Clay mineral distribution characteristics of surface sediments in the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Clay minerals are usually considered as important indicators to identify sources in both terrigenous and marine sediments.In particular,clay minerals in metalliferous sediments(MS)have long been studied in global oceans except in South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR)due to limited explorations.Thus,32 MS and 34 non-MS(NMS)samples were analyzed to clarify the distribution characteristics and mineral compositions of clay minerals.All the sediments were collected along the SMAR between 12°S and 27°S.After removal of organic matter and carbonate,clay fractions(<2μm)were investigated by Xray diffraction(XRD)analysis.Results show that clay mineral assemblages of surface MS consist dominantly of smectite,less abundant illite,chlorite,and kaolinite in average weight percentage of 30%,21%,18%,and 16%,respectively.On the other hand,clay mineral assemblages in the NMS consist mainly of illite,less abundant kaolinite,chlorite,and very scarce smectite in average weight percentage of 47%,29%,24%,and 0.2%,respectively.The clay fractions in MS are mainly composed of amorphous or poorly crystallized Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides,clay mineral,quartz,and plagioclase.However,the counterparts in the NMS are mainly composed of well-crystallized clay minerals,quartz,and plagioclase without the presence of Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides.It is suggested that most of the illite,kaolinite,and chlorite in both MS and NMS are likely aeolian dust in origin from South Africa continent.In addition,the abundance of kaolinite dominates the clay mineral assemblage at low latitudes,where the intensive chemical weathering of continental source rocks facilitating the formation of kaolinite.In terms of smectite,it is indicated of authigenic origin in consideration of only smectite is available in several MS and the absence in NMS.Moreover,the MS samples with only smectite available are always accompanied by goethite.Therefore,it is assumed that most of smectite occurred in studied area is the results of interaction between hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide,silica,and seawater.

Component characteristics of polycyclic aromatic compounds in sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

10 samples of sediments obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were measured for the abundances and distributions of polycyclic aromatic compounds（PAHs）. The total concentrations of PAHs（∑PAHs） ranged from 2.768 to 9.826 μg/g dry sediment. The ∑PAHs was higher in sample 22V-TVG10 and sample 26V-TVG05 which were close to hydrothermal fields, with the lowest value in sample 22V-TVG14 which was farthest from hydrothermal fields, suggesting a probable hydrothermal origin of ∑PAHs of samples. Approximately nine kinds of PAHs were identified, and low molecular mass tricyclic and tetracyclic aromatic compounds were predominant in the samples. The concentrations of fluoranthene which were typical as hydrothermal alteration compounds were the highest among PAHs with dry weight between 0.913–3.157 μg/g. The phenanthrene homologue was most abundant in the samples, and the ratios between parent phenanthrene and methylphenanthrene which probably reflected the degree of hydrothermal alteration ranged from 0.097 to 1.602. The sample 22V-TVG10 possessing a maximum ratio value showed the intense influence of the hydrothermal alteration on this sample, which might further imply that PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from the hydrothermal alteration.

The distribution and composition of hydrocarbons in sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Sediment samples obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge are analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer（GC-MS） for the abundances and distributions of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in the samples exhibit a bimodal distribution of n-alkanes and are rich in 3-methylalkanes, 8-methylalkanes and 2, 4,（n-1）-trimethylalkanes, which may be the result of metabolic activity of benthic microorganism. Terpanes, hopanes and steranes are all enriched in the samples, which also support the microbial origin of hydrocarbons in samples.Bitumen and hydrocarbons in the samples show a trend that the contents are the highest in the Samples 22V-TVG10 and 26V-TVG05 collected near hydrothermal areas, and the lowest in samples 22IV-TVG01, 22V-TVG11,and 22V-TVG14 collected far from the hydrothermal areas, which suggest the possible influence on the samples by hydrothermal activity.

