A Modeling Study of the Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian Summer Monsoon

The e?ect of anomalous snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian summer monsoon is investigated by numerical simulations using the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM2) into which gravity wave drag has been introduced. The simulations adopt relatively realistic snow mass forcings based on Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) pentad snow depth data. The physical mechanism and spatial structure of the sensitivity of the South Asian early summer monsoon to snow cover anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau are revealed. The main results are summarized as follows. The heavier than normal snow cover over the Plateau can obviously reduce the shortwave radiation absorbed by surface through the albedo e?ect, which is compensated by weaker upward sensible heat ?ux associated with colder surface temperature, whereas the e?ects of snow melting and evaporation are relatively smaller. The anomalies of surface heat ?uxes can last until June and become unobvious in July. The decrease of the Plateau surface temperature caused by heavier snow cover reaches its maximum value from late April to early May. The atmospheric cooling in the mid-upper troposphere over the Plateau and its surrounding areas is most obvious in May and can keep a fairly strong intensity in June. In contrast, there is warming to the south of the Plateau in the mid-lower troposphere from April to June with a maximum value in May. The heavier snow cover over the Plateau can reduce the intensity of the South Asian summer monsoon and rainfall to some extent, but this in?uence is only obvious in early summer and almost disappears in later stages.

Geomorphic features of Quaternary glaciation in the Taniantaweng Mountain, on the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

We present geomorphological evidence for multiple glacial fluctuations during the Quaternary in the Taniantaweng Mountain, which is situated at the transition zone of the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. To reconstruct the history of glacial evolution during the Quaternary Glaciation, we present a ~13000 km^2 geomorphologic map(1:440,000) for the Quaternary glaciations, as well as three electron spin resonance(ESR) ages and three optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) ages from the landforms. By integrating these with ages from previous studies, four major glacial advances are identified during marine oxygen isotope stages(MIS) 6, 3, 2 and 1. This glacial chronology is in reasonable agreement with existing glacial chronologies from other parts of the Hengduan Mountains and surrounding mountains. Glaciers had extended to the Yuqu River during the glacial maximum advance(MIS 6), but became successively more restricted from MIS 3 to MIS 1. The glacial distribution show that precipitation brought by the south Asian monsoon might play a primary role in driving glacial advances during the last glacial period in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Influence of Late Springtime Surface Sensible Heat Flux Anomalies over the Tibetan and Iranian Plateaus on the Location of the South Asian High in Early Summer

Variation in the location of the South Asian High （SAH） in early boreal summer is strongly influenced by elevated surface heating from the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and the Iranian Plateau （IP）. Based on observational and ERA-Interim data, diagnostic analyses reveal that the interannual northwestward-southeastwaxd （NW-SE） shift of the SAH in June is more closely correlated with the synergistic effect of concurrent surface thermal anomalies over the TP and IP than with each single surface thermal anomaly over either plateau from the preceding May. Concurrent surface thermal anomalies over these two plateaus in May are characterized by a negative correlation between sensible heat flux over most parts of the TP （TPSH） and IP （IPSH）. This anomaly pattern can persist till June and influences the NW-SE shift of the SAH in June through the release of latent heat （LH） over northeastern India. When the IPSH is stronger （weaker） and the TPSH is weaker （stronger） than normal in May, an anomalous cyclone （anticyclone） appears over northern India at 850 hPa, which is accompanied by the ascent （descent） of air and anomalous convergence （divergence） of moisture flux in May and June. Therefore, the LH release over northeastern India is strengthened （weakened） and the vertical gradient of apparent heat source is decreased （increased） in the upper troposphere, which is responsible for the northwestward （southeastward） shift of the SAH in June.

Thermal contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and tropical Indian Ocean and its relationship to the South Asian summer monsoon

The land-sea thermal contrast is an important driver for monsoon interannual variability and the monsoon onset.The thermal contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical Indian Ocean at the mid-upper troposphere is proposed as a thermal contrast index(TCI)for South Asian monsoon.The authors investigate the TCI associated with South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)intensity and SASM onset.It is observed that the TCI considering the Tibetan Plateau and tropical Indian Ocean demonstrates a stronger and closer correlation with SASM intensity(0.87)than either the Tibetan Plateau(0.42)or tropical Indian Ocean(-0.60)singly.It is implied that the TCI could preferably represent the impact of land-sea thermal condition on SASM activity.Further analysis reveals that the evolution of TCI is related to the SASM onset.The TCI is almost always larger in early onset years than it is in late onset years during the period before SASM onset.In addition,the change of the pentad-by-pentad increment of TCI leads the SASM variation.The correlation coefficient between the TCI increment and SASM index reaches a maximum when the TCI increment leads by 15 pentads.The results of this study show that the TCI plays an important role in SASM activities and is a potential indicator for SASM onset forecasting.

