Reconstruction resolution enhancement of EPISM based holographic stereogram with hogel spatial multiplexing

We investigate how the splicing mode of a holographic element(hogel)affects the reconstruction of a 3 D scene to improve the reconstruction resolution of a holographic stereogram fabricated using the effective perspective image segmentation and mosaicking method(EPISM).First,the effect of hogel spatial multiplexing on holographic recording and reconstruction is studied based on the mechanism of recording interference fringes in the holographic recording medium.Second,combined with the influence of multiple exposures on the hologram's diffraction efficiency,the diffraction efficiency of the holographic stereogram is analyzed in the spatial multiplexing mode.The holographic stereogram is then regarded as a special optical imaging system.The theory of spatial bandwidth product is adopted to describe the comprehensive resolution of the holographic stereogram,which explains why hogel spatial multiplexing can significantly improve the reconstruction resolution of a holographic stereogram.Compared with the traditional printing method under the same parameters in optical experiments,hogel spatial multiplexing has a lower diffraction efficiency but a higher quality of reconstructed image,consistent with the theoretical analysis.

Multiuser beamforming based on max SINR for downlink spatial multiplexing MIMO

In this article, a method based on max signal interference noise ratio（SINR） criterion is proposed, to mitigate the interuser interference for downlink multiuser spatial multiplexing multi-input multi-output（MIMO） systems. Unlike the zero forcing （ZF） scheme in which the SNR is decreased when the interference is eliminated completely, max SINR method makes a compromise between noise and interuser interference. When the number of substreams is larger than the difference between the number of base station antennas and the sum of interference mobile station antennas, the ZF is infeasible An existing coordinated TX-RX block diagonalization（COOR BD） method uses preprocessing at the receiver to cancel the interuser interference. However, it cannot obtain more receive diversity gain because of the preprocessing. Analysis and simulation show that the max SINR scheme has better performance than the ZF method. Moreover, when the ZF is infeasible, the max SINR scheme can obtain more receive diversity gain than COOR BD in the two-user case.

MIMO-FSK non-coherent detection with spatial multiplexing in fast-fading environment

Accurate estimationand real-time compensation for phase offset and Doppler shift are essential for coherent multi-input multi-output(MIMO)systems.Here,a spatial multiplexing MIMO scheme with non-coherent frequency-shift keying(FSK)detection is proposed.It is immune to random phase interference and Doppler shift while increasing capacity.It is valuable that the proposed spatial multiplexing MIMO based on energy detection(ED)is equivalent to a linear system,and there is no mutual interference caused by the product of simultaneous signals in square-law processing.The equivalent MIMO channel model is derived as a real matrix,which remains maximal multiplexing capacity and reduces the channel estimation complexity.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has outstanding performance over Rician flat fading channel,and experimental system obtains four times the capacity through 4 antennas on both transmitter and receiver.

Precoding for Multiuser Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Downlink

Previous precoding algorithms have concentrated on the single user scenario where the precoding scheme assumes perfect channel state information （CSI） at the transmitter or on limited feedback techniques, such as channel quantization or limited feedback signal designs. This paper proposes a novel unitary downlink precoding design scheme for multiuser spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） systems. With the perfect CSI available at the transmitter and the linear decoder at the receiver, the cost function was constructed based on the minimum average probability of vector symbol error and the design method of the precoding matrices was given. These proposed precoding matrices can completely eliminate co-channel interference for each user at the transmitter, and each user will eventually observe an interference-free single user channel, thus simplify the decoding of each user. The impact of channel feedback errors on the system performance and the upper bounds of several schemes for performance comparison were investigated. The simulation results show that the proposed precoding for multiuser spatial multiplexing system obtains almost the same performance as the single user precoding system.

Minimizing Traffic Blocking and Inter-Crosstalk in Spatial Division Multiplexing over Elastic Optical Networking

As a promising solution, virtualization is vigorously developed to eliminate the ossification of traditional Internet infrastructure and enhance the flexibility in sharing the substrate network (SN) resources including computing, storage, bandwidth, etc. With network virtualization, cloud service providers can utilize the shared substrate resources to provision virtual networks (VNs) and facilitate a wide and diverse range of applications. As more and more internet applications migrate to the cloud, the resource efficiency and the survivability of VNs, such as single link failure or large-scale disaster survivability, have become crucial issues. Elastic optical networks have emerged in recent years as a strategy for dealing with the divergence of network application bandwidth needs. The network capacity has been constrained due to the usage of only two multiplexing dimensions. As transmission rates rise, so does the demand for network failure protection. Due to their end-to-end solutions, those safe-guarding paths are of particular importance among the protection methods. Due to their end-to-end solutions, those safeguarding paths are of particular importance among the protection methods. This paper presents approaches that provide a failure-independent route-protecting p-cycle for path protection in space-division multiplexed elastic optical networks. This letter looks at two SDM network challenges and presents a heuristic technique (k-shortest path) for each. In the first approach, we study a virtual network embedding (SVNE) problem and propose an algorithm for EONs, which can combat against single-link failures. We evaluate the proposed POPETA algorithm and compare its performance with some counterpart algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve satisfactory performance in terms of spectrum utilization and blocking ratio, even if with a higher backup redundancy ratio.