Petrology and geochemistry of South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(19°S) lava flows:Implications for magmatic processes and possible plume-ridge interactions

The South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR)19°S segment,approximately located along the line of Saint Helena volcanic chain(created by Saint Helena mantle plume),is an ideal place to investigate the issue whether the ridgehotpot interaction process affected the whole MAR.In this study,we present major and trace elemental compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios of twenty fresh lava samples concentrated in a relatively small area in the SMAR 19°S segment.Major oxides compositions show that all samples are tholeiite.Low contents of compatible trace elements(e.g.,Ni=239-594 ppm and Cr=456-1010 ppm)and low Fe/Mn(54-67)and Ce/Yb(0.65-1.5)ratios of these lavas show that their parental magmas are partially melted by a spinel lherzolite mantle source.Using software PRIMELT3,this study obtained mantle potential temperatures(Tp)beneath the segment of1321-1348℃,which is lower relative to those ridges influenced by mantle plumes.The asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment starts melting at a depth of^63 km and ceases melting at^43 km with a final melting temperature of^1265℃.The extent of partial melting is up to 16%-17.6%with an average adiabatic decompression value of 2.6%/kbar.The correlations of major oxides(CaO/Al2 O3)and trace elements(Cr,Co,V)with MgO and Zr show that the parental magma experienced olivine and plagioclase fractional crystallization during its ascent to the surface.87Sr/86Sr(0.702398-0.702996),143 Nd/144 Nd(0.513017-0.513177)and 206Pb/204Pb(18.444-19.477)ratios of these lavas indicate the mantle source beneath the SMAR 19°S segment is composed of a three-component mixture of depleted MORB mantle,PREMA mantle,and HIMU mantle materials.The simple,binary mixing results among components from plume-free SMAR MORB,Saint Helena plume and Tristan plume show that asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment may be polluted by both Saint Helena and Tristan plume enriched materials.The abovementioned mantle potential temperatures,together with the low Saint Helena(<10%)and Tristan(<5%)components remaining in the asthenospheric mantle at present,show that the physically ridge-hotspot interactions at SMAR 19°S segment may have ceased.However,the trace element and SrNd-Pb isotopically binary mixing calculation results imply that these lavas tapped some enriched pockets left when Saint Helena and/or Tristan plume were once on the SMAR during earlier Atlantic rifted history.

Abundance and Distribution of Fatty Acids in Sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Sediment samples obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were studies by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) for the abundance and distributions of total fatty acids(TFAs). Approximately 34 fatty acids were identified, with the chain-lengths ranging from C12 to C30. The total concentrations of TFAs(∑TFA) ranged from 7.15 to 30.09 μg g-1 dry sediment, and ∑TFA was weakly correlated with bitumen content(R2 = 0.69). The ∑TFA of samples around hydrothermal areas were significantly higher than that of samples away from hydrothermal areas, indicating intense primary production and large biomass in the hydrothermal areas, and suggesting a close relationship between hydrothermal activity and ∑TFA of samples. The characteristics of the TFA composition in the present study are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and lacking in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratios between the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and ΣTFAs in samples close to the hydrothermal areas, are about 0.8, but for samples far from the hydrothermal areas, they are only about 0.5. Several fatty acids(e.g., a/i C15:0 and C16:1ω7), which are signature biomarkers for sulfur-metabolizing bacteria, show the same distribution trend as ∑TFA of samples, further highlighting the close relationship between fatty acid content and hydrothermal activity and/or hydrothermal communities. The metabolic activities of hydrothermal communities, especially those of microorganisms, are likely the main source of fatty acids in samples.

Geochemical Features of Sulfides from the Deyin-1 Hydrothermal Field at the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15?S