The Combined Effect of Tibetan Plateau Uplift and Glacial-Interglacial Cycles on the Quaternary Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon: Evidence from South China Sea Sediments

The siliciclastic sediments of the uppermost section of 185 mcd （meters composite depth） from ODP Site 1146 on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea （SCS） were partitioned according to their sources using end-member modeling on grain-size data.The goal was to evaluate the evolution of the East Asian monsoon over the past 2 million years.The siliciclastic sediments were described as hybrids of four end-members,EM1,EM2,EM3,and EM4,with modal grain sizes of 8-22 μm,2-8 μm,31-125 μm,and 4-11 μm,respectively.EM1 and EM3 are interpreted as eolian dust and EM2 and EM4 as fluvial mud.The ratio of eolian dust to fluvial mud （（EM1＋EM3）/（EM2＋EM4）） is regarded as an indicator of the East Asian monsoon.The variation in this ratio not only shows periodical oscillations consistent with oxygen isotope stages,but also exhibits a phased increasing trend corresponding with the phased uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau,indicating that the evolution of the East Asian Monsoon was controlled not only by glacial-interglacial cycles,but also by the phased uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau during the Quaternary.

Influence of South Asian Biomass Burning on Ozone and Aerosol Concentrations Over the Tibetan Plateau

In this work,the influence of South Asian biomass burning emissions on O_(3) and PM_(2.5)concentrations over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is investigated by using the regional climate chemistry transport model WRF-Chem.The simulation is validated by comparing meteorological fields and pollutant concentrations against in situ observations and gridded datasets,providing a clear perspective on the spatiotemporal variations of O_(3) and PM_(2.5)concentrations across the Indian subcontinent,including the Tibetan Plateau.Further sensitivity simulations and analyses show that emissions from South Asian biomass burning mainly affect local O_(3) concentrations.For example,contribution ratios were up to 20%in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon season but below 1%over the TP throughout the year 2016.In contrast,South Asian biomass burning emissions contributed more than 60%of PM_(2.5)concentration over the TP during the pre-monsoon season via significant contribution of primary PM_(2.5)components(black carbon and organic carbon)in western India that were lofted to the TP by westerly winds.Therefore,it is suggested that cutting emissions from South Asian biomass burning is necessary to alleviate aerosol pollution over the TP,especially during the pre-monsoon season.

Geochemical characteristics of Sr isotopes in the LS33 drill core from the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea, and their response to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau

Making full use of modern analytical and testing techniques to explore and establish new indexes or methods for extracting paleoseawater geochemical information from sediments will help to reconstruct the sedimentary paleoenvironment in different research areas.The connection between the subsidence of the South China Sea basin and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been a scientific concern in recent decades.To explore the information on the sedimentary paleoenvironment,provenance changes and uplift of Tibetan Plateau contained in core sediments(debris),we selected core samples from Well LS33 in the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea,and analyzed the contents of typical elements(Al,Th,and rare earth elements)that can indicate changes in provenance and the Sr isotopic compositions,which can reveal the geochemical characteristics of the paleoseawater depending on the type of material(authigenic carbonate and terrigenous detritus).The results show the following:(1)during the late Miocene,the Red River transported a large amount of detrital sediments from the ancient continental block(South China)to the Qiongdongnan Basin.(2)The authigenic carbonates accurately record changes in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the South China Sea since the Oligocene.These ratios reflect the semi-closed marginal sea environment of the South China Sea(relative to the ocean)and the sedimentary paleoenvironment evolution process of the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin from continental to transitional and then to bathyal.(3)Since the Neogene,the variations in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the authigenic carbonates have been consistent with the variations in the uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau and the sediment accumulation rate in the Qiongdongnan Basin.These consistent changes indicate the complex geological process of the change in the rock weathering intensity and terrigenous Sr flux caused by changes in the uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau,which influence the Sr isotope composition of seawater.

