There are five episodes of tectonic movement along this fault zone, which plays an important role in the Cenozoic evolution of the South China Sea. By the physical modeling experiments, it can be seen the strike-slip fault undergoes the sinistral and dextral movement due to the relative movement velocity change between the South China Sea block and the Indo - China block. The fault zone controls the evolution of the pull basins locating in the west of the South China Sea.

The Research of the Activity of the Piedmont Fault on the Tangshankou Segment of the Yuguang Basin Southern Marginal Fault

The Yuguang basin is a half-graben basin in the basin-range tectonic zone in northwest Beijing,located at the northern end of the Shanxi graben system,and the Yuguang basin southern marginal fault( YBSMF) controls the formation of this basin. A linear fault escarpment has formed in the proluvial fan on the piedmont fault zone of the Tangshankou segment of YBSMF. A trench across this escarpment reveals three paleo-earthquake events on two active faults. One fault ruptured at about 9 ka for the first time,and then faulted again at about 7. 3 ka,causing the formation and synchronous activity of another fault.Finally,they faulted for the third time,but we cannot determine the faulting time due to the lack of relevant surface deposition. The accumulative vertical displacement of these three events is about 8. 1 m. We estimate that the average recurrence period of the piedmont fault is about 1. 7 ka,and the average slip rate of the piedmont fault is about1. 6 mm/a. We also estimate the reference magnitude of each event according to the empirical formula.

New Activity of the Tanlu Fault Zone in the South of Huaihe to the Nvshanhu Segment since the Late Quaternary

Taking the Huaihe to the Nvshanhu segment of the Tanlu( Tancheng-Lujiang) fault zone as the main research target to explore whether there has been new activity since the late Quaternary,and based on the interpretation of remote sensing images and repeated surface investigations,we excavated trenches at the sections where the tectonic landform is significant,identified and recorded the deformation patterns of the fault and analyzed the activity behavior. Samples of new activity and deformation were collected and oriented slices were ground based on the samples ' original state to make the micro structural analysis and demonstration. All of the above research shows very clear linear tectonic geomorphology along the fault,three trenches across the fault zone all revealed new deformation traces since late Quaternary. The latest stratum dislocated by the fault is the late Quaternary and Holocene. The main slip mode is stick slip,as represented typically by fault scarps,wedge accumulation,the faults and the filled cracks and so on. In general,it shows the characteristics of brittle high-speed deformation and belongs to the prehistoric earthquake ruins. The above understanding was confirmed partially by microscopic analysis. In addition,the similarities and differences and the possible reasons for the characteristics of the latest activities of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone in the north and south of the Huaihe River regions are also discussed in this paper.

Interpretation of the west segment of the coastal fault zone in the coastal region of South China based on the gravity data

By systemic processing, comprehensive analysis, and interpretation of gravity data, we confirmed the existence of the west segment of the coastal fault zone(west of Yangjiang to Beibu Bay) in the coastal region of South China. This showed an apparent high gravity gradient in the NEE direction, and worse linearity and less compactness than that in the Pearl River month. This also revealed a relatively large curvature and a complicated gravity structure. In the finding images processed by the gravity data system, each fault was well reflected and primarily characterized by isolines or thick black stripes with a cutting depth greater than 30 km. Though mutually cut by NW-trending and NE-trending faults, the apparent NEE stripe-shaped structure of the west segment of the coastal fault zone remained unchanged,with good continuity and an activity strength higher than that of NW and NE-trending faults. Moreover,we determined that the west segment of the coastal fault zone is the major seismogenic structure responsible for strong earthquakes in the coastal region in the border area of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan.

Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Crustal Horizontal Deformation in the South Segment of Longmenshan Fault Zone Revealed by GPS Data after the Wenchuan Earthquake

In order to obtain deformation parameters in the south segment of Longmenshan fault zone,Euler datum transformation and the least square collocation for data interpolation and smoothing are used to process GPS displacement time series data in the south segment of Longmenshan fault zone,and the rigid and elastic-plastic block motion model is used to calculate the strain parameters in each subarea. Conjoint analysis of displacement,velocity of each station and strain parameters of each subarea reveals that the influence of the Wenchuan earthquake on the south segment of Longmenshan fault zone increases from southeast to northwest,causing a highest deformation rate 6 times the background value and heightening the influence of the hidden faults on the difference of the earth surface along its two sides,which leads to the seismic risk of the southern segment increasing from north to south. The comparison of seismic risk among subareas based on the tectonic and seismicity background indicates that the most dangerous area is on the southeast of Longmenshan faults,and the background strain accumulation and the promoting effect of the Wenchuan earthquake advanced the occurrence of Lushan earthquake and the sinistral strike-slip on the rupture plane. The Wenchuan earthquake also caused a slight two-year long continuous strain release in the south segment of Xianshuihe fault,but the influence is far less than the effect of the compressive strain caused by the Sichuan-Yunnan block.

藏南拆离系活动与淡色花岗岩就位——以希夏邦马峰地区为例

藏南拆离系是世界上最大的拆离断层系统,也是喜马拉雅造山带的重要构造边界,对喜马拉雅造山过程起着重要的控制作用。在拆离断层内部和断层下盘的高喜马拉雅单元,出露了大量的同构造淡色花岗岩;近期研究工作发现,这些淡色花岗岩具有良好的稀有金属成矿潜力,因此,研究藏南拆离系的活动历史和淡色花岗岩的就位过程,对理解拆离断层变形和演化过程、熔体-断层相互作用和成矿有着重要的启示意义。针对该问题,本文选择喜马拉雅造山带中段希夏邦马峰附近的两条经典剖面——吉隆和聂拉木,开展系统的构造地质学研究,就藏南拆离系的演化过程和淡色花岗岩的同构造迁移-就位机制进行初步探讨。研究表明,吉隆地区的拆离断层厚度数十米到上百米,影响范围小,下盘吉隆岩体和高喜马拉雅的向北拆离变形较弱;聂拉木拆离断层为藏南拆离系深部构造层次,拆离断层厚度达数千米,强烈的构造变形导致肉切村群和高喜马拉雅顶部发生强烈的糜棱岩化,韧性剪切后的淡色花岗岩以平行拆离断层的岩席或岩脉产出;由此,我们认为吉隆和聂拉木的拆离断层分别代表了藏南拆离系的不同构造层次,受控于后期不均一的构造隆升剥露过程,进而可以解释两个地区不同的构造特征。综合前人的研究工作,我们提出藏南拆离系内部拆离断层活动存在逐渐向上迁移现象,而淡色花岗岩的侵位对该过程有着重要的促进作用。早期藏南拆离系的主拆离断层层次较深,控制了淡色花岗岩的顺层迁移和就位;而晚期熔体向更浅层次的运移,也促使藏南拆离系的主拆离断层也向上部迁移。

苏丹Muglad盆地复杂断块油藏低阻油层成因及识别方法——以Fula凹陷Jake South油田为例

苏丹Muglad盆地Jake South油田白垩系Bentiu组和Abu Graba组油藏分别为复杂断块背景下的整装背斜油藏和层状油藏,均存在大量低阻油层,对油水层识别造成较大困难。首先根据粒度、储层物性、储集空间类型、致密度等分别对Bentiu组和Abu Graba组进行储层分类,并在每类储层内部定义低阻油层;然后综合利用岩心、薄片、物性测试、扫描电镜、X-衍射资料,明确各类储层内部低阻油层成因,并根据储层类型和低阻成因分别建立识别方法。结果表明:低阻成因主要为泥质含量高或孔隙结构细造成高束缚水饱和度、存在导电矿物和油气充注不足造成低含油饱和度,不同类型复杂断块油藏不同储层类型内低阻油层成因不同。Abu Graba组低阻油层识别难度较大,依次采用图版法、考虑粉砂组分的解释模型法、综合法进行识别;而Bentiu组低阻油层识别相对简单,主要采用综合法进行识别。综合各种方法,在研究区共识别未射孔低阻油层77层275.9 m。