In this study, geochemical compositions of elements in sulfide samples collected from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near the 15?S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR) were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) to examine the enrichment regulations of ore-forming elements and hydrothermal mineralization. These sulfide precipitates can be classified macroscopically into three types: Fe-rich sulfide, Fe-Cu-rich sulfide and Fe-Zn-rich sulfide, and are characterized by the enrichment of base metal elements along with a sequence of Fe>Zn>Cu. Compared with sulfides from other hydrothermal fields on MAR, Zn concentrations of sulfides in the research area are significantly high, while Cu concentrations are relatively low. For all major, trace or rare-earth elements(REE), their concentrations and related characteristic parameters exhibit significant variations(up to one or two orders of magnitude), which indicates the sulfides from different hydrothermal vents or even a same station were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization, and suggests the variations of chemical compositions of the hydrothermal fluid with respect to time. The hydrothermal temperatures of sulfides precipitation decreased gradually from station TVG10(st.TVG10) to st.TVG12, and to st.TVG11, indicating that the precipitation of hydrothermal sulfides is subjected to conditions changed from high temperature to low temperature, and that the hydrothermal activity of study area was at the late stage of a general trend of evolution from strong to weak. The abnormally low concentrations of REE in sulfides and their similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that REEs in all sulfides were derived from a same source, but underwent different processes of migration or enrichment, or sulfides were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization. The sulfides collected from the active hydrothermal vent were mainly attributed to precipitating directly from the hydrothermal fluid, while those collected from the extinct hydrothermal chimney might have already been altered by the seawater. Generally, ore-forming elements in the sulfides can be divided into three groups: Fe-based element group, Cu-based element group and Zn-based element group. The first group includes Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, Sn, Rb and bio-enriching elements, such as P and Si, reflecting the similar characteristics to Fe in the study area. And the second group contains Cu, W, Co, Se, Te and Bi, suggesting the similar behavior with Cu. Moreover, the third group includes Zn, Hf, Hg, Cd, Ta, Ga, Pb, As, Ag, Ni and Sb, which indicates the geochemical characteristics of most dispersed trace elements controlled by Zn-bearing minerals to some extent.

Mineralogical characteristics of polymetallic sulfides from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near 15°S, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A seafloor hydrothermal field, named Deyin-1 later, near 15°S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge（SMAR） was newly found during the 22 nd cruise carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research ＆ Development Association（COMRA）. Sulfide samples were collected at three stations from the hydrothermal field during the26 th cruise in 2012. In this paper, mineralogical characteristics of the sulfides were analyzed with optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe to study the crystallization sequence of minerals and the process of hydrothermal mineralization. According to the difference of the ore-forming metal elements, the sulfide samples can be divided into three types：（1） the Ferich sulfide, which contains mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite;（2） the Fe-Cu-rich sulfide consisting predominantly of pyrite, chalcopyrite and isocubanite, with lesser amount of sphalerite, marmatite and pyrrhotine; and（3） the Fe-Zn-rich sulfide dominated by pyrite, sphalerite and marmatite, with variable amounts of chalcopyrite, isocubanite, pyrrhotine, marcasite, galena and gratonite. Mineral precipitations in these sulfides are in the sequence of chalcopyrite（isocubanite and possible coarse pyrite）, fine pyrite,sphalerite（marmatite）, galena, gratonite and then the minerals out of the dissolution. Two morphologically distinct generations（Py-I and Py-II） of pyrite are identified in each of the samples; inclusions of marmatite tend to exist in the coarse pyrite crystals（Py-I）. Sphalerite in the Fe-Zn-rich sulfide is characterized by a＂chalcopyrite disease＂ phenomenon. Mineral paragenetic relationships and a wide range of chemical compositions suggest that the environment of hydrothermal mineralization was largely changing. By comparison, the Fe-rich sulfide was formed in a relatively stable environment with a high temperature, but the conditions for the formation of the Fe-Cu-rich sulfide were variable. The Fe-Zn-rich sulfide was precipitated during the hydrothermal venting at relatively low temperature.

