Effects of Planting Density, Duration of Disclosing Plastic Film and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth Dynamics of Rapeseed under No-tillage Cultivation

[ Objective] This study was to understend the optimized combination of planting density, duration of disclosing plastic film and nitrogen fertilization under no-tillage cultivation. [ Method] Quadratic polynomial regression and saturated D-optimal design were employed to investigate the effects of planting density, duration of disclosing plastic film and nitrogen fertilization on the dynamics growth of rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation.[ Result] Within the experimental range, the growth dynamics of no-tillage cultivated rapeseed assumed a rise-fall tend. For the effects to the growth dynamics of no-tillage cultivated rapeseed, nitrogen application amount was higher than planting density and duration of disclosing plastic film. The interaction effect between planting density and duration of disclosing plastic film was higher than that between nitrogen application amount and planting density, and between nitrogen application amount and duration of disclosing plastic film. [ Conclusion] The optimized combination of these factors for dynamic growth of rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation was determined to be： planting density of per hectare 154 925 individuals, duration of disclosing plastic film of 110 d, nitrogen application amount of 315 kg/hm^2.

Effects of Planting Mode on Growth, Yield and Quality of Mini-watermelon under Soilless Cultivation

[Objective]The paper was to screen out planting mode suitable for mini-watermelon in spring greenhouses under soilless cultivation.[Method]The effects of single row planting with one main vine and one lateral vein,double row planting with one main vine and one lateral vein,and double row planting with two lateral veins on the growth period,growth,fruit quality and yield of mini-watermelon were studied.[Result]The planting mode of single row planting with one main vine and one lateral vein was adopted.The earliest date of harvest was May 28;the fruit-setting rate was 106.3%;and the single fruit weight was 1.33 kg.The lowest abnormal fruit rate was 0.73%;the highest yield was 54465.45 kg/hm^2,and the central sugar content was the highest of 12.95%.[Conclusion]Single row planting mode under soilless cultivation has certain demonstration and popularization prospect.

Effects of Different Planting Densities on Growth, Yield and Quality of Mini-watermelon under Soilless Cultivation

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of different plant densities on growth,yield and quality of mini-watermelon under soilless cultivation.[Method]Five planting densities were designed under double row planting with one main vine and one lateral vein in soilless cultivation,including 5.25×10^4,3.90×10^4,3.15×10^4,2.70×10^4 and 2.25×10^4 plants/hm^2.[Conclusion]Under the planting density of 3.15×10^4 plants/hm^2,the yield of mini-watermelon was the highest of 58.719 t/hm^2;the yield of plot was the highest of 260.97 kg;the central sugar content was the highest of 13.20%;the earliest date of harvest was June 1,ranking second;the fruit setting rate was 108.9%;the single fruit weight was 1.72 kg;and the malformed fruit rate was 0.48%.[Conclusion]Under soilless cultivation,3.15×10^4 plants/hm^2 is the best planting density.

Sorghum Productivity and Its Farming Feasibility in Dryland Agriculture:Genotypic and Planting Distance Insights

Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)is an essential food crop for more than 750 million people in tropical and sub-tropical dry climates of Africa,India,and Latin America.The domestic sorghum market in Indonesia is still limited to the eastern region(East Nusa Tenggara,West Nusa Tenggara,Java,and South Sulawesi).Therefore,it is crucial to carry out sorghum research on drylands.This research aimed to investigate the effect of sorghum genotype and planting distance and their interaction toward growth and sorghum’s productivity in the Gunungkidul dryland,Yogyakarta,Indonesia.In addition,the farm business analysis,including the feasibility of sorghum farming,was also examined.The research used a randomized complete block design(RCBD),arranged in a 5×4 factorial with 3 replicates.The first treatment consisted of 5 varieties(2 high-yielding varieties(Bioguma 1 and Kawali)and 3 local sorghum varieties(Plonco,Ketan Merah,and Hitam Wareng)).The second treatment consisted of 4 levels of planting distance,namely 50×20 cm,60×20 cm,70×15 cm,and 70×20×20 cm.Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data,where Duncan’s multiple range test(DMRT)was used post hoc.Plant height,panicle height,panicle width,panicle weight,stover weight,grains weight/plot,and productivity were significantly affected by sorghum varieties(p<0.05).However,there was no significant effect from the planting distance treatment and no interaction between planting distance and varietal treatments.Ketan Merah had the highest height,panicle length,and panicle width,while Bioguma 1 had the highest stover weight,panicle weight,grain weight/plot,and productivity.There was a significant linear regression equation,i.e.,productivity=0.0054–0.0003 panicle height+0.4163 grains weight/plot.Our findings on farm business analysis suggested that four out of five tested sorghum varieties were feasible to grow,except for the Ketan Merah variety.The most economically profitable sorghum variety to grow in Gunungkidul dryland was Bioguma 1.

A GIS-based Study on Suitability Estimation of Tea Cultivation in Qimen County

On the basis of data from Soil Test and Formula Fertilization project in Qimen county,we employed Geographic Information System Software ArcGIS 9.2 and CLRMIS（Cultivated Land Resource Management Information System at County Scale） to establish region-specific estimation index system for tea cultivation in Qimen County by determining the estimation units,and carried out quantitative estimation analysis on tea cultivation there via comprehensive evaluation indices for natural elements of cultivated land.The results showed that the highly suitable,suitable,reluctantly suitable and unsuitable acreages are 5 665.8,8 327.1,8 415.9 and 11 979.9 hm2 respectively,accounting for 24.0%,35.3%,35.7% and 5.1% of the total acreage of cultivated land.These results would facilitate the production of high yield and quality tea in Qimen County.

On the Cultivation & Maintenance of Gardening Plants in Residential Areas of Liuzhou City

According to the analysis of the specific condition of green space of residential area in Liuzhou,effective suggestions to the design,cultivation and maintenance were put forward.

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Grass Yield of Forage Sweet Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor [L.]Moench)

[Objective] The aim was to explore high-yielding cultivation techniques for forage sweet sorghum. [Method[ The effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） were compared using split-plot design and LSD method of IBMSPSSStatis- ticsv22. [Result]The planting density and row spacing had important influence on the plant productivity and yield of forage sweet sorghum. The optimum planting density- row spacing combination for plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum was A1B,, i. e., planting density of 75 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm, and the opti- mum combination for yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2B,, i.e., planting density of 225 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide theoretical basis and technical support for the production practice of forage sweet sorghum.

Effects of Plant Spacing and Finger Sticking Area Settings for Machine Transplanting on Yield of Double-season Early Rice

The effects of rice transplanters＇ transplanting settings（plant spacing and finger sticking area） on rice yield were investigated in two early-season rice cultivars：hybrid rice cultivar（Zhuliangyou 819） and conventional rice cultivar（Zhongjiazao 17）.The results showed that,different transplanting settings resulted in different numbers of transplanted basic seedlings,and the rice yield was significantly correlated with the number of transplanted basic seedlings.The number of transplanted basic seedlings increased with the decrease of plant spacing and the increase of finger sticking area.The rate of lost hills of machine transplanting decreased with the increase of finger sticking area.The leaf area index and amount of dry matter accumulation were highly correlated with the number of transplanted basic seedlings.The average yield of the rice transplanted with a plant spacing of11.5 cm was higher than that with a plant spacing of 13.8 cm.In the field transplanted with the rice under the plant spacing of 13.8 cm,the rice yield increased with the increase of finger sticking area,and the finger sticking area of 2.23 cm2 showed the highest rice yield of 8 174.16 kg/hm2 of Zhuliangyou 819 and 7 925.54kg/hm2 of Zhongjiaozao17.In the field transplanted with the rice under the plant spacing of 11.5 cm,the rice yield was the highest with the finger sticking area of 1.83 cm2,and then decreased with the large finger sticking area.Under the plant spacing of 11.5 cm,the highest rice yields of Zhuliangyou 819 and Zhongjiaozao17 were 8 492.94 kg/hm2 and 8 000.23 kg/hm2,respectively.Therefore,the preferred machine transplanting settings for double-season early rice are a plant spacing of11.5 cm and a finger sticking area of 1.83 cm2,while the finger sticking area should be increased to 2.23 cm2 for conventional rice cultivars.

