Space-division multiple access for CDMA multiuser underwater acoustic communications

Time reversal mirror （TRM） can use the physical characteristics of the underwater acoustic （UWA） channel to focus on the desired user in multi-user UWA communication. The active average sound intensity （AASI） detector can estimate all azimuths of users with the same frequency band at the same time in order to achieve directional communication by vector combination. Space-division multiple access （SDMA） based on TRM combined with the AASI detector is proposed in this paper, which can make the capacity of the code division multiple access （CDMA） UWA system significantly increase. The simulation and lake test results show that the 7-user UWA multi-user system can achieve low bit error communication.

基于SDMA应用的移动Sink节点的设计与实现

静态无线传感器网络(所有节点均为静止)不可避免地存在能量空洞(energy hole)、冗余覆盖(overlap)和热点(hot spot)等问题.在无线传感器网络中引入节点的移动性来解决上述问题.移动节点可以完成数据收集和转发等功能,有效地减少静态节点数据传输的跳数,节约静态节点的能量,延长网络的寿命.实现了一个基于ARM7内核的移动汇点DataTruck,具有容量大、速度快等特点.在此基础上引入SDMA(space-division multiple access)技术,在移动汇点上加入智能天线,使得该节点能同时接收同一频率上多个静态节点传输的数据.实验表明基于SDMA技术的移动汇点能高效地收集数据,并减少数据延时.

基于可重构智能表面的信息调制与空分多址

为了减小当前大规模天线系统中高射频成本和高功耗带来的发展限制,将可重构智能表面(Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface,RIS)技术引入新型发射机设计中,提出了一种基于可重构智能表面的信息调制与空分多址方案。通过控制RIS反射系数实现信息的调制,同时形成指向多个用户包含不同信息的空间波束,实现多用户空分多址,具有低硬件复杂度、低成本、低功耗、易集成等优点。以双用户双流发送为例,基于二进制粒子群算法给出了方案的具体实现,并进行了仿真评估。仿真结果表明,该方案能完成面向双用户的双流信号同时同频的2幅移键控(Amplitude Shift Keying,ASK)调制,并通过空分多址发送给两个用户。

基于有限反馈的数据流数自适应SDMA

针对目前绝大部分有限反馈自适应SDMA由于使用固定满波束发送策略而导致在稀疏网络中严重的用户间干扰的问题,该文提出了一种基于有限反馈的数据流数自适应SDMA,该方案能通过自适应地选择并行发送波束的数目来达到有效控制用户间干扰的目的。具体实现如下:通过用户的有限反馈信息,以及信道的二阶统计信息,基站端使用约束最大似然估计的方法估计出使用不同数目发送波束的发送模式所支持的最大和吞吐量,从而自适应地选择最优的发送模式。仿真结果表明:该文提出的方案能在增加很少反馈量的前提下显著改善现有SDMA方案的性能。

空时编码OFDM/SDMA系统的性能分析

分析了每用户双发送天线的空时编码OFDM/SDMA系统上行链路的性能.对采用空时分组码和空时格码的OFDM/SDMA系统分别给出了不同的多用户检测算法.仿真结果表明,采用相同数目的接收天线时,空时分组编码的系统性能优于无编码的系统;而空时格码编码的系统性能在采用双倍接收天线时才优于无编码的系统.在抑制多用户干扰方面,空时分组码优于空时格码.

OFDM-SDMA系统上行资源分配算法

针对OFDM-SDMA系统的上行链路,以系统吞吐量最大为目标,建立资源分配问题的优化模型,提出一种低复杂度的次优资源分配算法.该算法分为载波分配和功率分配2部分:载波分配算法在功率平均分配的假设下为每个子载波选择用户集合;功率分配算法在载波分配的基础上,考虑相同载波上的干扰对用户进行注水功率分配.仿真结果表明:该算法获得的系统容量与传统OFDMA系统资源分配算法相比有较大幅度的提高;载波分配算法能很好地适应上行链路的特点,其性能优于下行链路载波分配算法;有扰信道注水功率分配亦优于固定功率分配算法.

Optical SDMA for applying compressive sensing in WSN

In order to apply compressive sensing in wireless sensor network, inside the nodes cluster classified by the spatial correlation, we propose that a cluster head adopts free space optical communication with space division multiple access, and a sensor node uses a modulating retro-reflector for communication. Thus while a random sampling matrix is used to guide the establishment of links between head cluster and sensor nodes, the random linear projection is accomplished. To establish multiple links at the same time, an optical space division multiple access antenna is designed. It works in fixed beams switching mode and consists of optic lens with a large field of view（FOV）, fiber array on the focal plane which is used to realize virtual channels segmentation, direction of arrival sensor, optical matrix switch and controller. Based on the angles of nodes＇ laser beams, by dynamically changing the route, optical matrix switch actualizes the multi-beam full duplex tracking receiving and transmission. Due to the structure of fiber array, there will be several fade zones both in the focal plane and in lens＇ FOV. In order to lower the impact of fade zones and harmonize multibeam, a fiber array adjustment is designed. By theoretical, simulated and experimental study, the antenna＇s qualitative feasibility is validated.