基于哨兵一号SAR成像的南奥克尼海台内孤立波研究

大量来自哨兵一号卫星的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar,SAR)成像产品揭示了南奥克尼海台南侧是一处内孤立波生成的热点区域,该区域内孤立波的空间分布和特征参数首次被揭示。统计结果显示该区域内孤立波具有两种传播方向:一类向南往深海传播,另一类向东沿等深线传播。此外,观测到的内孤立波波长平均值为300 m,波峰长度平均值为80 km,简单的统计分析显示遥感观测到的内孤立波绝大多数在大潮前后生成。经过计算研究区域内的正压潮力得出南奥克尼海台南侧45°W的1000 m等深线是一处理想的内潮生成源,通过回溯内孤立波的生成时刻得出东向传播的内孤立波属于典型的内潮释放机制。最后,本研究结合两层的Benjamin-Ono方程和遥感观测结果对内孤立波的振幅和相速度进行了反演,反演得到内孤立波振幅约为9 m,传播相速度约为0.5 m/s。

青藏高原南侧降水对夏季欧亚遥相关年代际变化的调控作用

本文利用再分析数据,研究了1958—2020年夏季欧亚遥相关的年代际变化以及青藏高原南侧降水对其的调控作用。结果表明,夏季欧亚遥相关在1998年前后发生了显著的年代际位相转折,由正位相转为负位相。夏季欧亚遥相关主要呈现为一支沿副热带急流自西向东传播的波列,其三个反气旋式异常环流中心分别位于北大西洋、里海以及朝鲜半岛,两个气旋式异常环流中心分别位于中欧和蒙古地区。随着其位相变化,这几个地区的环流形势发生了反转。与此同时,欧亚大陆降水和气温也产生了显著变化。夏季欧亚遥相关的变化与青藏高原南侧降水异常显著相关:青藏高原南侧降水产生的凝结潜热一方面可激发Rossby波向下游传播,另一方面则会影响青藏高原南侧的上升(下沉)运动,使得高空出现辐散(辐合),伴随着高空辐合辐散的涡度平流异常会作为Rossby波源促进夏季欧亚遥相关的维持和传播。更进一步的分析表明,大西洋多年代际振荡的变化通过大气桥作用改变南亚地区的对流层温度经向梯度,影响了南亚地区和青藏高原南侧的降水,并最终调控了夏季欧亚遥相关的年代际变化。

The Effects of the Thermal Anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Vicinities on Climate Variability in China

The evident effects of the thermal anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its vicinities are summarized and discussed in this paper. By the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique and numerical simulations of the effect of the snow depth anomaly over the TP, it is shown that the snow depth anomaly, especially in winter, is one of the factors innuencing precipitation in China, and the winter snow anomaly is more important than the spring one. The relations between the sensible heat anomaly over the TP and the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) are studied, too, and two key areas of the sensible heat anomaly over the TP are found. The relationships between the South Asia High (SAH) and the precipitation in the years with typical droughts or floods in the mid to lower valleys of the Yangtze River (MLVYR) and North China are investigated in some detail. It is found that not only the intensity of the SAH over the TP, but also the 100-hPa height in a large area influences the precipitation in the above two regions. The effects of the SAH on the onsets of the tropical Asian summer monsoon (TASM) including the SCSSM and the tropical Indian summer monsoon (TISM) are studied as well. It is found that the onset times of both the SCSSM and the TISM are highly dependent upon the latitudinal position of the SAH center.

DEFINITING AND ITS GEOLOGIC MEANING OF SOUTH-NORTH TREND FAULTED STRUCTURE BELT IN QIANGTANG BASIN, NORTH PART OF TIBET

There were more expounding to north—west (west) trend fault and north\|east trend fault within Qiangtang Basin, North Part of Tibet, in the past literature. With increasing of geophysical exploration data, nearly east\|west trend structure began to be taken note to. Since the year of 1995, by a synthetic study to geophysical and geological data, that south\|north trend faulted structures are well developed. These structures should be paid much more attention to, because they have important theoretical meaning and practical significance.1 Spreading of south\|north faulted structure belt According to different geological and geophysical data, the six larger scale nearly south\|north faulted structure belt could be distinguished within the scope of east longitude 84°～96° and near Qiangtang Basin. The actual location of the six belts are nearly located in the west of the six meridian of east longitude 85°,87°,89°,91°,93°,95° or located near these meridian. The six south\|north faulted structure belts spread in the same interval with near 2° longitude interval. The more clear and much more significance of south\|north trend faulted structure belts are the two S—N trend faulted structure belts of east longitude 87° and 89°. There are S—N trend faulted structure belts in the west of east longitude 83°,81°, or near the longitudes. The structure belts spreading features,manifestation,geological function and its importance, and inter texture and structure are not exactly so same. The structure belts all different degree caused different region of geological structure or gravity field and magnetic field. There is different scale near S—N trend faulted structure belt between the belts.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Reef Carbonates from the Xisha Islands(South China Sea): Implications for Sediment Provenance and Paleoenvironment

