Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Discoursing on Soxhlet extraction of ginseng using association analysis and scanning electron microscopy

Soxhlet extraction is a common method of sample preparation. However, there has been no discussion about the efficiency of Soxhlet extraction from different batches and the factors that cause content fluctuation. In this study, Panax ginseng was selected as a model sample. Soxhlet extraction by means of a water bath, which has always been neglected, was identified as a novel key factor in the poor repeat- ability in different batches of Soxhlet extraction, as it can affect the siphon times and reflux time, which have been positively correlated with the ginsenoside contents. By substituting round bottom flasks in the same column, the relative standard deviation of the most fluctuated compound, ginsenoside Rbl, was decreased from 24.6% to 5.02%. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the breakdown of the surface of the ginseng powder in the Soxhlet extraction led to a better dissolution of ginsenosides, indicating that chloroform may promote the extraction of ginsenosides by disrupting the cell structure. Moreover, 70% methanol was regarded as the better solvent for extracting the ginsenosides. Overall, this work offers a practical and effective protocol for improving the accuracy and repeatability of Soxhlet extraction methodology for ginsenosides and other analytes.

Phytochemicals Screening, Phenolic Estimation and Evaluation for Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Microbial Activities of Sequentially Soxhlet Extracted Coconut Testa

Background: In many coconut industries, the outer layer of thin brown skin of coconut kernel known as testa is peeled out as a byproduct. Despite the testa is rich in fat and plenty of polyphenolic compounds, it has been underutilized either as animal feed, serving as raw materials for bio-diesel production or discarded directly. Anticipating coconut testa (CT) as a natural source of multiple phyto-chemicals, its exploitation for the pharmacological activity or utilization as value added product is required which may reduce the disposal costs as well. Methods: Secondary metabolites from CT were extracted sequentially with different organic solvents based on polarity in the soxhlet apparatus followed by extraction with sterilized water. The crude dried extracts thus prepared were evaluated for qualitative screening of phytochemicals and quantitative estimation of total phenols, flavonoids and tannin content. Moreover, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities were also investigated. Results: Phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds in methanolic fraction including phenols (822.60 ± 16.36 mg/g), flavonoids (103.30 ± 9.78 mg/g) and tannin (663.50 ± 19.26 mg/g), whereas non-phenolic compounds were present in other fractions. While methanolic fraction showed invariably the highest anti-oxidant activity in multiple assay methods, non-phenolic compounds in aqueous and chloroform fractions exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed by both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that CT is a rich source of various polyphenolic and non-phenolic natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. These findings are promising and form the basis to identify the number of active components and their characterization.

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments Using Soxhlet,Ultrasonic and Accelerated Solvent Extraction Techniques

The application of soxhlet, ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extraction techniques to the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, o, p'-DDT, p, p'-DDT and p, p'-DDE) in Taihu Lake sediment samples is described. It was found that the limits of quantification ranged from 0.002 μg g-1 to 0.004 μg g-1, and the recoveries of organochlorine pesticides with the three extraction techniques were acceptable (＞ 80.7%). With a mass selective detector,better results were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction using hexane-acetone (1: 1) as compared with soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. It was shown that the accelerated solvent extraction was the optimum technique for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in sediments. The general features of the three extraction techniques are also presented.

4种柑橘籽油脂肪酸组成及生物活性成分

以瓯柑籽、椪柑籽、香橙籽、胡柚籽为原材料,通过索氏提取法提取油脂,利用气相色谱和高效液相色谱分别对4种油脂样品的脂肪酸以及主要的柠檬苦素类化合物、类黄酮类化合物含量进行测定分析。结果表明,4种柑橘籽油的脂肪酸主要由油酸(19.7%~49.0%)、亚油酸(17.93%~45.93%)、棕榈酸(23.04%~27.73%)以及少量的亚麻酸(1.327%~5.103%)和硬脂酸(3.437%~4.797%)组成。生物活性成分柠檬苦素、诺米林、奥巴叩酮、橙皮苷、柚皮苷含量分别为24.79~753.75、266.57~915.62、61.95~496.08、15.61~17.57、27.84~30.01μg/g。柑橘籽油不仅脂肪酸比例合理,还含有较丰富的黄酮及柠檬苦素类化合物,作为植物油原料具有开发潜力。

不同分离方法分离烃源岩可溶有机质的对比实验

对加速溶剂萃取与索式提取两种烃源岩可溶有机质分离方法的分离总量、分离效率、可溶有机质的化学与分子组成进行了对比。结果表明:加速溶剂萃取分离出的可溶有机质总量略低于索式提取,但分离效率远高于索式提取;加速溶剂萃取所得的可溶有机质中饱和烃与芳香烃的相对百分含量高于索式提取,非烃与沥青质的相对百分含量低于索式提取;两种分离方法所得的可溶有机质中高碳数饱和烃与芳香烃化合物的分布形态、地球化学比值参数和绝对含量均具有很好的可比性,相反,二环倍半萜系列化合物显示较大差异,加速溶剂萃取所得可溶有机质的低碳数、低沸点的二环倍半萜化合物的相对百分含量高于索式提取。

