Emulsifying property,antioxidant activity,and bitterness of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate obtained by Corolase PP under high hydrostatic pressure

Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins can enhance their emulsifying properties and antioxidant activities.However,the problem related to the hydrolysis of proteins was the generation of the bitter taste.Recently,high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)treatment has attracted much interest and has been used in several studies on protein modification.Hence,the study aimed to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis by Corolase PP under different pressure treatments(0.1,100,200,and 300 MPa for 1-5 h at 50℃)on the emulsifying property,antioxidant activity,and bitterness of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate(SPIH).As observed,the hydrolysate obtained at 200 MPa for 4 h had the highest emulsifying activity index(47.49 m^(2)/g)and emulsifying stability index(92.98%),and it had higher antioxidant activities(44.77%DPPH free radical scavenging activity,31.12%superoxide anion radical scavenging activity,and 61.50%copper ion chelating activity).At the same time,the enhancement of emulsion stability was related to the increase of zeta potential and the decrease of mean particle size.In addition,the hydrolysate obtained at 200 MPa for 4 h had a lower bitterness value and showed better palatability.This study has a broad application prospect in developing food ingredients and healthy foods.

Establishment of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for soybean protein isolate and its application

To optimize the conditions for the establishment of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE)of soybean protein isolate(SPI),we investigated Ampholine mixture,anodic and cathodic electrolytes,loading amount of sample,acrylamide concentration,p H gradient and gel staining method in twodimensional gel electrophoresis to optimize the protein imaging conditions in two-dimensional gel.The results of mixed-level design experiments showed that Ampholine,loading amount and gel staining method had significant effect(P<0.05)on 2-DE of SPI.The optimal conditions were Ampholine mixture(pH 3–10+pH 5–7 or pH 4–6+pH 5–7),loading amount of 2 mg sample and silver staining.Although the acrylamide concentration of the gel,the p H gradient,the anodic and cathodic electrolyte solutions had significant statistical effects on the protein separation degree,the complexity of the protein composition and the visibility of the gel images were more inclined to the 12%gel,the 3–10 pH gradient and the H3PO4/NaOH electrolyte.According to the established conditions,the hydrolyzed products of SPI emulsion were determined by 2-DE,and the dynamic changes of protein in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis were described.

Research Progress of Soybean Protein Adhesive:A Review

Traditional formaldehyde-based adhesives rely excessively on petrochemical resources,release toxic gases,and pollute the environment.Plant-derived soybean protein adhesives are eco-friendly materials that have the potential to replace the formaldehyde-based adhesives used to fabricate wood-based panels.However,the poor water resistance,high brittleness,and poor mildew resistance of soybean protein adhesives limit their industrial applications.This article reviews recent research progress in the modification of soybean protein adhesives for improving the bonding performance of adhesives used for wood-based panel fabrication.Modification methods were summarized in terms of water resistance,solid content,and mildew resistance.The modification mechanisms and remaining problems were also discussed.Finally,the current industrial applications and the future research direction of soybean protein adhesives are discussed.

Changes in Structure and Properties of Soybean Protein/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blended Fibers Subjected to Wet Heat Treatment

大豆 protein/poly (乙烯基白酒)(SP/PVA ) 的性质混合了使遭到在热水里弄湿热处理的纤维被测量。纤维的结构被扫描电子显微镜(SEM ) 调查， Fourier 变换红外线(FTIR ) 光谱学，宽角度的 X 光检查衍射(WAXD ) 和微分扫描热量测定(DSC ) 。结果证明超过 100 的湿热处理让一个伟人在性质上影响并且 SP/PVA 组织混合纤维。在在高温度的湿热处理以后，纤维展出严重缩小和 yellowing，在打破力量和粘合剂聚集的大减少。纤维在 1142 cm-1 与次要的衍射山峰，与 215 和 233 的山峰温度融化行为的双 DSC，和 PVA 部件的结晶化敏感的吸收度山峰的更弱的紧张的消失显示出一座更宽广的主要 X 光检查衍射山峰。因此，超过 100 的湿热处理在 PVA macromolecular 链的纤维和切断和降级的水晶的结构导致一个变化，这被结束。