Switching between multiplexing and diversity in MIMO systems with QoS provisioning

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems can significantly improve the spectrum efficiency or transmission reliability through spatial multiplexing or diversity respectively.Most of previous works mainly have focused on the multiplexing-diversity tradeoff or switching between multiplexing and diversity without considering the property of heterogeneous QoS provisioning.In this paper,switching between multiplexing and diversity in MIMO system with the heterogeneous QoS provisioning is studied.Firstly the QoS provisioning for users are classified into two classes:users with real time service requirement and users with non-real time service requirement respectively.Then based on the heterogeneous QoS Provisioning for users,two different switching criterions are proposed,switching based on the Euclidean distance for users with real time service to minimize the probability of symbol error and capacity-based switching criterion for users with non-real time service to maximize the transmission capacity respectively.Finally,numerical simulation results are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of proposed scheme.

Toward the Energy Efficiency of Resource Allocation Algorithms for OFDMA Downlink MIMO Systems

The problem of the simultaneous multi-user resource allocation algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA)based systems has recently attracted significant interest.However,most studies focus on maximizing the system throughput and spectral efficiency.As the green radio is essential in 5G and future networks,the energy efficiency becomes the major concern.In this paper,we develop four resource allocation schemes in the downlink OFDMA network and the main focus is on analyzing the energy efficiency of these schemes.Specifically,we employ the advanced multi-antenna technology in a multiple input-multiple output(MIMO)system.The first scheme is based on transmit spatial diversity(TSD),in which the vector channel with the highest gain between the base station(BTS)and specific antenna at the remote terminal(RT)is chosen for transmission.The second scheme further employs spatial multiplexing on the MIMO system to enhance the throughput.The space-division multiple-access(SDMA)scheme assigns single subcarrier simultaneously to RTs with pairwise“nearly orthogonal”spatial signatures.In the fourth scheme,we propose to design the transmit beamformers based on the zero-forcing(ZF)criterion such that the multi-user interference(MUI)is completely removed.We analyze the tradeoff between the throughput and power consumption and compare the performance of these schemes in terms of the energy efficiency.

Downlink Performance of Beamforming for High Mobility Users in 5G Cellular Network

5G cellular infrastructures are supposed to provide higher data rate and lower latency along with the prospects of other various novel applications. But the signal strength seems to fluctuate unexpectedly due to doppler shift resulting in negative impacts on downlink performance parameters over the network for high-speed users. One potential solution to overcome this problem can be the concentration of energy to a particular location using multiple antennas at the base station so that receiving power can be increased for the intended user while suppressing interferences from others. So, this paper has investigated the performance of beamforming with closed loop spatial multiplexing over a specific range of velocity of users. However, the simulation results also demonstrate that by scaling the number of transmitting antennas, beamforming can elevate average throughput, improve quality of service for cell edge users and ensure better spectral efficiency under any existing scheduler with no complexities involved in system designing. Moreover, through the estimations of the channel conditions obtained from the precoding matrix of closed loop spatial multiplexing, the strength of the transmitted signal can be amplified accordingly to improve mean throughput and minimize the bit error rate. Therefore, the proposed scheme of scaling transmitting antennas through CLSM along with beamforming seems to circumvent the repercussions of doppler shift on downlink (DL) performance of high velocity cellular users.

Beam Parameter Product Optimization for High Power SWIR Laser Diode Stack Fiber Coupling

An optimized setup for fiber optic injection of a kilowatt peak power laser diode stack emitting in the SWIR spectral range is proposed. Starting from a fast axis collimated (FAC) and slow axis collimated (SAC) 15 bars, 19 emitters off the shelf laser diode stack, the beam is transformed using spatial beam combining and polarization coupling. Both techniques integrated in a compact design enable to couple the kilowatt level beam into a standard 600 μm core, 0.22 numerical aperture (NA) multimode optical fiber. An application in the field of long range SWIR laser illuminator for gated viewing is presented. A comparison between two illuminators is realized both based on the same laser diode stack but one using beam parameter product (BPP) reduction and one without. It could be demonstrated that BPP reduction is the best way for efficient, narrow divergence and compact semi-conductor based laser illuminators design and realization. The global laser illuminator efficiency could be improved by 75% for the narrowest divergences thanks to this approach.

