Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Extraction of Perilla Seed Oil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and GC-MS Analysis

[Objective] This study was aimed to determine the optimal parameters for the extraction of perilla seed oil to obtain high-quality perilla seed oil and analyze its compositions. [Method] In this study, perilla seed oil was extracted using supercritical CO2 （SC-CO2）. The effects of extraction time, temperature and pressure were investigated by single-factor experiments and orthogonal array testing （ORT）. The chemical compositions of extracted perilla seed oil were investigated by GC-MS. [Result] The optimal conditions for the extraction of perilla seed oil using SC-CO2 were extraction time of 4 h, extraction temperature at 40 ℃, and extraction pressure at 23 MPa. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of perilla seed oil was maximized to 12.43%. GC-MS analysis revealed that perilla seed oil was a complex mixture containing 76.183% α-linolenic acid. [Conclusion] Supercritical CO2 extraction was proven to be an effective technology to extract oil from perilla seed, and GCMS was also a satisfactory method for analyzing the compositions of perilla seed oil.

Effect of Three Extraction Methods on the Volatile Component of Illicium verum Hook.f.Analyzed by GC-MS

The physical properties and chemical components of three oil samples extracted from Illicium verum Hook. f. by steam distillation （SD）, solvent extraction （SE） and supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） were compared with one another and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS）. The quality parameters of star anise essential oil from SFE were close to that of those came from SD and SE. Although the extraction yield of star anise by SFE （9.2 %） was close to the value from SE （9.3%）, it was yet higher than that came from SD （8.2%）. For sensory evaluation, however, three oils were significantly different. The odor and taste of the products from SFE and SE were generally more natural and vivid than that came from distilled oil. The volatile compound revealed that significant differences of the composition existed in the distilled oil and the oleoresins prepared by SFE and SE.

Rapid determination of volatile constituents in safflower from Xinjiang and Henan by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction and GC-MS

The total volatile components were extracted from safflower by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction （USE） and their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry （GC-MS） to provide scientific basis for the quality control of safflower. Five different solvents （diethyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and acetone） were used and compared in terms of number of volatile components extracted and the peak areas of these components in TIC. The results showed that USE could be used as an efficient and rapid method for extracting the volatile components from safflower. It also could be found that the number of components in the TIC of ethyl acetate extract was more than that in the TIC of other solvent ones. Meanwhile, the volatile components of safflower from Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Henan Province of China were different in chemical components and relative contents. It could be concluded that both the extraction solvents and geographical origin of safflower are responsible for these differences. The experimental results also indicated that USE/GC-MS is a simple, rapid and effective method to analyze the volatile oil components of safflower.

Diethylstilbestrol in Fish Tissue Determined Through Subcritical Fluid Extraction and with GC-MS

As the key point in sex hormone analysis, sample pre-treatment technology has attracted scientists' attention all over the world, and the development trend of sample preparation forwarded to faster and more efficient technologies. Taking economic and environmental concerns into account, subcritical fluid extraction as a faster and more efficient method has stood out as a sample pre-treatment technology. This new extraction technology can overcome the shortcomings of supercritical fluid and achieve higher extraction efficiency at relatively low pressures and temperatures. In this experiment, a simple, sensitive and efficient method has been developed for the determination of diethylstilbestrol(DES) in fish tissue using subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a) extraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). After extraction, freezing-lipid filtration was utilized to remove fatty co-extract. Further purification steps were performed with C_(18) and NH_2 solid phase extraction(SPE). Finally, the analyte was derived by heptafluorobutyric anhydride(HFBA), followed by GC-MS analysis. Response surface methodology(RSM) was employed to optimizing the extraction condition, and the optimized was as follows: extraction pressure, 4.3 MPa; extraction temperature, 26℃; amount of co-solvent volume, 4.7 m L. Under this condition, at a spiked level of 1, 5, 10 μg kg^(-1), the mean recovery of DES was more than 90% with relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 10%. Finally, the developed method has been successfully used to analyzing the real samples.