Based on the concentrations of the trace elements,rare earth elements(REE),and Sr isotopic compositions in reef carbonates from the well‘Xike-1’reef core of the Xisha Islands,the constraints on sediment provenance and paleoenvironment were defined.Variations of the terrigenous input into the paleoseawater were traced in detail and the paleoenvironment and sediment provenance were further investigated.The results show that the HREE/LREE values in the reef carbonates are negatively associated with their Th and Al concentrations;however,their Al and Th concentrations show positive correlation.The lowest 87 Sr/86 Sr values in the reef carbonates generally coincide with the lowest values of Al,Th concentrations and the highest values of HREE/LREE.These data indicate that the HREE/LREE,Al concentrations,and Th concentrations of the reef carbonates are useful indexes for evaluating the influence of the terrigenous inputs on the seawater composition in the study area.From top to bottom,the changing process of the HREE/LREE values and Al,Th concentrations can be divided into 6 intervals;they are H1(0–89.30 m,about 0–0.11 Myr),L1(89.30–198.30 m,about 0.11–2.2 Myr),H2(198.30–374.95 m,about 2.2–5.3 Myr),D(374.95–758.40 m,about 5.3–13.6 Myr),L2(758.40–976.86 m,about 13.6–15.5 Myr),and H3(976.86–1200.00 m,about 15.5–21.5 Myr).Moreover,the changing trend of the HREE/LREE values coincides with that of the seawater δ^13C values recorded by benthonic foraminiferal skeletons from the drill core of ODP site 1148 in the South China Sea(SCS),but not with that of the seawaterδ18O values.The high uplifting rates of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau coincide with the high Th and Al concentrations and the low HREE/LREE values in the reef carbonates.These data indicate that the main factors controlling the changes of terrigenous flux in the SCS are the tectonic activities associated with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplifting and the variations of uplifting rates rather than paleoclimatic changes.

Paleoseismological Study of the Late Quaternary Slip-rate along the South Barkol Basin Fault and Its Tectonic Implications,Eastern Tian Shan,Xinjiang

The easternmost Tian Shan lies in eastern Xinjiang, Central Asia. The South Barkol basin fault（SBF） in the northern part of the easternmost Tian Shan is a major tectonic structure in this orogenic region. The late Quaternary activity, paleoseismology, and deformation characteristics of the fault provide important clues for understanding the tectonic process of the eastern Tian Shan orogen and implementing seismic mitigation. Through interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, unmanned aerial vehicle measurements, and detailed geological and geomorphic investigations, we suggest that the fault exhibits clear left-lateral slip along its western segment. Paleoseismic trenches dug near Xiongkuer reveal evidence of six large paleoearthquakes. The four latest paleoearthquakes were dated： the oldest event occurred at 4663 BC–3839 BC. Data on the horizontal offsets along the probable 1842 Barkol earthquake coseismic rupture suggest clear multiple relationships between cumulative offsets and possible ~4 m of coseismic left-lateral slip per event. From the cumulative offsets and 14 C sample ages, we suggest an average Holocene left-lateral slip rate of 2.4–2.8 mm/a on the SBF, accounting for ~80% of lateral deformation within the entire eastern Tian Shan fault system. This result is comparable with the shortening rate of 2–4 mm/a in the whole eastern Tian Shan, indicating an equal role of strike-slip tectonics and compressional tectonics in this orogen, and that the SBF may accommodate substantial lateral tectonic deformation.

Impacts of meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal,interannual, and seasonal variations of atmospheric black carbon in the Tibetan Plateau

We quanti?ed the impacts of variations in meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal, interannual, and seasonal variations of atmospheric black carbon(BC) in the Tibetan Plateau for 1980-2010 using a global 3-dimensional chemical transport model driven by the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications(MERRA) meteorological ?elds. From 1980 to 2010, simulated surface BC concentrations and all-sky direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere due to atmospheric BC increased by 0.15 μg m^(-3)(63%) and by 0.23 W m^(-2)(62%), respectively, averaged over the Tibetan Plateau(75-105°E, 25-40°N). Simulated annual mean surface BC concentrations were in the range of 0.24-0.40 μg m^(-3) averaged over the plateau for 1980-2010, with the decadal trends of 0.13 μg m^(-3)per decade in the 1980 s and 0.08 in the 2000 s. The interannual variations were -5.4% to 7.0% for deviation from the mean, 0.0062 μg m^(-3) for mean absolute deviation, and 2.5% for absolute percent departure from the mean. Model sensitivity simulations indicated that the decadal trends of surface BC concentrations were mainly driven by changes in emissions, while the interannual variations were dependent on variations of both meteorological parameters and emissions. Meteorological parameters played a crucial role in driving the interannual variations of BC especially in the monsoon season.