Modeling the Tensile Properties of Soybean Protein Yarns

The tensile properties of a series of soybean protein yarns are tested in USTER THINKPAID Ⅲ.A nonlinear viscoelastic model has been proposed to describe the tensile behavior of soybean protein yarns.The model is composed of a Maxwell element,a linear spring and a nonlinear spring.The tensile properties of soybean protein yarn are analyzed.The stress-strain curves of the yarns are fitted.The average breaking tenacity and specific work of rupture are calculated using the average breaking strain.Comparisons indicate that theoretical predictions conform the experimental results very well.

Mechanical Behavior of Soybean Protein Fibers

In order to understand the relationship between the mechanical property and the effect of bleaching and dyeing to the soybean protein fibers(SPF),four mechanical models are chosen.The tensile and relaxation property of the soybean protein fibers are analyzed.The tensile and relaxation curves are fitted with the suitable model.It shows that the relaxation property of SPF is in accordance with the standard linear solid model.Estimates of the Hookean spring modulus at 8% and at 10% are different,so some structural modifications could be produced by the strain.Bleached fibers show a higher level of relaxation than raw fibers and dyed fibers.Bleaching has a remarkable influence on decreasing tenacity at break for each test modality.Knotted and looped modalities decrease fiber tenacity remarkably in all three samples.

Compatibility of Soybean Protein and Poly (vinyl alcohol)

Bicomponent fibers were wet-spun from soybean protein and poly (vinyl alcohol). The fiber was brittle and showed a high frequency of breakage upon drawing and the bad compatibility between soybean protein and poly (vinyl alcohol) was thought to be the causes for the poor drawability. Our effort was then to study the soybean protein and poly (vinyl alcohol) solution, with the aim of trying to improve the components’ compatibility and to determine the proper solution condition for dissolving them. The effects of alkali, sodium sulfite and urea on the compatibility of the solution were examined.

Sorption Behaviour of Acid Dyes by Soybean Protein/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blend Fibre

The sorption behaviour of acid dyes by soybean protein/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend fibre was studied. The quantity of dye sorbed by the fibre increased markedly with the decrease in the pH of dyebath and reduced with the addition of neutral electrolyte when the pH was below 4.5. Acid dyes exhibited higher sorption rate constant and lower half dyeing time for the fibre than for spun silk and wool, which was related to the special morphological structure of the fibre. At pH 4, the sorption of disulphonated acid dyes with higher molecular weight followed the dual sorption mechanism of Langmuir plus Nernst-type partitioning well as they interacted with the fibre through electrostatic forces, hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds. It is considered that soybean protein and PVA components should be simultaneously dyed by disulphonated acid dyes with higher molecular weight.

Soybean protein concentrate causes enteritis in juvenile pearl gentian groupers(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)

Due to diminishing fish meal(FM)supplies,superb protein(PRO)sources are needed for aquaculture,such as soy-based PRO.However,these can cause enteritis and even intestinal injury in fish when used at high proportions in feed.This research examines the effects of substituting soybean protein concentrate(SPC)for FM on the growth performance and intestinal balance of pearl gentian groupers and investigates the mechanism of SPC-induced enteritis.Experimental fish(n=720)were fed 1 of 3 following diets:(1)a 50%FM diet(control),(2)a diet with 20%of the FM substituted with SPC(group SPC20),and(3)a 40%SPC-substituted diet(SPC40).Fish were fed for 10 wk iso-nitrogenous(50%PRO)and iso-lipidic(10%lipid)diets.Groups SPC20 and SPC40 showed significantly lower developmental performance and intestinal structures than control.Group SPC40 had significantly higher expressions of pro-inflammatory-related genes,such as interleukin 1β(IL1β),IL12,IL17 and tumor necrosis factorαand significantly lower expressions of anti-inflammatory-related genes,such as IL5,IL10 and transforming growth factorβ1.Biochemical and 16S high-throughput sequencing showed that the abundance and functions of intestinal flora in group SPC40 were significantly affected(P<0.05),and there were significant correlations between operational taxonomic unit abundance variations and inflammatory gene expressions at genus level(P<0.05).The second-and third-generation full-length transcriptome sequence was used to analyze the mechanism of SPC-induced enteritis in pearl gentian groupers,which showed that enteritis induced by SPC may be caused by disturbances to intestinal immune function induced by an imbalance in intestinal nutrition and metabolism,such as the intestinal immunity network for IgA production pathway.However,it remains unclear as to which intestinal immune or nutritional imbalance is most important in enteritis development.This study provides a basis for further research into soy PRO-related enteritis in fish.