索氏抽提法制备裂果枣红色素及其理化性质分析

以裂果枣粉为原料,采用索氏抽提法对裂果枣红色素进行提取,分别采用单因素试验和响应面试验进行提取条件的优化,并对裂果红枣色素进行理化性质研究(抗氧化活性及色素稳定性)。结果表明:索氏抽提法提取最佳条件为裂果枣粉添加量2.0 g/100 mL、乙醇体积分数69%、加热温度89℃、浸提时间26 min、抽提时间1.5 h,裂果枣红色素提取率4.540 mg/g,裂果枣红色素提取率较高。通过研究裂果枣红色素对DPPH自由基,·NO_(2)^(-)和ABTS+自由基的清除能力,结果显示裂果枣红色素浓度达到1.2 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基清除率可达67.8%,当裂果枣红色素浓度达到2.0 mg/mL时,NO_(2)^(-)清除率为69.4%,当裂果枣红色素浓度达到1.5 mg/mL时,ABTS^(+)自由基清除率达到63.5%。裂果枣红色素稳定性试验结果表明,索氏抽提法提取的裂果枣红色素具有良好的热稳定性,光照对其稳定性有一定的影响,pH值对裂果枣红色素稳定性的影响较大。

正交试验设计优化薏苡仁脂肪提取工艺

本文以薏苡仁为材料,以薏苡仁脂肪提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对提取时间(沸腾时间、淋洗时间、回收时间)、提取溶剂体积、提取温度3个因素进行考察,确定了使用自动索氏浸提系统提取薏苡仁脂肪的最佳工艺条件:沸腾时间35 min、淋洗时间50 min、回收时间10 min、提取溶剂体积70 mL、提取温度135℃。

食品及饲料脂肪检测方法的优化开发

对食品、饲料、蛋及蛋制品中脂肪检测方法进行探讨,并提出一种改进后新的脂肪测定方法,以酸水解-索氏抽提法为基础,对实验条件进行改进后,新方法能够同时满足食品、饲料、蛋及蛋制品中脂肪的测定。通过数据比较,新方法的相对标准偏差为0.81%~3.76%。与不同产品脂肪检测国家标准方法相比,相对误差平均值在0.77%~1.75%。新方法的提出,为实验室及日常检验检测工作提供了一个实验更加便捷、准确度更好、污染更小、试剂回收率更好的检测方法。

罗汉果甜苷提纯工艺优化研究

罗汉果中所包含的甜苷既可以应用于食品添加剂,又可以应用于治疗高血糖等疾病,但是罗汉果中含有脂肪、蛋白质等杂质。在实验过程中采用单因素试验的方法,以吸光度为评价标准,以料液比、提取次数、浸泡时间、离子交换树脂作为影响因素,探究最佳的反应条件,使用索氏提取优化提取方法。实验结果表明:使用丙酮做提取剂,料液比为1:15,水煮温度为65℃,水煮3次,Ca(OH)_(2)作为澄清剂和蛋白质变性剂,强酸性离子交换树脂提纯,提取率为81.1%。

用脂肪测定仪萃取土壤中石油烃的研究

《土壤和沉积物石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))的测定气相色谱法》(HJ 1021-2019)索氏提取法提取溶剂体积为100 mL,提取时间为16~18 h。本文使用脂肪测定仪,探究在缩短提取时间和减少提取溶剂体积的情况下萃取石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))的可行性。结果表明,在提取时间为2 h、3 h、4 h,提取溶剂体积为50 mL、65 mL、80 mL的情况下,空白加标样回收率满足方法中70%~120%的要求,样品加标样的回收率满足方法中50%~140%的要求。标准样品的测定结果均在不确定度范围以内。本研究结果可为使用脂肪测定仪提取土壤中石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))提供参考。

浅析核磁共振在油菜籽含油量测定中的应用

本文比较了索氏抽提法与核磁共振法测定油菜籽含油量的准确度和精密度。结果表明,核磁共振法在油菜籽含油量测定中具有较好的准确度和精密度,与索氏抽提法差别较小,可以作为油菜籽含油量的快速测定法。

八角茴香提取液对褐飞虱驱避、触杀、熏蒸活性分析

通过索式提取法获得了八角茴香粉末的无水乙醇提取液,测定了提取液对褐飞虱的驱避、触杀、熏蒸活性等影响。结果表明,与对照水稻相比,褐飞虱在八角茴香提取液处理的水稻上取食和产卵都极显著减少(P<0.01),产卵量分别仅为对照水稻的36.11%,产卵忌避率达46.94%;而48 h内拒食率为35.38%~66.78%。八角茴香提取液对褐飞虱若虫具一定的熏蒸活性,24 h和48 h平均校正死亡率分别为9.62%和13.98%,两者间无显著差异。几率值法测定八角茴香提取液对褐飞虱若虫触杀活性较好,致死中浓度LC_(50)分别为7.04和4.69 mg·mL^(-1)。说明八角茴香中存在对褐飞虱行为调控和杀虫活性物质,具有作为植物源杀虫剂用于田间防控褐飞虱的潜在价值。