安徽巢湖地区早白垩世煌斑岩的形成年代、岩石成因及其地质意义

煌斑岩是一种典型的富含挥发分的超基性—中性岩,作为深部幔源岩石,能很好地反映地幔源区的地球化学属性,为探究地球的深部构造和岩浆过程提供了有利窗口。本文以巢湖地区东南部的闪斜煌斑岩为研究对象,在野外地质调查及岩相学研究的基础上,进行了磷灰石年代学、Sr-Nd同位素和全岩主量元素和微量元素分析,通过数据定量模拟,剖析了岩浆过程和地幔源区特征,探讨了其形成构造背景。结果表明,巢湖闪斜煌斑岩(22CH09、22CH14和22CH17)磷灰石LA-ICP-MS ^(206)Pb/^(238)U加权平均年龄分别为119±18 Ma、116.4±7.5 Ma和114±13 Ma,均形成于早白垩世。巢湖闪斜煌斑岩SiO2含量为39.80%~43.52%,Mg^(#)值为63~70,K_(2)O的含量为1.60%~2.46%,为碱性煌斑岩,且相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs,如Ba、K、Cs),亏损高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),类似于弧相关的岩浆岩。巢湖闪斜煌斑岩具有低的(Hf/Sm)_(N)和(Ta/La)_(N)比值(分别为0.60~0.67和0.27~0.38),指示其源区经历了俯冲板片流体的交代作用;其高的Zn/Fe(0.0012~0.0015)及Fe/Mn值(65.54~84.49)表明其源区主要为辉石岩。数值定量模拟表明,巢湖闪斜煌斑岩可能源于石榴辉石岩小比例部分熔融(<4%),原生岩浆经历了约3%的橄榄石分离结晶作用。煌斑岩磷灰石原位^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(t)值为0.7069~0.7078,ε_(Nd)(t)值为−9.5~−6.8,与长江中下游带同期基性岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成相似,表明二者起源于同位素组成相似的富集岩石圈地幔。巢湖地区中生代岩石圈地幔与长江中下游带具有较高的亲缘性,长江中下游带与郯庐断裂带南段岩石圈地幔的分界可能介于巢湖闪斜煌斑岩与肥东杂岩之间。结合区域岩浆活动特点,本文认为巢湖闪斜煌斑岩为古太平洋俯冲板片后撤的产物,形成于弧后伸展构造背景。

Quaternary Geology and Faulting in the Damxung-Yangbajain Basin

The detailed geological mapping, conducted in the Damxung-Yangbajain basin, shows that there are many types of deposits formed since the Pliocene. The oldest sediments are formed during the Pliocene. The most prominent sediments are three sets of moraines and fluvioglacial deposits. The ESR, U-series and OSL dates indicate they are formed about 700-500 ka B.P., 250-125 ka B.P. and 75-12 ka B.P. respectively and indicate that there are three glacial periods since the mid-Pleistocene in the Nyainqentanglha Range. Along the southeast side of the Nyainqentanglha Range, the main southeast dipping fault zone which bounds the Damxung-Yangbajain Graben on its western edge was mapped. The fault zone consists of three secondary fault zones and their initiation ages that the fault zones became active gradually decrease southeastward. Prominent faulting occurred in about 700-500 ka B.P., 350-220 ka B.P., -140 ka B.P. and 70-50 ka B.P. since the mid-Pleistocene. The height of fault scarps which offset the sediments formed since the mid-Pleistocene suggest that the vertical slip rates change between 0.4 -2 mm/a and the cumulative average vertical movement at rates of 1.1±0.3 mm/a during the Quaternary period and the Holocene vertical throw rate is 1.4±0.6 mm/a along the fault zones on the western side of the Damxung-Yangbajain Graben.