Rheological properties of flaxseed meal and soybean protein isolate blend by extrusion

The rheological properties of flaxseed meal(FM)and Soybean Protein Isolate(SPI)extruded by the two-screw extruder under different processing conditions were investigated.Moisture,temperature,screw speed and SPI concentration were the four major factors for the extrusion process.The rheological properties of extruded products were calculated by steady state flow test,frequency sweep test and creep test.All the samples showed shear-thinning effect that is to say their apparent viscosities decreased with the increases of shear rate.The data fitted well to Power Law model.It was found that both the storage(G′)and loss modulus increased as the rise in the angular frequency(w),which also fitted well to Power Law model.The creep-recovery behavior of the samples fitted well to Burger’s model.In addition,the temperature had no significant effect on the creep recovery rate of the samples.

Transcriptome analysis revealing the mechanism of soybean protein isolates and soybean peptides on Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lra05

To further investigate the promoting effect of soybean protein and peptides on Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lra05(L.rhamnosus Lra05),the overall changes of gene expression of it was investigated through transcriptome analysis treated with dPEP and dSPI The results showed that there were 890,113,and 1073 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in dPEP/MRS,dSPI/MRS and dPEP/dSPI comparison,respectively.Besides,we found dPEP could promote the expression of acc and fab family genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis,but dSPI played the opposite role.Moreover,dPEP stimulated genes clustered in pur family and ribosome protein,responsible for purine and protein synthesis.Interestingly,dPEP suppressed genes regulating peptides and amino acids transportation and dSPI specially inhibited the pyr family genes involved in pyrimidine metabolism.These data revealed the knowledge about the metabolic pathways affected by dPEP and dSPI and provide a preliminary understanding of the relationship between soybean proteins and peptides and L.rhamnosus Lra05.

A Dominant Locus, qBSC-1, Controls β Subunit Content of Seed Storage Protein in Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merri.)

Soybean seed storage protein is one of the most important plant vegetable proteins, and β subunit is of great significance to enhance soybean protein quality and processing property. F2 segregated population and residual heterozygous lines(RHL) derived from the cross between Yangyandou(low level of β subunit) and Zhonghuang 13(normal level of β subunit) were used for mapping of β subunit content. Our results showed that β subunit content was controlled by a single dominant locus, qBSC-1(β subunit content), which was mapped to a region of 11.9 cM on chromosome 20 in F2 population of 85 individuals. This region was narrowed down to 2.5 cM between BARCSOYSSR_20_0997 and BARCSOYSSR_20_0910 in RHL with a larger population size of 246 individuals. There were 48 predicted genes within qBSC-1 region based on the reference genome(Glyma 1.0, Williams 82), including the two copies of β subunit coding gene CG4. An InDel marker developed from a thymine(TT) insertion in one copy of CG4 promoter region in Yangyandou cosegregrated with BARCSOYSSR_20_0975 within qBSC-1 region, suggesting that this InDel marker maybe useful for marker-assisted selection(MAS).