Spreading-rate dependence of hydroacoustic and teleseismic seismicity of ridge-transform systems:East Pacific Rise,Galapagos Ridge,and Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Seismicity in ocean ridge-transform systems reveals fundamental processes of mid-ocean ridges,while comparisons of seismicity in different oceans remain rare due to a lack of detection of small events.From 1996 to 2003,the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA/PMEL)deployed several hydrophones in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the northern Atlantic Ocean.These hydrophones recorded earthquakes with small magnitudes,providing us with opportunities to study the seismic characteristics of ridge-transform systems at different spreading rates and make further comparisons of their differences.This study comparatively analyzed hydroacoustic and teleseismic data recorded on the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise(EPR,10°S to 12°N),intermediate-spreading Galapagos Ridge(103°W to 80°W),and slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge(MAR,15°N to 37°N).We present a systematic study of the spatial and temporal distribution of events,aftershock seismicity,and possible triggering mechanisms of aftershock sequences.Our analysis yields the following conclusions.(1)From the hydroacoustic data,the EPR transform faults had the highest average seismicity rate among the three regions.(2)Along-ridge event distributions show that a high number of earthquakes were concentrated on the EPR,while they became dispersed on the GR and fewer and more scattered on the MAR,reflecting that the different tectonic origins were closely correlated with the spreading rate.(3)Analysis from mainshock-aftershock sequences shows no significant differences in the aftershock decay rate among the three regions.(4)Multiple types of aftershock triggering models were inferred from Coulomb stress changes:strike-slip mainshocks triggered strike-slip aftershocks and normal faulting aftershocks,and normal faulting mainshocks triggered normal faulting aftershocks.Although these results are case studies,they may be applicable to other ocean ridge-transform systems in future investigations.Our results provide important new insights into the seismicity of global ocean ridge-transform systems.

TEM investigations of South Atlantic Ridge 13.2°S hydrothermal area

According to the exploration contract about polymetallic sulfides in the SWIR （Southwest Indian Ridge） signed by China with the International Seabed Authority, to delineate sulfide minerals and estimate resource quantity are urgent tasks. We independently developed our first coincident loop Transient Electromagnetic Method （TEM） device in 2010, and gained the TEM data for seafloor sulfide at South Atlantic Ridge 13.2°S in June 2011. In contrast with the widely applied CSEM （Marine controlled-source electromagnetic） method, whose goal is to explore hydrocarbons （oil/gas） of higher resistivity than seawater from 102 to 103 m below the sea floor, the TEM is for low resistivity minerals, and the target depth is from 0 to 100 m below the sea floor. Based on the development of complex sulfide geoelectrial models, this paper analyzed the TEM data obtained, proposing a new method for seafloor sulfide detection. We present the preliminary trial results, in the form of apparent resistivity sections for both half-space and full-space conditions. The results cor- respond well with the observations of the actual hydrothermal vent area, and the detection depth reached 50-100m below the bed, which verified the capability of the equipment.

Mathematical model of wave transformation over radial sand ridge field on continental shelf of South Yellow Sea

According to a deformed mild-slope equation derived by Guang-wen Hong and an enhanced numerical method, a wave refraction-diffraction nonlinear mathematical model that takes tidal level change and the high-order bathymetry factor into account has been developed. The deformed mild-slope equation is used to eliminate the restriction of wave length on calculation steps. Using the hard disk to record data during the calculation process, the enhanced numerical method can save computer memory space to a certain extent, so that a large-scale sea area can be calculated with high-resolution grids. This model was applied to wave field integral calculation over a radial sand ridge field in the South Yellow Sea. The results demonstrate some features of the wave field： （1） the wave-height contour lines are arc-shaped near the shore; （2） waves break many times when they propagate toward the shore; （3） wave field characteristics on the northern and southern sides of Huangshayang are different; and （4） the characteristics of wave distribution match the terrain features. The application of this model in the region of the radial sand ridge field suggests that it is a feasible way to analyze wave refraction-diffraction effects under natural sea conditions.

An Anomalous Seamount on the Southwestern Mid-Ridge of the South China Sea

Objective The development of continental rifting and seafloor spreading can be predominated by magmatic upwelling （magma-rich） or tectonic stretching （magma-poor）. Located in the terminal portion of propagating seafloor spreading of the South China Sea （SCS）, the southwestern mid-ridge of the southwest sub-basin （SWSB） of the SCS was found with much thin crust and numerous faulted blocks coupling with magma-poor continental margins along its flanks. Therefore, the southwestern part of the SWSB is most likely to be a tectonic-dominated basin. To justify the hypothesis with further evidence, we investigated the nature of seamounts on the southwestern mid-ridge of the SWSB which may inherit seafloor spreading.