Discoursing on Soxhlet extraction of ginseng using association analysis and scanning electron microscopy

Soxhlet extraction is a common method of sample preparation. However, there has been no discussion about the efficiency of Soxhlet extraction from different batches and the factors that cause content fluctuation. In this study, Panax ginseng was selected as a model sample. Soxhlet extraction by means of a water bath, which has always been neglected, was identified as a novel key factor in the poor repeat- ability in different batches of Soxhlet extraction, as it can affect the siphon times and reflux time, which have been positively correlated with the ginsenoside contents. By substituting round bottom flasks in the same column, the relative standard deviation of the most fluctuated compound, ginsenoside Rbl, was decreased from 24.6% to 5.02%. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the breakdown of the surface of the ginseng powder in the Soxhlet extraction led to a better dissolution of ginsenosides, indicating that chloroform may promote the extraction of ginsenosides by disrupting the cell structure. Moreover, 70% methanol was regarded as the better solvent for extracting the ginsenosides. Overall, this work offers a practical and effective protocol for improving the accuracy and repeatability of Soxhlet extraction methodology for ginsenosides and other analytes.

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments Using Soxhlet,Ultrasonic and Accelerated Solvent Extraction Techniques

The application of soxhlet, ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extractiontechniques to the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, o, p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE) in Taihu Lake sediment samples is described. It was found that the limits ofquantification ranged from 0.002 μg g^(-1) to 0.004 μg g^(-1), and the recoveries oforganochlorine pesticides with the three extraction techniques were acceptable ( 】80.7%). With amass selective detector, better results were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction usinghexane-acetone (1:1) as compared with soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. It was shown that theaccelerated solvent extraction was the optimum technique for the analysis of organochlorinepesticides in sediments. The general features of the three extraction techniques are also presented.

Effect of Temperature on Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds Using Potential Green Solvents

Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.

土壤样品中多环芳烃的GC-MS快速分析方法

In this study,a GC-MS/SIM method was used to analyze 16 PAHs in soil by ASE on-line clean-up.The average recoveries were ranged from 67% to 129%.The relative standard deviations were between 2.7% and 21.1%.The calculated limits of detection were no more than 0.95 ng/g.This method was fast,simple,and cost-saving,and can be used in the large quantities of samples analysis.

广西八角挥发油的提取研究与GC-MS分析

In this paper,the Illilium verum Hook.f.grow at mountain of Dayao of Jinxiu in Guangxi,Volatile oil was extracted by soxhet method and steam distillation.All the volatile oil was analyzed by GC-MS,the result show the ingredients and rate of product were change greatly,The major chemical constituents were trans-anethole,estragole and anisaldehyde etc.

金花葵籽油中不饱和脂肪酸的GC-MS测定

采用索氏提取法、石油醚浸泡法以及超声波提取法提取金花葵籽油,并对3种提取方法的含油率进行比较。利用GC-MS方法对金花葵籽油中不饱和脂肪酸的含量进行测定,并对气相的条件进行了优化。测定结果表明金花葵籽油含有亚油酸32.35%,油酸43.89%,棕榈油酸0.40%,不饱和脂肪酸占76.64%,含量较丰富。

陕北中低温煤焦油的分离与GC-MS分析

对陕北中低温煤焦油的轻油(L-tar)和重油(H-tar),采用超声萃取和索氏萃取的方法,得到GC-M S可测石油醚L-tar萃取物(P-L-tar)和H-tar萃取物(P-H-tar),采用GC-M S分析了P-L-tar和P-H-tar的组成。实验结果表明,在P-L-tar中检测到295种化合物,在P-H-tar中检测到302种化合物,主要是长链烷烃、酚类化合物和萘类化合物及少量的含氧化合物和含氮化合物;在P-L-tar中长链烷烃和酚类化合物质量分数分别为42.43%和18.28%,在P-H-tar中长链烷烃和酚类化合物的质量分数分别为21.53%和36.80%,P-H-tar中的间甲基苯酚的质量分数达6.72%。

袋装血液保存液中易氧化物的GC-MS分析

A method was established for determination of the reducing substances released from plastic blood bags to anticoagulant.The samples were extracted with a solid-phase extraction procedure using dichloromethane as extract solvents.The extracts were measured with GC-MS.Several reducing substances,such as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,alkane and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,etc were found in anticoagulant.The method was simple and can be used for the quality control of plastic blood bags.

