Russian Music of the Soviet Era: For Archive or Forever

The purpose of the article is to present several topics in Russian music of the Soviet era(roughly 1920-1990).The time that has passed since the fall of the Iron Curtain allows us to rethink and revise the cultural treasures of seven decades and reassess new research of the last decade,carried out both by people who previously gained a reputation as an authority in Soviet culture,and by scientists who came from this environment and began sharing their vision of the subject after acquiring the skills of a Western scholar.The article is based mainly on the latter research and tries to see its subject as a complete picture,albeit with missing details,so to speak,a postmodern picture that requires the reader to participate in its refinement.The methodological basis of this study is working with published sources through the critical lens of cultural anthropology as it has developed and presently looks.

Landscape Design of Parks Based on Red Tourism——With the Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin,Jiangxi Province as a Study Case

Red tourism is a derivative product of organized patriotic education and revolutionary education activities.Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin City,Jiangxi Province,as a representative of red tourism destination,is designed with red and patriotic education as the principal line to carry forward revolutionary traditions and spirits of Red Army,as well as create "red" garden landscapes with strong patriotism,time spirits and leisure elements.

Soviet Aid and the Construction of the Lanzhou Cyclotron

The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper takes the construction of the cyclotron in Lanzhou,China as the case to discuss the characteristics of technology transfer from the Soviet Union to China.The review of extensive archives reveals that the construction of cyclotron took place in the framework of China’s nuclear weapons development.Although the transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to China fit into the one-way transmission-reception model in general,both the Chinese demand and the Soviet response had key influences on the transmission.In the early cyclotron construction,the Chinese side relied on the Soviets,and the mode of the cooperation between Soviet and Chinese engineers can be described as one of expertstudent.In the early 1960 s,the relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down.The Soviet engineers were required to withdraw with the technical data,which created conflicts in the roles played by the Soviet engineers,most of whom chose to set the sense of professional responsibility as their highest priority.After the departure of the Soviet experts,Chinese physicists played the leading role in the project,using scientific knowledge they had,relying on the technical materials left by Soviet experts,and cooperating fully with local engineers,thus completing the cyclotron.This case can provide us with valuable clues for the understanding of transnational history of science and technology.The seemingly one-way transmission-reception model is actually influenced by the needs of both sides.While the transnational flow of knowledge is inevitably affected by political factors from both sides,the process is far more complex than it appears.

Ideas from the Women's Liberation Movement during the Period of the Central Soviet Area

During the period of the Central Soviet Area,the women's liberation movement flourished,greatly improving the living environment and space for women in the Soviet Area,and providing important implication for resolving issues concerning the development of women left behind in the current rural areas. Based on the useful exploration in the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area, and the field research data concerning the Gannan area,we conduct research on the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area from two dimensions ( family and society) . At the same time,we conduct analysis on current issues concerning the women left behind: in terms of family dimension,the patriarchal tendency of family interests is the core issue shackling the development of women left behind,extension of the family division of labor further restricts the space for the development of women left behind,and the weakening of family function is the key factor influencing the development of women left behind; in terms of social dimension,system isolation is the direct reason for restricted development of women left behind,weak economic foundation is the root cause of restricted development of women left behind, and the existence of discriminatory attitudes is the deep-seated reason for restricted development of women left behind. From the level of human development,we point out that the first step for the development of women left behind lies in the transformation of ideas. In order to solve issues concerning the women left behind,it is necessary to eliminate the property of individual family as the economic unit of society,and make all the women back to the common cause again.

Projecting the global impact of fossil fuel production from the Former Soviet Union

Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.

Former Soviet Union's Intelligence Agency KGB's Activities

In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB was the ordinary primary secret service in the world. This paper has been investigated USSR’s secret service, KGB’s secret activities in all over the world. It is popularity was extra ordinary before the Cold War 1990.

A Glimpse of the Initial Conditions for the Development of Science and Technology and Soviet Specialists in the PRC:1949–1955

This article aims to analyze the so-called“starting point”when modern scientific and technological successes in China were in their infancy,and to provide the reader with insight on how various challenges were overcome in their development.The period under review is 1949–1955.The information about this period was obtained from Soviet archives and special literature.The first part of the article describes the state of affairs in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in the early years of its formation,focusing on education,science,industry(including military),communications,and rail transport.The second part turns to the Soviet specialists working in the PRC during these years,focusing on their profession,number,cities of residence and living conditions.Issues regarding Chinese specialists’internship in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)are also touched upon.The article selects several lesserknown areas in which professional competencies were established in this very weak post-war country to discover the origins of the most important science and technology in the contemporary PRC,thereby contributing to readers’understanding of the initial conditions for the development of science and technology in China.