Implications of the melting depth and temperature of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge basalts

Mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORBs) are characterized by large variations in trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, which are difficult to be interpreted solely by using magmatic process such as partial melting of a peridotitic mantle and subsequently fractional crystallization. Geochemical diversity of MORBs have been attributed to large-scale heterogeneity within the underlying mantle, and the heterogeneity might have been caused by addition of recycled crustal component, subcontinental lithosphere, metasomatized lithosphere and outer core contribution. In this study, we investigated the MORBs along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge(MAR) by estimating the temperature and pressure of partial melting, and comprehensively comparing trace element and isotope ratios. The data for MORBs from areas close to mantle plumes show large variations. Mantle plumes can affect mid-oceanic ridges 1 400 km away, but plume effects did not cover all of the ridge segments, and those segments without plume effects did not have any abnormalities in temperature, trace element or isotope ratios.We ascribed the above phenomena to result from the shapes of the plume flow, which we categorized as "pipelike channels" and "pancake-like channels". The "pancake-like channels" plumes affected the ambient mantle nondirectionally, but the range of the mantle affected by the "pipe-like channels" plumes were selective. Element ratios of MORBs reveal that the mantle source of the MORBs along the MAR is highly heterogeneous. We suggest that most of source heterogeneities of the MORBs may be due to the presence of subducted slab and delaminated lower crust in the source. In addition, the plume that carried materials from the core-mantle boundary may affect some of the segments.

A Quantitative Method for Active Fault Migration Distance Assessment on both Sides of Mid-Ocean Ridges——Based on Multi-Beam Data

Fracture-fissure systems found at mid-ocean ridges are dominating conduits for the circulation of metallogenic fluid.Ascertaining the distribution area of active faults on both sides of mid-ocean ridges will provide a useful tool in the search for potential hydrothermal vents,thus guiding the exploration of modern seafloor sulfides.Considering the MidAtlantic Ridge 20°N–24°N(NMAR)and North Chile Rise(NCR)as examples,fault elements such as Fault Spacing(?S)and Fault Heave(?X)can be identified and quantitatively measured.The methods used include Fourier filtering of the multi-beam bathymetry data,in combination with measurements of the topographic slope,curvature,and slope aspect patterns.According to the Sequential Faulting Model of mid-ocean ridges,the maximal migration distance of an active fault on either side of mid-ocean ridges—that is,the distribution range of active faults—can be measured.Results show that the maximal migration distance of active faults at the NMAR is 0.76–1.01 km(the distance is larger at the center than at the ends of this segment),and at the NCR,the distribution range of active faults is 0.38–1.6 km.The migration distance of active faults on the two study areas is positively related to the axial variation of magma supply.In the NCR study area,where there is an abundant magma input,the number of faults within a certain distance is mainly affected by the variation of lithospheric thickness.Here a large range of faulting clearly corresponds to a high proportion of magmatism to seafloor spreading near mid-ocean ridges(M)value,and in the study area of the NMAR,there is insufficient magmatism,and the number of faults may be controlled by both lithospheric thickness and magma supply,leading to a less obvious positive correlation between the distribution range of active faults and M.

利用洋中脊玄武岩中橄榄石斑晶制约南海打开的地幔动力学机制

地幔柱与板块构造是地球运行的两大基本动力学机制。南海及其周缘地区处于海南地幔柱与东南亚环形俯冲系统时空交汇的背景,而新生代地幔柱在南海形成演化过程中所扮演的角色存在颇多争议。地幔源区富含辉石岩是南海及其周缘与地幔柱活动相关的玄武岩的共有特征,基于此推测,本文利用国际大洋发现计划(IODP)367航次在南海北缘U1500B站位钻遇的南海扩张初期洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)的橄榄石成分来制约南海扩张初期的地幔岩性,以检验南海扩张初期是否存在地幔柱-洋脊叠加。U1500B MORB所含橄榄石斑晶的Fo=76.4~89.4,NiO=0.09%~0.26%,CaO=0.25%~0.34%,MnO=0.16%~0.33%。这些橄榄石斑晶具有与南海西南次海盆扩张末期U1433B钻孔的MORB以及全球其他开放大洋MORB相似的NiO、CaO、MnO含量和FeO/MnO比值,代表其源区岩性主要为橄榄岩。U1500B钻孔MORB与该区存在地幔柱叠加的基性岩浆所含橄榄石斑晶成分的差异显著,表明南海扩张初期不存在地幔柱叠加,与前人估计的U1500B洋中脊玄武岩的正常地幔潜能温度(~1380℃)相符合。由于南海扩张初期洋中脊岩浆产率高,但缺乏地幔热异常和易融组分如辉石岩等,推测其地幔中可能有较多的早前俯冲板片贡献的再循环挥发分来维持高岩浆产率。所以,俯冲板片后撤导致的岩石圈伸展可能是南海打开的主要动力学机制。