Research of Protected Cultivation Techniques of Toona sinensis on Mountain Slopes

In order to prolong the supply period and increase the economic value of Toona sinensis,the protected cultivation of T. sinensis was carried out on mountainous slope to achieve stagger-season planting and the year round supply. The results showed that in late October to midNovember,the temperature was moderate( 1-10℃) and suitable for the lifting of seedlings and temporary planting dormancy. The line spacing of rooted seedlings in greenhouse was( 22-24) cm ×( 4-5) cm and planting density was 900 000-1 200 000 seedlings/ha. The line spacing of seedlings was( 14-13) cm ×( 3-4) cm and planting density was 1 950 000-2 100 000 seedlings/ha. T. sinensis began to sprout at 8-10℃ and stretch at 10-12℃. When the temperature was stable at 14℃ or above,T. sinensis started bolting and emerging leaves. The terminal buds sprouted in 40-50 d for the T. sinensis planted in greenhouse with the day temperature of 15-22℃ and night temperature over 10℃; the terminal buds sprouted in about 15 d for those planted in the greenhouse with day temperature of 20-25℃ and night temperature over 10℃. T. sinensis could be picked 3 times when planted in greenhouse,and the yield was about 24 720 kg/ha.

Novel Cr^(3+)-activated far-red emitting phosphors withβ-Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)-type structure for indoor plant cultivation

Cr^(3+)-activated far-red and near-infrared phosphors have drawn considerable attention owing to their adjustable emission wavelengths and wide applications.Herein,we reported a series of Cr^(3+)-doped phosphors withβ-Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)-type structure,of which Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) possessed the highest far-red emission intensity.At an excitation of 440 nm,the Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) phosphors exhibited a broad emission band ranging from 650 to 850 nm and peaking at 735 nm,and the broadband superimposed two sharp lines centering at 690 and 698 nm.The optimal sample Ca_(9)Ga_(0.97)(PO_(4))_(7):0.03 Cr^(3+) had an internal quantum efficiency of 55.7%.The luminescence intensity of the Ca_(9)Ga_(0.97)(PO_(4))_(7):0.03 Cr^(3+) phosphor obtained at 423 K could maintain 68.5%of that at room temperature,demonstrating its outstanding luminescence thermal stability.A phosphor-conversion light-emitting diode was fabricated,indicating that the Ca_(9)Ga(PO_(4))_(7):Cr^(3+) phosphor has potential applications in indoor plant cultivation.

Influence of ginseng cultivation under larch plantations on plant diversity and soil properties in Liaoning Province,Northeast China

Currently, transforming the mode of forest management and developing multiple forest management practices are actively encouraged in China. As one forest management type, ginseng cultivation under larch plantations has been developed significantly in the east of Liaoning Province. However, research on the influence of the ecological environment for this mode of production is still deficient. Based on this, our study compares the plant diversity and soil properties in the ginseng cultivation under larch plantations(LG) with larch plantations(LP) and natural secondary forests(SF). First, we randomly selected three plots for each of the three stand types which have similar stand characteristics; then, we carried out a plant diversity survey and soil sampling in each of the nine plots. The results show that no significant difference was found in plant diversity between LG and LP, but theevenness of herbs was significantly lower in LG than LP. No obvious changes in soil physical properties were found in LG, but a significant decrease in most of the soil nutrient content was presented in LG. Furthermore, we found a correlation between plant diversity(H') and soil properties in the three kinds of stand types, especially between herbaceous plant diversity and soil properties. We conclude that ginseng cultivation under larch plantations has no obvious effect on plant diversity, except the herbaceous evenness. Soil fertility can be depleted significantly in LG, but physical structures are not affected. Moreover, maintaining the diversity of herbaceous plants and controlling the density of ginseng cultivation in LG by farmers are important for the ecological environment. Based on this study and its good comprehensive benefits and with the support of policy, we think this forest management type should be promoted moderately in the region.