Effects of chelating agents on protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals in soybean seed

Soybean seed is a major source of protein and oil for human diet. Since not much information is available on the effects of chelating agents on soybean seed composition constituents, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of various chelating agents on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Three chelating agent [citric acid (CA), disodium EDTA (DA), and Salicylic acid (SA)] were applied separately or combined with ferrous (Fe2+) ion (CA + Fe, EDTA + Fe, and SA + Fe) to three-week-old soybean plants. After application, the plants were allowed to grow until harvest maturity under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that CA, DA, SA, and Fe resulted in an increase of oleic acid from 13.0% to 33.5%. However, these treatments resulted in a decrease of linolenic acid from 17.8 to 31.0%. The treatments with CA and SA applications increased protein from 2.9% to 3.4%. The treatments DA + Fe and SA + Fe resulted in an increase in oil from 6.8% to 7.9%. Seed macro- and micro-elements were also altered. The results indicated that the CA, SA, DA, and Fe treatments can alter seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Further studies are needed for conclusive results.

Relationship between Protein Accumulation and Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation in Different Genotype Soybean

Physiological studies of soybean [Glycine max(L.)Merr.]genotypes with wide differences in seed protein concentration may permit detection of important yield related processes.In order to research the law of protein accumulation and the characteristics of N accumulation and translocation,we did an experiment with three soybean cultivars which have different protein content and the similar phase in pot culture.The results showed that the laws of protein accumulation of three soybean cultivars are similar in the course of seeding;protein content descended in the early stage,and increased steadily in the middle period,then increased quickly in the later period.But the speed of protein accumulation in soybean seeds was difference in different period.In addition,high protein cultivar (Dongnong 42) and intermediate protein cultivar (Dongnong 7819) were more than those of low protein cultivar (Dongnong 434),including nitrogen contents in leaf and petiole,stem and pod,peak value of nitrogen accumulation of the whole plant,value of nitrogen translocation,its efficiency.

Protein Profiles and Dehydrin Accumulation in Some Soybean Varieties (<i>Glycine max</i>L. Merr) in Drought Stress Conditions

Drought is one of environmental stresses which the most limiting to plant growth and productivity. Drought stress led to a series of changes including biochemical changes like accumulation of osmolit and specific proteins involved in stress tolerance. One of the proteins that play a role in the mechanism of drought resistance is dehydrin protein. This study aimed to identify the protein profiles and dehydrin accumulation in 7 varieties of local Indonesian soybeans: Tanggamus, Nanti, Seulawah and Tidar (tolerant), Wilis and Burangrang (moderate) and Detam-1 (drought stress sensitive). Plants were treated with drought stress by adjusting soil water content to 25% below field capacity and compared with plants which were grown on normal condition as control plants. The results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed a new protein with the molecular weight of 13 and 52 kDa were induced in Tanggamus, Nanti, Seulawah and Tidar varieties. Western blotting analysis for dehydrin showed that the quantity of the protein in the leaves of all varieties except Tanggamus decreased in drought stress conditions. The quantity of dehydrin protein in tolerant varieties higher than the protein quantity in both moderate varieties and drought sensitive.

Effect of Shade on Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Minerals in Soybean lines Varying in Seed Germinability in the Early Soybean Production System

The cause of poor seed quality (germination) of soybean produced in the Early Soybean Production System in the midsouth U.S.A. is still not completely understood. Temperature, solar radiation, and soybean genotype may all be important factors involved. The objective of this research was to evaluate seed composition, mineral level, and nitrogen assimilation in high and low germinability soybean plant introductions in a full-sunlight (unshaded) and a low-light intensity (shaded) environments. Shade netting was employed in field plots that reduced light intensity by about 50% and air temperature by about 10?F/6?C (10%). A two-year field experiment was conducted on soybean accessions with high germinability (PI 587982A and PI 603723), low germinability (PI 80480 and PI 84976-1), and on soybean cultivars (DSR-3100 RR STS and Pella 86). Results showed that shade resulted in higher total oil, linoleic and linolenic acids, and lower protein and oleic acid. Shade also resulted in lower nitrogen assimilation, leaf chlorophyll concentration, but unshade resulted in higher total seed boron, iron, and nitrogen concentrations. Seed structural boron was positively correlated with germination and protein. Structural boron percentage was consistently higher under shade than under unshade in PI 80480, PI 84976-1, DSR-3100 RR STS, and Pella 86, but consistently higher under unshade than under shade in higher germinability lines PI 587982A and PI 603723, suggesting that different distribution mechanisms of structural boron exist between genotypes. The positive correlation between germination and structural B and between protein and structural B signify a possible role of B in seed quality traits. Our research demonstrated that light intensity, combined with temperature, can alter seed constituents. Higher germinability lines had higher germination rates and lower percentages of hardseededness, desirable traits for soybean seed.