Late Cretaceous High-Sr/Y Granitic Rocks in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Crustal Thickening During Continental Collision

High-Sr/Y granitic rocks,characterized by intermediate–high SiO2 contents(>56 wt.%),high La/Yb ratios(>20),and low Y(<18 ppm)and Yb(<1.9 ppm)contents,have drawn much attention from geologists in the past decades.They were originally named adakites and defined as granitic magma in convergent plate margins formed by partial melting of subducted young(<25 Ma),hot,and hydrated oceanic slab.Recent studies suggest that these rocks can also be formed in a variety of non-subduction-related tectonic settings through different petrogenetic processes including partial melting of thickened lower continental crust,providing important constraints on crustal growth and evolution throughout the Earth’s history.The Tibetan plateau,generally considered as an archetype of collisional orogen,was formed by the successive accretion of different tectonic terranes to the southern margin of the Eurasia plates since the Early Paleozoic.Geologically,the Tibetan plateau comprises several W–E trending terranes(the Kunlun,North Qiangtang,South Qiangtang,and Lhasa terranes)and northernmost India(the Himalaya region).These terranes have undergone significant crustal thickening during the continental collision events.The crustal thickness of the Tibetan plateau is asymmetric,being thickest under the Lhasa terrane and thinning more gradually towards the north than to the south.From south to north,the crustal thickness increases from^50 km in the Himalaya region,to^70–80 km under the Lhasa terrane,and decreases to^65 km under the North and South Qiangtang terranes and^55 km beneath the Kunlun terrane.The present crustal thickness of the Tibetan plateau has generally been attributed to the Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates and the subsequent intracontinental convergences since^55 Ma.However,doubts were raised about this interpretion in the past few years.For example,recent studies indicated the crust of the Lhasa terrane had been significantly thickened during ca.140–130 Ma in response to the subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean,although the Cretaceous marine strata across the Lhasa terrane demonstrates that it was thin enough to be within the reach of sea level during at least the early Late Cretacous.Whether the South Qiangtang terrane underwent crustal thickening before Cenozoic or not remains an unanswered question.In this study,new zircon U–Pb geochronologic and Hfisotopic,and whole-rock geochemical data of the Late Cretaceous high-Sr/Y granitoids from the eastern South Qiangtang terrane are presented.LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating produced ages(92.0±1.1 Ma,88.8±0.7 Ma,and 91.5±0.6 Ma)of formation for the Leiwuqi granitoids of the South Qiangtang terrane,Tibetan Plateau,indicating that they were formed during the Late Cretaceous.The granitoids have low A/CNK ratios(0.94–1.06;<1.10)and P2O5 contents(0.02–0.12 wt.%),geochemically similar to I-type granitoids.They are characterized by high Sr(350–938 ppm,most>400 ppm),low Y(5.94–9.67 ppm),with high Sr/Y(36–119,most>40)and(La/Yb)N ratios(67–394).They exhibit negative zirconεHf(t)values(–9.8 to–1.1)and low MgO(0.32–0.69 wt.%),Cr(2.07–12.17 ppm),and Ni(1.10–5.94 ppm)contents.These features suggest that the granitoids probably were derived from partial melting of thickened lower continental crust(>50 km).The crust of the South Qiangtang terrane(at least its eastern part)may have been significantly thickened before the Late Cretaceous.

基于青藏高原和印度洋区域热力状况的气候预测先兆信号

围绕青藏高原和印度洋区域热力状况对南亚季风、水汽输送和区域气候的影响,本文梳理总结了相关研究进展,重点聚焦在青藏高原和印度洋区域热力状况和热力差异与季风活动、水汽输送等重要气候指标的联系,并据此提出了印度洋和高原区域在次季节、季节尺度的气候预测指标和方法。对认识青藏高原和印度洋区域热力状况对气候的影响,改善该区域气候预测的能力具有参考意义。