Briefing of the Research on the Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons in Soviet Russia in the 20th Century

The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.

1944-1949 in the North East of Latvia： Soviet Myths and Reality

The scientific work on collecting and studying life stories started in Latvia in late 1980s, and mainly was devoted to creation of a multi-voiced counteraction to Soviet-era history. In this article, a life story and associated discourse units illustrate not only a point about the speaker, but also about the facts and notions that are common to the post-war Latvia. Post-Soviet society still use to give different accounts of the same facts and of the reasons why they happened. Studying multiform social memories that are forming Latvian collective memory is a way to perceive the processes by which these common-sense notions are constructed. The article demonstrates how to use the life story as a source for local history research and at the same time for people self-awareness research. This article is devoted to the analysis of eye-witnesses＇ （materials gathered from 12 neighboring farmer families） narratives about the post-war reality, comparing the main presumptions of Soviet ideology, existing in Latvia and all other Baltic states, to real life. Provided those presumptions being myths--the term being understood in political science as deceit as a falsifying construct, the author analyses true life stories to show the real danger of intention to exist in some irrational, mythical sphere.

Emergency Money in Hungarian Pharmacies from World War l to the Hungarian Soviet Republic

All of the existing emergency notes of pharmacy in Hungary between 1914 and 1919 were collected, presented and studied. The concept of emergency money, the causes and circumstances leading to its development were defined. The historical backgrounds of these reasons were studied and presented in chronology order. The various issued emergency money of pharmacy was classified and demonstrated in pictures. When an economic crisis turns up in the life of mankind, special solutions will occur. World War I breaking out a hundred years ago and the Hungarian Soviet Republic created such a situation in Hungary. The official currency was replaced with a new one, the amount of which could not cover the daily purchase of people. The lack of change led to print numerous emergency notes in different fields of life. In this study, all of the so-far discovered pharmaceutical emergency money was collected and presented systematically. The paper is considered to be unique since in the field of the history of pharmacy similar ones have not been born recently. The released notes provide an instantaneous picture of the industry （art, typography, chemical industry etc.） of the given country as well. These pieces of paper are regarded to be valuable treasure among numismatics.

Central Asia’s Foreign Relations:A Comparison Between the Soviet and Post-Soviet Era

Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.

Study on the Inheritance Value of the Red Culture in South Jiangxi from the Perspective of Revitalizing Soviet Area

In this paper, through an analysis on the contents and present development of the red culture in South Jiangxi, the strategy of developing red culture tourism is proposed for promoting the economic development and enhancing the protection of the red cultural inheritance in the Soviet area.

Analysis of the Rupture of Sino-Soviet Alliance

There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is presented from the ideological perspective. On the basis of the 20 th CPSU Congress, major ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the Communist Party are elicited. In terms of analyzing these differences, the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is expounded. Besides, the effects of this rupture are summarized.

作为政治动员介质的苏区戏剧:布局、变革与调适

苏区戏剧实际上是作为政治动员的传播介质出现的。为了极大地激发戏剧的政治动员功效,苏区戏剧的组织者实施了三项针对性举措。第一,体制化布局。中央苏区展开了多类别、立体性的戏剧机构体制化建设,其整体布局呈现纵向贯通、横向呼应形态。第二,适配性变革。以新型意识形态熔铸新词直接入戏、推动传统剧社改弦更张、大力推出话剧与活报剧等戏剧类型。第三,在地化调适。征用当地材料编排故事、聚焦所在区域重大事件、吸纳近邻人员介入编演流程。苏区戏剧虽然没有彰显出足够的艺术专业性与仪式感,但是在观念劝服、行为引导、精神激励等方面产生了显著的成效。

比较视角下美国对华国家战略焦虑及遏制举措

当前美国对华全面战略焦虑是二战以来继对苏联和日本后的第三次国家战略焦虑。初次战略焦虑是基于美苏双方几无经济交集的战略竞争,是美国对苏联进行经济封锁、军备竞赛、舆论战和价值观颠覆,并动用盟友力量全面对抗。对日战略焦虑则限于经济领域,主要通过打击日本半导体产业、贸易战、整体上强迫日元升值来实现。而对华战略焦虑及应对举措更具全局性和激进性,是涉及经济、政治、军事、科技、意识形态、舆论的全方位对华战略遏制,是用美国主导的国际规则联合全球盟友来对华进行的组织化、体系化的竞争。对此,中国亟需清醒认识美国对华战略遏制的长期性和全面性,充分吸取历史经验与教训,在坚定自身发展道路的同时做好应对准备,不断夯实自身实力以应对未来的不确定挑战。