南海洋脊跃迁的深地震探测数据分析

洋脊跃迁事件是海底扩张阶段受强烈构造和岩浆作用的普遍现象,地球物理资料表明洋脊跃迁事件存在于南海多期次海底扩张过程中,然而关于洋脊跃迁的深部速度结构特征尚不清楚.2021年国家自然科学基金共享航次实施了深地震探测测线OBS2021-1,该测线横穿南海东部次海盆洋脊跃迁(J3)区域.本文介绍了该测线数据的采集情况,完成了导航文件(Ukooa文件)的制作、原始数据的格式转换、炮点位置和海底地震仪(OBS)位置校正的前期数据处理工作.结果表明,OBS2021-1测线数据质量良好,经过炮点和OBS位置校正后,OBS综合地震记录剖面可识别出多组清晰的P波震相,包括Pw、Pg、PmP以及Pn震相.根据同船采集的多道地震处理解释和国际大洋发现计划(IODP)钻探数据,建立了沿测线的初始速度模型.使用RayInvr软件初步获得了OBS2021-1测线下方的正演速度结构模型,识别洋脊跃迁的深部速度结构特征.数据处理结果表明南海洋脊跃迁的地壳厚度增厚,在多道地震剖面上存在渐新世地层的缺失,为进一步研究南海洋脊跃迁过程与构建南海形成演化历史奠定了研究基础.

5月华南气温的岭回归预测模型

该文研究5月华南气温变化特征及其成因,寻找海温前兆信号并探讨其影响气温的可能物理机制,建立5月华南气温的多元岭回归预测模型。结果表明:5月华南气温异常偏高(偏低)年表现为乌拉尔山、东亚的异常反气旋(气旋)环流,以及贝加尔湖附近的异常气旋(反气旋)环流,使东亚经向环流减弱(加强),冷空气活动减弱(加强);同时副热带高压在华南地区异常西伸(东退)和西南风减弱(加强)。海温前兆信号主要为前冬北大西洋三极子型、印度洋全区一致型,其中北大西洋海温前兆信号的相关性最强。北大西洋海温前兆信号为正(负)位相时,通过欧亚遥相关波列使经向环流减弱(增强)和冷空气活动减弱(加强),同时副热带高压在华南一带西伸(东退),有利于华南地区气温偏高(低)。利用前冬前兆信号所建立的5月气温多元岭回归预测模型,拟合效果较好并对异常年份有较好的预测能力。

郑州黄河文化公园景观规划分析

郑州黄河文化公园是郑州市黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展核心示范区中的起步区,其整体景观规划对于起步区建设发挥着重要作用。分析郑州黄河文化公园的概况、景观规划及目前存在的问题,对今后该区域在生态保护和高质量发展方面具有重要意义。

Initiation and evolution of the South China Sea: an overview

Different models have been proposed for the formation and tectonic evolution of the South China Sea(SCS), including extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula,backarc extension, two-stage opening, proto-SCS dragging,extension induced by a mantle plume, and integrated models that combine diverse factors. Among these, the extrusion model has gained the most attention. Based on simpli?ed physical experiments, this model proposes that collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates resulted in extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, which in turn led to opening of the SCS. The extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, however, should have led to preferential opening in the west side of the SCS, which is contrary to observations. Extensional models propose that the SCS was a backarc basin, rifted off the South China Block. Most of the backarc extension models, however, are not compatible with observations in terms of either age or subduction direction. The two-stage extension model is based on extensional basins surrounding the SCS. Recent dating results indeed show two-stage opening in the SCS, but the Southwest Subbasin of the SCS is much younger, which contradicts the two-stage extension model. Here we propose a re?ned backarc extension model. There was a wide Neotethys Ocean between the Australian and Eurasian Plates before the Indian-Eurasian collision. The ocean ?oor started to subduct northward at *125 Ma, causing backarc extension along the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate and the formation of the proto-SCS. The Neotethys subduction regime changed due to ridge subduction in the Late Cretaceous, resulting in fold-belts, uplifting, erosion, and widespread unconformities. It may also have led to the subduction of the proto-SCS. Flat subduction of the ridge may have reached further north and resulted in another backarc extension that formed the SCS. The rollback of the?at subducting slab might have occurred *90 Ma ago; the second backarc extension may have initiated between 50 and 45 Ma. The opening of the Southwest Subbasin is roughly simultaneous with a ridge jump in the East Subbasin, which implies major tectonic changes in the surrounding regions, likely related to major changes in the extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula.