响应面优化九月黄籽油索氏提取工艺

为充分开发利用九月黄籽油这一种新型油脂资源,采用索氏提取法提取九月黄籽油,利用单因素试验和响应面法优化提取工艺,选择以沸程为30~60℃的石油醚为浸提溶剂,以九月黄籽油得率为指标,分别考察提取时间、提取温度和料液比对九月黄籽油得率的影响,最终确定不同因素水平下的提取工艺。建立回归模型,整理分析数据得出在九月黄籽油提取的过程中,3因素对九月黄籽油得率的影响依次是提取温度>提取时间>料液比。九月黄籽油提取的较优工艺为:提取时间3.7 h,提取温度81℃,料液比2∶61(g∶mL),此时九月黄籽油得率达13.6%。

索氏提取结合固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定固定污染源飞灰中多环芳烃类有机污染物

建立了基于索氏提取-固相萃取净化,气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定固定污染源飞灰中多环芳烃类有机污染物的方法,检验了滤筒和溶剂中杂质对测定的影响并提出了解决方案;优化了索氏提取的溶剂体系和提取条件,提高了提取效率;优化了净化程序;建立了基于内标法和选择离子检测的气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定方法,验证了方法的准确性。该方法解决了溶剂和滤筒带入的杂质以及样品基体对测定结果的干扰,组分提取完全,结果准确,是测试固定污染源飞灰中多环芳烃类有机污染物的有效方法。

Effect of Temperature on Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds Using Potential Green Solvents

Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.

响应面法优化索氏提取甘蔗梢多酚和黄酮的工艺条件

采用索氏提取法对甘蔗梢多酚和黄酮的最佳提取工艺进行了研究.在单因素实验基础上,结合响应面分析法考察料液比、乙醇体积分数和提取时间,对蔗梢多酚和黄酮提取量的影响,并优化蔗梢多酚和黄酮的提取工艺参数.依据模型拟合回归分析最终获得索氏提取法制备蔗梢多酚和黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶40、乙醇体积分数60%,提取时间2.4 h,在此条件下多酚含量可达7.95 mg·g^(-1),黄酮提取量可达0.905 mg·g^(-1).验证试验表明,模型的预测准确率达98%.研究结果能够为甘蔗梢的综合开发与利用提供基础理论依据.

不同冻存时间对猪肌内脂肪含量及其与生产性状相关性的影响

[目的]本文旨在探究不同冷冻时间对猪肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量的影响并分析IMF含量和其他生产性状的相关性。[方法]从299头杜洛克×(长白×大白)三元商品猪群中随机挑选52头作为试验对象,测定屠宰前活体重、屠宰后胴体重以及相关肉质性状;采集倒数第3~4肋骨间的背最长肌,采用索氏抽提法分别测定0 d鲜肉样、-80℃超低温冻存90和180 d肉样的IMF含量。对3个不同时间点测定的IMF含量进行相关性与差异显著性分析,并对3个不同时间点的IMF含量与测定的生产性状的相关性进行比较分析。[结果]0 d与冻存90 d的IMF含量呈极极显著相关(r=0.75),2个时间点测定的平均IMF含量不存在显著差异(P>0.05),但与0 d相比,冻存90 d的平均IMF含量呈上升趋势;0 d与冻存180 d的IMF含量呈显著相关(r=0.29),但与0 d相比,冻存180 d测定的平均IMF含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。性状相关分析结果显示,0 d和90 d的IMF含量与屠宰前活体重和胴体重呈极极显著相关(P<0.001),而180 d的IMF含量仅与胴体重呈极极显著相关(P<0.001),而且不同冻存时间对IMF含量与肉质性状的相关性产生不同程度的影响。[结论]肉样在-80℃冻存会增加IMF含量,但冻存90 d对IMF含量不会产生显著影响,而冻存180 d会极显著影响IMF含量。另外,低温冷冻对测定的IMF含量与生产性状的相关性产生不同程度的影响。本研究结果可为屠宰后肌肉块IMF含量测定的标准化以及行业标准的制定提供有价值的参考。

利用微型离心管提取分析天然橡胶主要成分聚异戊二烯方法的建立

为建立一种快速、准确的从少量样品中提取、分析天然橡胶主要成分聚异戊二烯含量的方法,在已采用索氏提取器提取的基础上,进一步探讨采用2 mL微型离心管的方法提取分析材料(0.5 g以下)中的聚异戊二烯含量。从分别利用微型离心管与索氏提取器提取4种样品分析材料,即顺式聚异戊二烯标准品、多汁乳菇子实体、杠柳枝条、杜仲果翅的提取得率和分子量分布看,2种提取方法的差别不大,再通过每次提取时利用顺式聚异戊二烯标准品建立标准曲线校正,采用2 mL微型离心管微量提取分析测定植物植株、组织材料或真菌子实体、菌丝体中的顺式或反式-1、4-聚异戊二烯橡胶含量的方法可行、结果可信。