回顾与启示:中央苏区图书馆事业的成功实践

中央苏区图书馆事业为苏区文化建设作出了重要贡献,对中国图书馆的发展意义重大。文章从组织领导、服务对象、服务体系、馆藏资源、制度建设等方面回顾总结了中央苏区图书馆建设的成功实践,指出坚持党对图书馆事业的领导、服从和服务于党的中心工作、树立“读者至上”的服务理念、传承弘扬苏区精神等,对做好新时代图书馆工作具有重要的启示意义。

苏联氢弹研制科学理论基础的奠定——核聚变理论工作(1946—1953)

1946—1953年间,苏联4个科研团队的核聚变理论工作,既是苏联氢弹研制的首要工作,也是苏联核计划的重要组成部分,为氢弹研制奠定了科学理论基础。库尔恰托夫团队负责分析情报信息并向政府提供建议,对其他小组的工作进行管理并开展了少许的理论研究工作;泽利多维奇小组是苏联最早对轻核聚变可行性进行研究的团队,开展了与“管式构型”氢弹相关的核聚变理论工作;朗道小组从工作伊始就探索核聚变理论的实际应用问题,就两种构型的氢弹开展了重要的理论计算工作;塔姆小组提出并完善了“层式构型”氢弹的设计构想,并开展了与此相关的核聚变理论工作,在苏联首枚氢弹的研制中发挥了关键作用。他们开展的核聚变理论工作为苏联氢弹研制的设计理论、技术理论等理论问题提供了科学依据,在热核装药的选择、引爆问题、爆炸过程、能量释放以及试爆工作等实际问题的解决中起到了极其重要的理论指导作用。核聚变理论工作不仅为苏联氢弹研制的成功提供了理论保障,而且在某种程度上还加深了核裂变理论的相关研究,进而构建并强化了苏联核武体系的科学理论基础,而且还进一步改进了对原子弹、氢弹的研发工作,大大增强了苏联的国防力量。

苏联远东中国高级列宁学校的建立及其影响

联共(布)为加速中国共产党的成长和壮大,20世纪20年代至30年代末在苏联海参崴建立了中国高级列宁学校。该校是联系联共(布)与中共关系的重要平台,其历史使命是为中国革命培养具有较高文化知识、政治立场坚定、经得起考验的党员、团员和积极分子,其目标还包括提高远东地区华侨华人的文化素质,加强对华工的管理,进而促进苏联社会主义建设时期的经济文化建设。

俄罗斯民族学对中国民族学的影响

民族学作为一门“经世致用”的学问,其研究立足于社会、服务于社会,同时也被特定的社会环境所形塑,从而孕育出不同的民族学学术传统。中俄两国同是多民族国家,又曾有过密切的历史关联,故而两国在民族学领域的交往互鉴是十分重要的。学者以往对俄罗斯民族学与中国民族学相关联的研究主要集中在苏联时期,重点讨论苏维埃民族学对中国民族学的形塑和影响。本文以时间为纵轴,从俄国民族学的产生到苏联时期民族学全面“渗透”及对中国民族学学科建设、学科理论的影响,以及苏联解体后俄罗斯民族学的“危机”、对华影响的衰弱等方面,探讨了俄罗斯民族学影响中国民族学发展进程的历史背景和主客观因素,探讨中国如何在借鉴中发展出中国化民族学道路等议题,力求从中俄两国民族学的发展脉络中探索学科的交织互鉴之处,实现更为深入的学术交流与理论互鉴,发挥承前启后的学术价值。

民族联邦制在苏联的实践与苏联解体

十月革命后,在列宁和斯大林领导下建成了一个以民族共和国为单元的联邦制国家。政府开展的“民族识别”工作为每个国民确定了“民族”身份,在随后推行的“民族化”过程中,在三个重要的方面使“民族”得以加强:推广使用民族语言,创建民族知识分子和政治精英群体,并正式地使各传统族群以国家形态实现组织化。1991年苏联在没有任何外力的作用下突然自行解体,此后,讨论苏联解体的原因便成为各国学术界关注的重要议题。本文梳理了苏联联邦体制成立的历史过程,分析了苏联推行“民族化”的各项举措和长期维系苏联统一的重要纽带,以及这些纽带是如何在戈尔巴乔夫“改革新思维”的社会运动中被一一斩断,最终导致苏联这个庞然大物碎成十五片,给全世界的民族研究者开启了一个需要认真破解的魔盒。