青藏高原—印度洋热力差对南亚季风活动的多尺度影响

海陆热力差异是季风形成和演变的根本驱动力,青藏高原与印度洋热力差异是影响南亚季风活动的重要因素。本文围绕次季节、季节、年际和年代际等不同时间尺度上青藏高原与印度洋的热力差异对南亚季风活动的影响,回顾和总结了相关研究成果。在次季节尺度上,主要聚焦在两者的热力差异对南亚季风爆发的影响;在年际尺度上,着重阐释了其对南亚季风强度年际变化的指示意义;在年代际尺度上,考察了热力差异和南亚季风降水关系的年代际变化。同时,本文对该领域一些需要进一步研究的问题进行了讨论。

高密度电法在黄土台塬地下水位探测中的应用

泾阳南塬属于黄土台塬,该地区由于农业灌溉导致地下水位逐年上升,从而诱发大范围的黄土滑坡灾害。为了查明台塬内地下水的波动情况,采用高密度电法,基于反演数据得到的电阻率随深度变化规律和钻孔得到的含水率随深度变化规律,初步推测了台塬地下水水位线的大致位置;为进一步精确推测水位线的埋深,利用DDC-6电子自动补偿仪进行室内黄土电阻率测量试验,建立了不同含水率与黄土电阻率之间的定量关系,确定了研究区黄土台塬地下水位线处黄土的电阻率为28.35Ω·m(即黄土液限处电阻率值),对应的含水率为30%。将室内试验结果和高密度电法反演数据相结合,并与钻孔实测的地下水位进行验证分析,不仅得到了研究区黄土台塬的地层结构、不同土层厚度、地下水位埋深等信息,还证实了室内黄土电阻率试验结果的可靠性,也验证了高密度电法在黄土地下水位探测中的有效性。结果可为泾阳南塬地下水位波动规律研究以及滑坡预测预警工作提供技术指导。

新生代亚洲季风的演化过程

陆地和海洋热容量差异会引起风向和降水发生季节性反转形成季风气候。亚洲是世界上季风气候最典型的区域,同时也有最多的受季风气候影响的人口。季风带来的强降水容易诱发多种次生灾害,严重影响着区域内人类社会生产、居住的安全,因而认识亚洲季风的形成过程至关重要。利用将古论今的地学思想,文章旨在阐述亚洲季风的组成,列举影响亚洲季风形成、演化的主要因素,总结亚洲关键地点的沉积记录显示的南亚季风和东亚季风的演化期次。结果表明,在古近纪,印度板块与亚洲大陆南缘发生碰撞,改变了亚洲的海陆分布,导致青藏高原发生初始隆升,南亚和东亚均出现季风性气候。但此时的东亚地区依然主要受行星风系的控制,东亚季风处于孕育阶段,仅呈条带状局部分布在华南板块的南缘,而南亚季风的覆盖面积相对广泛。这可能主要是因为东亚地区的边缘海打开时间明显要晚于南亚地区海陆分布出现的时间。但随着青藏高原在中新世整体隆升并接近现今的海拔高度,亚洲季风全面进入增强阶段,强烈影响区域内的地质演化过程。自中新世中期以来,由于受控于青藏高原隆升、南北极冰盖的发育,亚洲季风经历了多期次的稳定发展阶段。研究成果为科学合理利用季风开展亚洲系统地球科学研究提供了参考。

青藏高原雨季特征量的气候特征及其南北差异

利用1980~2019年青藏高原101个气象观测站的逐日降水量和气温数据,参考《中国雨季监测指标》,计算了雨季特征量(包括雨季开始期、结束期、持续时间、降水量和降水强度),分析了青藏高原雨季特征量的气候特征,并讨论了雨季特征量的区域差异。结果表明:(1)青藏高原雨季开始期最早(晚)为5月2日(6月19日),由高原东部向西部逐渐推进;结束期最早(晚)为9月15日(10月20日),由高原西部向东部快速结束;青藏高原东部(西部)雨季持续时间超过5个月(不足3个月)。(2)青藏高原雨季开始期与持续时间的年际变化幅度空间分布特征基本一致,其中,藏东南和柴达木盆地变化幅度较大;雨季结束期(降水量)的变化幅度明显偏小(大),雨季结束期变化幅度大(小)值区与降水量变化幅度小(大)值区相对应。(3)相比于雨季结束期,开始期与持续时间和降水量的关系更为密切,即雨季开始期早(晚)对应雨季持续时间长(短)和雨季降水量多(少)。(4)青藏高原雨季各特征量主要以唐古拉山(32.5°N)为界,呈现出南北反相的空间分布特征。相对于北部,南部雨季开始偏晚,结束早,持续时间短,降水量偏多、降水强度偏强。