Downlink MBER Transmit Beamforming Design Based on Uplink MBER Receive Beamforming for TDD-SDMA Induced MIMO Systems

The downlink minimum bit error rate (MBER) transmit beamforming is directly designed based on the uplink MBER receive beamforming solution for time division duplex (TDD) space-division multiple-access (SDMA) induced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, where the base station (BS) is equipped with multiple antennas to support multiple single-antenna mobile terminals (MTs). It is shown that the dual relationship between multiuser detection and multiuser transmission can be extended to the rank-deficient system where the number of users supported is more than the number of transmit antennas available at the BS, if the MBER design is adopted. The proposed MBER transmit beamforming scheme is capable of achieving better performance over the standard minimum mean square error transmit beamforming solution with the support of low-complexity and high power-efficient MTs, particularly for rank-deficient TDD-SDMA MIMO systems. The robustness of the proposed MBER transmit beamforming design to the downlink and uplink noise or channel mismatch is investigated using simulation.

JOINT SPACE-FREQUENCY MULTIUSER SYMBOL DETECTOR FOR MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY

The MultiCarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) scheme is promising for relieving capacity limit problems of Direct Sequence (DS-) CDMA systems due to serious InterChip Interference (ICI) and MultiUser Interference (MUI) in high-data-rate wireless communication systems. In this paper, the Uniform Linear Array (ULA) is applied to the base station of macrocellular MC-CDMA systems in a frequency-selective fading channel environment. A joint space-frequency multiuser symbol sequence detector is developed for all active users within one macrocell without space-frequency channel estimation. Simultaneously, Directions-Of-Arrivals (DOAs) of all active users can also be estimated. By dividing the ULA into two identical overlapping subarrays, a specific auxiliary matrix is constructed, which includes both symbol sequence and DOA information of all active users. Then, based on the subspace method, performing the eigen decomposition on such auxiliary matrix, the closed-form solution of symbol sequences and DOAs for all active users can be obtained. In comparison with schemes based on channel estimation, our algorithm need not explicitly estimate the space-frequency channel for each active user,so it has lower computation complexity. Extensive computer simulations demonstrate the overall performance of this novel scheme.

UPLINK PERFORMANCE OF CWP-MC-CDMA WITH SPACE DIVERSITY COMBINING TECHNIQUE OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

In this paper, a Complex Wavelet Packet based Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (CWP-MC-CDMA) system uplink model is proposed, based on the analysis of the principle of MC-CDMA and the use of the optimized complex wavelet packet. Considering that the base station can adopt multiple re-ceiver antennas in the uplink, we employ the Space Diversity Combining (SDC) technique to improve the sys-tem performance via multiple antennas. The uplink performance of proposed CWP-MC-CDMA system with SDC technique is investigated over Rayleigh fading channel, and corresponding bit error rate analysis is given in detail. The system can avoid the decrease of spectrum efficiency of conventional MC-CDMA due to insert-ing cyclic prefix. Theoretical analysis and simulation result show that the application of SDC technique can improve the CWP-MC-CDMA system ability to combat spatial fading and various interferences effectively. Moreover, the proposed system based on SDC technique has superior Bit Error Rate (BER) performance over the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and SDC based MC-CDMA system and the real wavelet packet and SDC based MC-CDMA system.

Performance of GA and PSO aided SDMA/OFDM Over-Loaded System in a Near-Realistic Fading Environment

In this work, two popular evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based SDMA-OFDM multi user detection (MUD) have been presented which overcome the limitations of classical detectors. They are simple to implement and their complexity in terms of decision-metric evaluations is very less compared to maximum likelihood detection (MLD). These techniques are shown to provide a high performance as compared to the other detectors especially in a rank-deficient scenario where numbers of users are high as compared to the base station (BS) antennas. In this scenario, Zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) based MUDs exhibit severe performance degradation. To investigate almost realistic performance of a wireless communication system, it is important to use a proper channel model. Since the simulation parameters in this work are based on IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, TGn is the channel model used.

ITERATIVE RECEIVER FOR OFDM-SDMA SYSTEM

An iterative receiver is proposed based on the EM (Expectation-Maximization)algorithm for an OFDM-SDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Space Division Multiple Access) system. By using a few pilots in every OFDM symbol, both channel estimation and multiuser detection can be simultaneously obtained by iteration. The computer simulation results show this receiver can track channel variations and detect multiuser symbols for different number of users under time-varying multipath channels.

SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT SPACE-TIME CHANNEL AND DOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN TD-SCDMA SYSTEMS

In this paper, a simple method is presented for multi-user space-time channel estimation in Time Division-Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) systems. The method is based on a spe- cific midamble assignment strategy, which results in a cyclic Toeplitz midamble-matrix in the linear equation of the received data vectors. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based algorithm is used to obtain the estimate of the uplink multi-user space-time channels. Furthermore, the estimated space-time channel is applied to the identification of multi-paths for each user, and Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation for each path is carried out by using the extracted spatial signature vector. Aside from the simplicity in computation, the proposed di- rection of arrival estimation method can effectively resolve multi-paths regardless of the correlation and angle separations of the multi-paths.

CLOSED-FORM SPACE-TIME CHANNEL BLIND ESTIMATION FOR SPACE-TIME CODED MC-CDMA SYTEMS WITH UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY

This paper proposes a closed-form joint space-time channel and Direction Or Arrival (DOA) blind estimation algorithm for space-time coded Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems equipped with a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) at the base station in frequency-selective fading environments. The algorithm uses an ESPRIT-like method to separate multiple co-channel users with different impinging DOAs. As a result, the DOAs for multiple users are obtained. In particular, a set of signal subspaces, every one of which is spanned by the space-time vector channels of an individual user, are also obtained. From these signal subspaces, the space-time channels of multiple users are estimated using the subspace method. Computer simulations illustrate both the validity and the overall performance of the proposed scheme.

分层空时码的模型、译码接收及其性能仿真

本文讨论分层空时编码技术，给出一种基于分层空时编码技术的发送和接收模型，分析了分层空时编码方案、译码与接收技术。分层空时编码的译码与接收技术是分层空时编码应用的关键，对此，我们讨论了具有线性复杂度的迫零判决反馈均衡器结合分层空时译码方法，仿真结果显示了良好的性能和更高的频谱利用率。

有效支持智能天线在移动Ad Hoc网络中应用的多址接入协议

对智能天线在移动AdHoc网络(MANET)中的应用进行了研究.提出了自适应波束形成CSMA/CA(ABF CSMA/CA)协议.该协议利用RTS/CTS短分组对话实现信道预约,在RTS与CTS分组前设置了训练序列,收发节点的智能天线基于训练序列进行波束形成以传输数据分组与ACK.提出改进的"虚拟载波监测"机制进行冲突避免(CA).每个节点中设置两类网络分配矢量(NAV),用一个oNAV记录邻节点以全向模式占用信道的时间,用多个bNAV分别记录各邻节点以波束形成模式传输分组的时间.推导了信道利用率的近似计算公式并进行了仿真.结果表明,ABF CSMA/CA协议与智能天线的结合能够有效实现信道的空分复用(SDMA),显著提高网络的信道利用率.

一类新的LS码及其构造方法

基本LS(link space code)码具有“零相关窗”(IFW)且被用于传统大区域同步码分多址系统(LAS-CDMA),但其零相关窗的分布是不均匀的.对基本LS码片用矩阵中克罗内克积方法重新排列,得到了一类新的LS码,从数学上证明了这类新码非周期自相关函数具有均匀的IFW,以及组内码字之间的IFW也是均匀分布的.码组间的非周期互相关函数具有均匀分布的IFW,或者完美理想互补的特点.计算机仿真结果验证了新码性质的正确性.

空间无线光CDMA网络的探讨

通过对自由空通信中的多址环境空间无线光通信的强背景噪声等特点的分析以及对多种多址方式的对经，综合讨论自由空间无线光通信中采用码分多址技术的可行性、优越性和技术难点在此基础上。

一种多用户MIMO/OFDMA系统的资源分配和调度方案

针对下行多用户多入多出/正交频分复用系统,提出了一种适合多业务类型的资源分配和调度算法.综合考虑了不同业务类型的服务质量需求,根据用户的信道条件、吞吐量和队列状态确定调度优先级;结合用户信道的空间相关性进行用户选择、功率分配和比特加载.通过充分利用空、时、频多用户分集增益。在保证实时业务最小时延要求和非实时业务最小速率要求的同时,最大化系统的吞吐量.仿真结果说明,所提算法在系统吞吐量、丢包率及最小速率满足率方面得到了改善.

智能天线系统中上行多用户相干信号的分离与DOA估计方法研究

本文研究了平衰落信道中的空间特征估计问题。提出了一种基于循环累量的多用户空间特征估计算法 ,并将该算法用于智能天线中的SDMA实现。该算法构造了循环累量域空间特征矩阵 ,通过对空间特征循环矩阵的特征分解可以得到用户信号的空间特征估计。并以此为基础 ,设计了用于上行多波束成形的空间滤波器组 ,实现了上行多用户信号的分离 ,利用空间滤波器的空间频率响应确定共信道多用户信号的DOA。