A quantitative research for present-time crustal motion in Fujian Province, China and its marginal sea── Synthetical analysis of GPS measurement, fault deformation survey, leveling and focal mechanism solution

Based on the Chinese mainland GPS network (1994~1996), Fujian GPS network (1995~1997), cross fault deformation network (1982-1998), precise leveling network (1973~1980) and focal mechanism solutions of the recent several tens years, we synthetically and quantitatively studied the present-time crustal motion of the southeast coast of Chinese mainland-Fujian and its marginal sea. We find that this area with its mainland together moves toward SE with a rather constant velocity of 11 .2±3.0 mm/a. At the same time, there is a motion from the Quanzhou bay pointing to hinterland, with a major orientation of NW, extending toward two sides, and with an average velocity of 3.0±2.6 mm/a. The faults orienting NE show compressing motions, and the ones orienting NW show extending motions. The present-time strain field derived from crustal deformation is consistent with seismic stress field derived from the focal mechanism solutions and the tectonic stress field derived from geology data. The principal stress of compression orients NW (NWW) - SE (SEE). Demarcated by the NW orienting faults of the Quanzhou bay and Jinjiang-Yongan, the crustal motions show regional characteristics f the southwest of Fujian and the boundary of Fujian and Guangdong are areas of rising, the northeast of Fujian are areas of sinking. The horizontal strain rate and the fault motion of the former are both greater than the later. The side-transferring motion of Hymalaya collision zone and the compression of the west pacific subduction zone affect the motion of the research area. The amount of motion affected by the former is larger than the later, but the former is homogeneous and the later is not, which indicates that the events of strong earthquakes in this region relate more directly with western pacific subduction zone.

An Evaluation of the 11^thSeptember, 2009 Earthquake and Its Implication for Understanding the Seismotectonics of South Western Nigeria

The evaluation of an intra-plate earthquake that occurred on Friday, 11th September, 2009 and felt in parts of Abeokuta, Ago-Iwoye, Ajambata, Ajegunle, Imeko, Ijebu-Ode, Ilaro and Ibadan, all in south western Nigeria is presented. This event has been the largest inland earthquake recorded since the inception of digital seismological recording in Nigeria in 2008 was incepted. The event was recorded by three seismological stations operated by Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics (CGG), Toro. Data obtained from the CGG stations and others distributed around the world were analysed to determine precise earthquake locations and focal mechanism and to assess the regional tectonic stress. The data recorded in MiniSEED format at a sampling rate of 40 samples per second (sps) were analyzed using the SEISAN earthquake analysis software. The resultshowed an epicentral location situated about 108 km west of Lagos, a focal depth of 10.0 km and an origin time of 03:10:21.60 GMT. The local and moment magnitudes were 4.5 and 4.2 respectively. The P-wave to S-wave velocity ratio was 1.72. The fault plane solutions obtained for the rupture process indicated that a normal dip-slip fault with median solution of strike 325°, dip 40° and rake?-90° was the probable trigger mechanism for this earthquake. It suggested that the event was a reactivation of a buried high-angle fault in the Precambrian basement represented by the contemporary northeast-southwest trending regional horizontal compressive stress. Generally, the seismotectonics of the region was linked to the fracture zones in the Atlantic Ocean.

Geometries and mechanism of folds in sediments on the southern Huanghai Sea shelf

Most descriptions and studies about folds have been associated with consolidated strata; fold deformation in loosely-consolidated sediments, however, has been rarely discussed. Since the Pleistocene, tectonic activities have been intensive over the South Huanghai Sea （SHS） shelf, resulting in fold deformation features that are preserved in thick sediment layers. Four types of folds with different geometries have been identified on the basis of an analysis of single - channel seismic profiles from the SHS shelf region： （1） fault-propagation fold; （2） fault-drag fold; （3） transversal bending fold; and （4） multi-action-folding fold. Studies on the geometry and mechanism of the folds indicate that base faults and fault blocks control the folding patterns in loosely-consoli- dated sediments on the SHS shelf and a large quantity of pore water in sediments plays an important role in cansing the deformation of sediment layers. The continuity of deformations of fault-propagation fold and fault-drag fold indicates that there is a genetic relationship between these fold types. The potential of earthquakes induced by fault-propagation folding in the deformation zone should be taken into account in the assessment of the marine engineering geology conditions of the SHS shelf.

Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of the Gravity Field in South China

Based on gravity data processed with the matched filter, depth continuation and horizontal gradient we obtained the spatial distribution of the gravity field and made analyses of the tectonic framework of South China. Then, inversion was conducted for the depth to study the depth variation of the boundary between the crust and upper mantle, namely the Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho). The results demonstrate that the Moho depth in South China ranges from 30 to 40 km, and the crust thins from west to east, 27-29 km under the continent margin and shallow sea. We think it possible that the Tanlu fault crosses the Yangtze River and extends southwards along the Ganjiang and Wuchuan-Sihui faults to the South China Sea, and that there is an E-W hidden structural belt along 24.5°-26°.

Characteristics and Geological Significance of Aeromagnetic Data in the South of Shanxi

The study area is located in the south margin of the North China Block, the south end of the juncture between the Ordos Block and the Hehuai Block, which is part of Fen-Wei Graben System and located in the south of Shanxi Cenozoic fault basin in the central part of the North China Craton. The study area has complex regional geological structure, intense tectonic movement and frequent magmatic activities. Based on the latest high-precision aeromagnetic data, integrated interpretation was completed, combining with the existing geological and geophysical research results. According to the block features in different zones of the RTP aeromagnetic data, this article thoroughly studied the characteristics of aeromagnetic anomalies and found the relationship between aeromagnetic anomalies and surface geological information, and the fault distribution, magmatic rock distribution and magnetic characteristics in this area are discussed.

柴达木块体内部都兰南断裂晚第四纪活动特征

青藏高原是新生代期间印度与欧亚板块持续强烈陆陆碰撞作用下形成的陆内活动造山带,发育了复杂的活动断裂系统,并成为东亚显著的陆内强震活动区。已有学者对高原活动断裂的研究多集中于地块边界带上,缺少对块体内部变形的研究。近期在开展青海省海西州都兰县察汗乌苏镇地震小区划工作中,调查发现在柴达木地块东南部的都兰次级断块内部存在明显的晚第四纪活断层−都兰南断裂。通过对都兰南断裂开展详细的野外地质调查、高分辨率遥感影像解译和无人机低空摄影精细测量等,得到该断裂的构造地貌特征、空间几何展布及运动特性,并通过开挖探槽和地质测年等,对其最新活动时代及滑动速率等进行初步约束。研究结果表明,该断裂为全长约43 km、全新世活动的左旋走滑断裂,并在其东段存在长约6 km的地表破裂带。在该断裂东段,地表的晚第四纪累积左旋位移达(14.5±1.8)m,西段的左旋走滑量为(6.7±0.8)m,初步估算其东段的水平走滑速率为1.56~1.9 mm/a,西段的水平走滑速率为0.9~1.16 mm/a。该断裂的发现及全新世活动的厘定表明,青藏高原内部活动构造变形样式复杂,断块内部通常存在不同程度的弥散变形。因此,断块内部的强震危险性不容忽视。该活动断裂的发现为认识都兰次级断块内部变形样式、应变分配等提供了参考,为都兰地区地震危险性的认知提供了支撑,对防御和减轻区域地震灾害风险具有一定指导意义。

礁灰岩堵漏控水技术在南海东部A井的应用

南海东部某油田为生物礁滩灰岩油田,内部断层、裂缝发育,地层水通过裂缝、断层进入井筒,油井含水迅速上升,急需采用有效的控水、堵漏措施实现稳产。本文以A井为例,介绍了一种水平井断层控水、堵漏工艺技术,最终实现降低含水、封堵断层、提高采收率。

华南沿海广从断裂带北段断层泥中石英微形貌与第四纪活动性特征

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