Relationship between Protein Accumulation Regulation and Yield Formation in Soybean

Three different genotypes soybeans were adopted in this experiment under three fertilizer levels. The object of this study was to investigate protein accumulation regulation of soybean cultivars under the condition of different nutrient levels, and their effects on soybean yield and quality, and to provide theoretical evidence for breed, cultivation and agricultural production, also man-powered controllable locations. The concentration of N in the leaves declined after seedling stage, then increased again at stage of early flowering, and started to decrease up to leaf senescence, declined rapidly from seed-filling season to stage of yellow ripeness. The concentration of N in the stems and pod walls declined with growth stage. High seed protein genotypes exhibited higher N assimilating and partitioning during whole growth stages. Pod walls were media of N partitioning. Protein was accumulated mainly during the later period of reproductive growth stage up to harvest, so plant growth after stage of yellow ripeness could not be neglected.

Phosphorus Fertilization Differentially Influences Fatty Acids, Protein, and Oil in Soybean

Information is limited about phosphorus (P) fertilization effects on soybean seed composition. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of P application rates on the concentrations of various fatty acids, protein, and oil in soybean under no-tillage on low and high testing P soils at Jackson and Milan, Tennessee from 2008 through 2011. Five P rates 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg·P·ha-1 plus the recommended P fertilizer rate based on soil P testing results were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Protein, oil, and fatty acid concentrations in seed responded differently to P fertilization. In general, protein concentrations were enhanced but oil levels decreased with increased P application rate. Palmitic and oleic concentrations responded positively to P application rate up to a certain level. However, the response of linolenic acid concentration was inconsistent (negative or positive). Stearic concentration was not influenced by P fertilization. Application of 10 kg·P·ha-1 resulted in higher production of protein and palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acids than zero P and the higher P application rates as well on the P deficient soil. Excessive P application rates could lower seed yield and the quality of some attributes in seed. In conclusion, linoleic acid concentration, a key quality attribute in soybean seed for human and animal consumption, can sometimes be enhanced by P fertilization;the indigenous soil P level and P application rate should be taken into account in breeding soybean cultivars with low linolenic acid level.

Soybean seed protein, oil, and fatty acids are altered by S and S + N fertilizers under irrigated or non-irrigated environments

Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed composition in the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) under irrigated (I) and nonirrigated (NI) environments. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007. One experiment was irrigated, and the second experiment was nonirrigated. Under I condition, S at a rate of 44.8 kg/ha alone or with N at 112 kg/ha resulted in a consistent increase in seed protein and oleic acid concentrations, and a decrease in oil and linolenic acid concentrations compared with the control (C). For example, in 2006 and compared with the C, application of S + N increased the percentage up to 11.4% and 48.5% for protein and oleic acid, respectively. However, oil concentration decreased by 3%. Protein and oleic acid increase were accompanied by a higher percentage of leaf and seed N and S. Under NI conditions, seed protein and oleic acid concentrations were significantly higher in C than in any S or S + N treatments, but the oil and linolenic acid concentrations were significantly lower. The results indicate that specific rate of S alone or S + N combined can alter seed composition under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions. This knowledge may help plant breeders to develop and release cultivars to suit specific target locations to grow new value-added soybeans or select for specific seed composition traits under specific environmental stress factors such as drought.

Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation

Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.