马兰籽油中脂肪酸的不同甲酯化方法与GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法对马兰籽中马兰籽油进行提取,分别采用两种方法进行甲酯化处理,以气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析,对它们的脂肪酸组成和相对含量进行比较。结果表明:酯化方法l和酯化方法2分别鉴定出16种和6种脂肪酸,占马兰籽油总量的98.66%和63.68%,两种方法酯化的马兰籽油中鉴定出主要脂肪酸均为十八碳二烯酸、十八碳烯酸、十六酸。

花椒籽油的提取及GC-MS分析

[目的]研究花椒籽油的最佳提取工艺,并对其脂肪酸种类及含量进行测定。[方法]分别采用索氏法和超声波法提取花椒籽油,采用单因素试验和正交试验确定2种方法的最佳提取工艺。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对提取的花椒籽油成分进行分析。[结果]索氏法提取的最佳工艺条件为以石油醚为溶剂,料液比1∶13,提取温度75℃,提取时间2.0 h;超声波提取的最佳工艺条件为以石油醚为溶剂,料液比1∶13,提取时间90 min。花椒籽油含有9种主要脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。[结论]该研究为花椒籽油的开发和利用提供了理论依据。

Extraction of the Residual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Long-term Contaminated Soil in the Field

[Objective] The aim of this study was to find a better method to exactly quantify the residual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）in the long-term contaminated soil in the field so as to provide basis for the remediation for PAHs contaminated soil.[Method]The comparisons of soxhlet extraction,ultrasonic extraction and shaking extraction were studied in the agricultural soil irrigated with oil sewage over a long period of time.[Result]The total PAHs extracted by soxhlet extraction were the highest（6 873.7 μg/kg）,followed by shaking extraction（6 698.8 μg/kg）and ultrasonic extraction（5 737.6 μg/kg）.Among these methods,the highest extracted 4 and 6 rings PAHs were in the soxhlet extraction,the highest extracted 2 and 5 rings PAHs were in the shaking extraction,and the highest extracted 3 rings PAHs were in the ultrasonic extraction.[Conclusion]This study had provided basis for the selection of the assessment method of residual PAHs in the field soil.

四川干辣椒油树脂挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

以四川干辣椒为材料,索氏提取获得干辣椒油树脂,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析干辣椒油树脂的挥发性风味成分。结果表明:干辣椒油树脂共检出50种挥发性成分,酯类物质是构成干辣椒香气的主要成分,主要包括乙酸芳樟酯、2'-己基-1,1'-二环丙烷-2-辛酸甲酯、(E)-10-十七碳烯-8-炔酸甲酯和(7E,10E)-7,10-十八碳二烯酸甲酯,相对含量分别为3.51%,1.71%,1.30%和1.07%。酸类物质是干辣椒油树脂中主要的挥发性成分,其中棕榈酸、亚麻酸和9,12-十八碳二烯酸所占比例较高,相对含量分别为13.03%,10.82%和7.82%。

GC-MS法分析研究河南蜂胶中化学成分

目的:为进一步研究河南产蜂胶提供参考。方法:采用GC-MS法对河南产蜂胶索氏提取法所得乙醚提取物进行分析。结果:河南蜂胶乙醚提取物含主要成分58个。结论:河南蜂胶乙醚-索氏提取法所得提取物主要是挥发油、脂肪酸及小分子的酚性物质等化合物。

GC-MS法分析霞草挥发油中的化学组分

分别采用索氏提取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取霞草(Oldham gypsophila)中的挥发油,用GC-MS分析比较了提取物中的化学成分。结果表明,水蒸气蒸馏法和索氏提取法所得提取物中主要成分分别为75和85种,不同提取方法获得的霞草挥发油的化学组成不同,为进一步研究开发霞草资源提供了科学依据。

两种不同粒度的马兰籽中脂肪酸的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法对两种不同粒度的马兰籽提取马兰籽油,进行甲酯化处理,以气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析,对它们的脂肪酸组成和相对含量进行比较。结果表明:粒度大于1mm和粒度小于1mm分别鉴定出16种和14种脂肪酸,分别占马兰籽油总量的98.66%和96.84%,两种不同粒度的马兰籽提出的马兰籽油中鉴定出主要脂肪酸均为十八碳二烯酸、十八碳烯酸、十六酸。