Genetic progress in stem lodging resistance of the dominant wheat cultivars adapted to Yellow-Huai River Valleys Winter Wheat Zone in China since 1964

Analysis of genetic progress for lodging-related traits provides important information for further improvement of lodging resistance.Forty winter wheat cultivars widely grown in the Yellow-Huai River Valleys Winter Wheat Zone(YHWZ)of China during the period of 1964–2015 were evaluated for several lodging-related traits in three cropping seasons.Plant height,height at center of gravity,length of the basal second internode,and lodging index decreased significantly in this period,and the average annual genetic gains for these traits were–0.50 cm or–0.62%,–0.27 cm or–0.60%,–0.06 cm or–0.63%,and–0.01 or–0.94%,respectively.Different from other traits,stem strength showed a significant increasing trend with the breeding period,and the annual genetic gains were 0.03 N or 0.05%.Correlation analysis showed that lodging index was positively correlated with plant height,height at center of gravity,and length of the basal second internode,but negatively correlated with stem strength.Meanwhile,significantly positive correlations were observed between plant height,height at center of gravity,and length of the basal first and second internodes.By comparison with the wild types,dwarfing genes had significant effects on all lodging-related traits studied except for length of the basal first internode and stem strength.Principle component analysis demonstrated that plant height and stem strength were the most important factors influencing lodging resistance.Clustering analysis based on the first two principle components further indicated the targets of wheat lodging-resistant breeding have changed from reducing plant height to strengthening stem strength over the breeding periods.This study indicates that the increase of stem strength is vital to improve lodging resistance in this region under the high-yielding condition when plant height is in an optimal range.

基于矮败小麦分子育种策略培育黄淮抗赤霉病小麦新品种轮选20

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区抗赤霉病小麦品种短缺问题,开展产量与赤霉病抗性协同改良,为该麦区培育高产抗赤霉病小麦新种源。【方法】以苏麦3号为供体亲本(抗源),以矮败周麦16、周麦16、轮选136和轮选6号为受体亲本,利用骨干亲本矮败小麦结合Fhb1分子标记辅助选择和双单倍体(double haploid,DH)技术(简称矮败小麦分子育种策略)快速获得DH系,并对这些稳定品系进行株高、抽穗期和产量等主要农艺性状评价和赤霉病抗性鉴定。【结果】共获得51份半冬性、矮秆、白粒且携带Fhb1的DH系。在2个环境(2020河南和2020北京)下,51份DH系平均病小穗数分别为5.7和7.3,平均严重度分别为27.7%和35.2%,与中感对照淮麦20无显著差异;平均每公顷产量为8.3 t,略低于对照品种周麦18(8.5 t)。结合赤霉病抗性和主要农艺性状综合评价结果,选择DH116(轮选20)作为重点系进一步进行赤霉病抗性和农艺性状鉴定。单花滴注接种鉴定发现,轮选20在4个环境下均达到中抗-高抗对照抗性水平;每公顷产量在2个环境下均高于对照品种周麦18,每穗小穗数和千粒重显著高于对照(P<0.05),且比对照抽穗更早、植株更矮(P<0.05)。轮选20两年区试分别比对照百农207增产4.6%和1.7%,生产试验比对照增产3.5%;区试利用喷雾和单花滴注2种接种方法综合评价轮选20为中感-中抗赤霉病。分子标记检测发现,轮选20携带半矮秆基因Rht-D1b;在已知春化基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1位点均携带隐性等位基因。通过小麦660K SNP芯片分析显示,轮选20与4个亲本有64.7%SNP是一致的,亲本周麦16、轮选136、轮选6号和苏麦3号对轮选20的直接遗传贡献率分别为69.8%、12.6%、6.1%和11.5%。【结论】利用矮败小麦分子育种策略,实现了小麦高产和赤霉病抗性协同提高,培育出符合黄淮冬麦区生态类型的高产抗赤霉病小麦品种轮选20。

黄淮冬麦区部分区域小麦品种构成及品质性状分析

【目的】通过定点农户调查和田间采样分析,了解黄淮麦区主产区小麦生产的品种构成及小麦品质性状,为小麦品种选育和食品加工业的产品开发提供理论依据。【方法】2008年夏收时在陕西、河南、河北3省所属9个地市、27个县区、81个乡镇抽取农户田间小麦主栽品种样品243份;2009年夏收时在同一区域抽取农户田间小麦主栽品种样品242份。统计小麦品种构成,分析小麦样品的籽粒品质和面团流变学特性。【结果】黄淮麦区调查区域小麦主栽品种数量较多(86个小麦品种),优质强筋小麦品种种植比例较低(19.8%)。小麦籽粒千粒重(39.5g)、容重(787 g.L-1)、蛋白质含量(14.0%)较高,籽粒硬度大(56%),但沉淀值较低(26.7 mL);除沉淀值和粉质参数外,其它品质性状年际间均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。【结论】调查地区生产的小麦属硬质、高蛋白质、中强筋产品;该区域具有生产高筋、强筋小麦的潜在优势。政府部门应加强稳产、高产、优质专用小麦品种的推广,以提高小麦商品粮的质量水平,促进传统农业区食品加工产业的持续发展。

黄淮南片麦区小麦品种利用现状及建议

对2010年以来小麦生育期间黄淮南片麦区非生物灾害和病虫害发生特点,以及大面积生产和区域试验中表现较好品种的表现进行了分析,认为冬春干旱、春季倒春寒冻害,灌浆后期高温、干热风、倒伏等灾害,以及纹枯病、赤霉病、根腐病、叶锈病、白粉病、蚜虫等病虫害是影响该区小麦生产和品种利用的主要因素。大面积生产和区域试验中表现较好的品种一般为冬春抗寒、抗倒性较好,后期根系活力强,耐热性好、灌浆快,抗(耐)病性好[抗(耐)赤霉病、叶锈病、白粉病、纹枯病、根腐病等]的品种。对品种利用现状进行了分析,提出了黄淮南片麦区不同地区小麦品种利用原则。对2012年以来部分新审定和区域试验中表现较好的小麦品种进行了介绍,并提出了这些品种的利用建议。