Effect of Planting Date, Spacing and Seeding Methods on Disease Development and Yield Components of Rice （Oryza sativa L.） in Southeastern Nigeria

To investigate the effect of planting date, spacing and seeding methods on disease development and yield components ofrice, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design （RCBD） with four replications was conducted during 2011 plantingseason at Izzi Local Government Area （LGA） of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This experiment was carried out with four levels of plantingdates （early June, late June, early July and late July）, three levels of spacing （15, 20 and 25 cm） and two levels of seeding method（direct seeding and seedling transplanting）. The studied traits included plant height （PH）, number of tillers （NT）, leaf area （LA）, rootlength （RL）, panicle length （PL）, 1,000 seed weight （SW）, disease incidence and severity. The result showed that all the factors hadsignificant effect on the parameters measured. Sowing in early July had the highest LA of 65.38 cm^2, PH of 122.00 cm, RL of 29.04cm and TN of 10.54, and the second largest PL of 25.08 cm and SW of 25.12 g. Also sowing in early July had the highest diseaseseverity of 3.21, followed by 3.14 which occurred in late July, while the least 2.17 occurred in early June. The direct seeding methodhad the highest disease incidence of 70.83%, followed by plant spacing of 15 cm × 15 cm which had the disease incidence of 69.72%,while sowing in early June had the least disease incidence of 57.50%. In conclusion, planting of rice in Southeastern Nigeria shouldbe done in early July, as the yield components were significantly better than in other dates though with the highest disease severity.

Teaching Practice of Integrating Labor Education into Specialized Courses:A Case Study of Plant Cultivation and Maintenance

Vocational colleges attach great importance to labor education.Specialized courses are an effective way to cultivate students labor quality,and the integration of labor education in specialized courses plays an important role in the overall cultivation of students moral quality and practical ability.Combined with the teaching practice of landscape technology specialty,labor education is integrated into the teaching of Plant Cultivation and Maintenance,and certain results have been achieved.In this paper,the course content"grafting propagation"was analyzed from the aspects of overall teaching design,teaching implementation process,teaching effect and reflection improvement,so as to provide reference for other contents of this major or other majors to carry out integrated teaching.

Imitated Ecological Cultivation Technology of Dendrobium offcinale: A Case Study of Longshitou Village,Longmen County

In order to optimize the planting structure of Longshitou Village in Longmen County and promote the efficient cultivation of Dendrobium offcinale industry,the imitate ecological cultivation technology of D.offcinale is studied from the aspects of site selection,seedling domestication,seedling colonization,and disease and pest control after colonization according to the natural environmental conditions of Longshitou Village.

Breeding and Cultivation Technique of Ditian 6

Ditian 6 is super sweet corn hybrid. Its parents are inbred line 201-2 and 769 respectively. It was certificated by Variety Certification Committee of Shanxi Province in 2013. Ditian 6 participated in regional trials of Shanxi Province in 2010 and 2011. The average fresh ear yield is 14257. 5 kg / ha. Its growth period is 81 d,belonging to the early variety. It has obvious advantages if it is early cultivated. The kernel is yellow,and the quality reaches a high level. In the early or late market,it has significant economic benefits. The variety has strong resistance to disease and adversity,with wide adaptability,high and stable yield. It can be planted in the areas where accumulated temperature is above 2300℃.