南苏丹境内裂谷盆地源上构造-岩性油藏成藏主控因素与成藏模式

以钻井、测井及三维地震资料等为基础,通过岩心分析、连井对比、油气运聚模拟、地震反演及多信息叠合等方法,从油源条件、储-盖组合和输导体系3个方面对南苏丹境内Melut和Muglad 2个裂谷盆地源上构造-岩性油藏成藏的主控因素进行了分析,并探讨了成藏模式。研究结果表明:①Melut和Muglad盆地均发育早白垩世第Ⅰ裂陷期优质烃源岩,厚度大、面积广、有机质类型好、成熟度适中,具有良好的油源条件;Melut盆地古近系Yabus组、新近系Jimidi组和Muglad盆地白垩系Aradeiba组发育三角洲相和河流相沉积,河道和水下分流河道微相砂体的含砂率、砂岩厚度均适中,且不同层序内河道的河型存在垂向演化,发育泛滥平原和水下分流间湾微相局部封隔带,形成多套源上砂泥互层储-盖组合,为形成规模构造-岩性圈闭提供了条件;边界控盆断裂与盆缘斜坡区控凹断裂是沟通主力烃源岩与源上目的层的主要油气垂向运移通道,源上层段发育的多期不整合面和富砂地层形成了多个侧向优势运移路径(输导脊),油源断裂与输导脊耦合控制Melut和Muglad盆地源上构造-岩性油藏的有利区带。②Melut盆地Yabus组、Jimidi组以及Muglad盆地Aradeiba组具备形成源上规模构造-岩性油藏的石油地质条件,成藏模式可分为“断裂垂向运移型”、“断裂垂向运移-不整合面侧向输导型”和“断裂垂向运移-连通砂体侧向输导型”3种。

西藏札佐晚白垩世中期埃达克岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

为解释南冈底斯晚白垩世埃达克质岩石成因及其地球动力学机制,本文对西藏扎囊县札佐地区二长花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和全岩地球化学分析。札佐二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年为80.43±0.62 Ma,其SiO2为66.19%~66.84%,Al2O3为15.17%~15.48%,MgO为1.67%~1.91%,Mg#为47.4~51.5,K_(2)O为3.86%~4.09%,A/CNK=0.91~1.01,属准铝质高钾钙碱性岩石。岩石轻稀土富集明显,高Sr(492×10^(−6)~670.2×10^(−6)),低Y(8.27×10^(−6)~14.99×10^(−6)),Yb(1.07×10^(−6)~1.79×10^(−6)),高Sr/Y(35.0~81.0),高La/Yb(17.4~21.4),弱负Eu异常,具埃达克岩地球化学特征。相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土。锆石εHf(t)值为10.5~14.1,单阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM1)为184.8~326.1 Ma,平均为203.4 Ma,二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)为247.2~476.0 Ma,平均为287.1 Ma,略大于侵位年龄,指示岩浆物质来源于俯冲洋壳,并可能卷入俯冲沉积物。岩石中地幔组分印记Mg#值和相容元素Ni、Cr含量较高,表明熔体在上升过程中与上覆地幔楔发生反应。研究分析表明,在新特提斯洋洋脊俯冲作用下,高温热流透过板片窗导致洋壳(及俯冲沉积物)部分熔融形成札佐埃达克质二长花岗岩。同时表明,在80 Ma左右,新特提斯洋仍处于洋脊俯冲阶段。