Studies on Productivity and Performance of Spring Sugarcane Sown in Different Planting Configurations

Row spacing has a pivotal role in enhancing sugarcane yield and improving its quality. A study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different planting techniques on performance of sugarcane at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Kharif 2014. Experimental treatments comprised of: 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips, 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips, 120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrows with single rows. Sugarcane cultivar HSF-240 was used as experimental material. The experimental was conducted in RCBD with four replications. The expeimental results revealed that sugarcane number of tillers, plant height, cane length, stripped cane weight and stripped cane yield increased progressively with the increase in row spacing from 60 to 180 cm. While germination percentage and number of millable canes were not affected by different sowing techniques, maximum number of tillers (15.96 m-2), plant height (333.25 cm), stripped cane weight (0.94 kg) and stripped cane yield (107 t·ha-1) were recorded from 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips.

Flat-sowing and Condensed Planting of Dwarf Sorghum in the Sanjiang Plain

Sorghum is an important fodder plant. Its area is increasingly extending in Sanjiang Plain due to farm structure reform.The research reviewed environment conditions and climate characters of Sanjiang Plain and proposed measures for dwarf sorghum dense planting in Sanjiang Plain, providing theoretical references for high-yield and highly-efficiency production of sorghum.

Application and Development Trend of Container Cultivation of Landscape Seedlings

Traditional means of cultivating seedlings can hardly meet the increasing requirements of landscaping.In view of development trend of landscaping,advantages of container cultivation were introduced,and application prospects of container cultivation explored.In addition,considering domestic container cultivation of seedlings,development trend of container seedlings was studied,corresponding suggestions were given to provide theoretical references for the study and development of container cultivation of seedlings in China.

Study of Plant Cultivation Using a Light-Emitting Diode Illumination System to Control the Spectral Irradiance Distribution

In plant cultivation, the number of photons is more important than the light energy from the chemical reactions that occur during photosynthesis. In addition, the blue and red photon flux (B/R) ratio is an important parameter for plant cultivation. Here we discuss the effect of the spectral irradiance distribution and the B/R ratio on plant cultivation. We cultivated lettuce seedlings, Lactuca sativa L. Cv. Okayama, using a light-emitting diode illumination system that can precisely control the spectral irradiance distribution and B/R ratio. The B/R ratio varied from 0.36 to 2.06 according to the intensity of the blue light when the photosynthetic photon flux density values were sufficient to ensure the 150 - 200?&mu;mol&sdot;m&minus;2&sdot;s&minus;1.?High photon flux densities of blue light result in reduced plant length, plant height, and leaf area, thereby suggesting its role in the suppression of leaf growth. Therefore, we conclude that a lower photon flux of blue light (B/R Ratio) is optimal for lettuce cultivation.

Application of Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer (DSSAT) to Simulate Agronomic Practices for Cultivation of Maize in Southern Highland of Tanzania

The southern highlands zone of Tanzania is the one of the most potential area for agriculture contributes up to 46% of the total country’s maize production. However, the rate of maize production tends to decrease with time due of poor agronomic practices. The aim of this study was to simulate the effect of nitrogen dose and plant spacing on grain yields from five selected maize varieties. Decision Support System for Agrotechnology transfer crop model was used for this purpose. Based on the agroecological zones, six sites were selected which includes Ihumbu farm, Mwazye and Nyera Estate Mbozi, Lupa Tinga Tinga, Santilya and Mbinga. Maize varieties H614, Kitumani Composite I, H511, H626 and H612;Spacing (90 × 30 cm and 60 × 30 cm) and nitrogen dose (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) were simulated. It was found that only H614 (4610.9 kg/ha) and Kitumani Composite I (3998.7 kg/ha) maize varieties performed well at the spacing of 60 × 30 cm and up to the nitrogen dose of 150 kg/ha. Therefore the two maize varieties H614 and Kitumani Composite I could be recommended for cultivation at the spacing of 60 × 30 cm and nitrogen dose of 150 kg/ha for improving production of maize in southern highland of Tanzania.