Sample indexed spatial orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Optical spatial modulation （OSM） is a multiple-transmitter technique that can provide higher data rates with low system complexity as compared with single-input single-output systems. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） is widely implemented to achieve better spectral efficiency in wireless channels. Asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM （O-OFDM） and DC-biased O-OFDM are two well-known O-OFDM techniques suitable for intensity-modulation direct-detection optical systems. In this work, sample indexed spatial OFDM （SIS-OFDM） is proposed to combine OSM and O-OFDM in a novel way and achieve significant per- formance gain. By assigning time-domain samples of the O-OFDM transmit symbol to different transmitters, SIS-OFDM achieves much better spectral efficiency and reduces computational complexity at the transmitter as compared with previous work that combines OSM with O-OFDM in the frequency domain. We also consider the impact of optical source biasing on overall performance, and the relative performance of imaging receiver （ImR） versus non-imaging receiver （NImR） design for our proposed SIS-OFDM technique. Results indicate that for an Ntx x Nrx multiple-input multiple-output configuration where Nix = N = 4, SIS-OFDM using ImR can achieve up to 135 dB of signal-to-noise ratio gain over comparable system using a NImR. Also, using Nc number of O-OFDM subcarriers provides up to Nsc × log2（Ntx） additional bits per symbol of spectral efficiency over technioues that combine OSM and O-OFDM in the freollencv domain.

Quasi-distributed sensing network based on coherence multiplexing and spatial division multiplexing for coal mine security monitoring

A low-cost fiber Bragg grating(FBG) sensing system for coal-mine security monitoring is proposed in this paper.Based on the coherence multiplexing(CM) and spatial division multiplexing(SDM) techniques,this hybrid sensing network can support more than 40 sensors for quasi-distributed detection.It is demonstrated experimentally that the multiplexed sensing signal of each sensor can be clearly distinguished by an optical low-coherence reflectometry(OLCR).Methane concentration is detected with maximum sensitivities of an intensity variation of 10.92% and a concentration variation of 1%,using a well-designed sensor structure.Strain and temperature are also detected by this system,which also exhibits good results in the experiment.

Unequal error protection scheme for layered sources transmission over MIMO systems using spatial diversity and multiplexing technology

This paper proposes a hybrid scheme of the Alamouti coding and vertical bell labs layered space-time （V-BLAST） with the zero-forcing （ZF） receiver, which can achieve the unequal error protection （UEP） transmission in terms of the differences of importance in the layered sources. We analyze the tradeoff between spatial diversity and multiplexing in a mathematical manner, and prove the monotonic behavior of the crosspoint. Based on this scheme, we adopt V-BLAST to provide high data rates for the enhancement layer （EL） bitstreams, and adopt Alamouti coding to guarantee high reliability for the base layer （BL） bitstreams. Meanwhile, to improve the transmission reliability for the layered sources under the multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） system with the limited-bandwidth and the total limited power, and to raise the frequency bandwidth efficiency, we take the power allocation considered in this proposed scheme. The simulation results show that the hybrid scheme has the average 1.9 dB and 1.3 dB gain in video peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR）, compared with the pure spatial diversity and pure spatial multiplexing scheme, respectively.

Real-time UWOC miniaturized system based on FPGA and LED arrays and its application in MIMO

In order to alleviate the impact of turbulence on the performance of underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC)in real time,and achieve high-speed real-time transmission and low cost and miniaturization of equipment,a 2×2 real-time multiple-input and multiple-output(MIMO)high-speed miniaturized UWOC system based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)and a high-power light-emitting diode(LED)array is designed in this Letter.In terms of multiplexing gain,the imaging MIMO spatial multiplexing and high-order modulation for the first time are combined and the real-time high-speed transmission of PAM-4 signal based on the LED array light source in 12 m underwater channel at 100 Mbps rate is implemented,which effectively improves the throughput of the UWOC system with a high-power commercial LED light source.In light of diversity gain,the system employs the diversity of repeated coding scheme to receive two identical non-return-to-zero on-off keying(NRZ-OOK)signals,which can compensate the fading or flickering sublinks in real time under the bubble-like simulated turbulence condition,and has high robustness.To our knowledge,this is the first instance of a high rate and long-distance implementation of a turbulence-resistant real-time MIMO miniaturized UWOC system based on FPGA and high-power LED arrays.With spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing capabilities,its low cost,integrity,and high robustness provide the system with important practical prospects.

Generation of a continuous-variable quadripartite cluster state multiplexed in the spatial domain

As a highly entangled quantum network, the cluster state has the potential for greater information capacity and use in measurement-based quantum computation. Here, we report generating a continuous-variable quadripartite"square" cluster state of multiplexing orthogonal spatial modes in a single optical parametric amplifier(OPA),and further improve the quality of entanglement by optimizing the pump profile. We produce multimode entanglement of two first-order Hermite–Gauss modes within one beam in a single multimode OPA and transform it into a cluster state by phase correction. Furthermore, the pump-profile dependence of the entanglement of this state is explored. Compared with fundamental mode pumping, an enhancement of approximately 33% is achieved using the suitable pump-profile mode. Our approach is potentially scalable to multimode entanglement in the spatial domain. Such spatial cluster states may contribute to future schemes in spatial quantum information processing.

Beam homogenization structure for a laser illuminator design based on diode laser beam combining technology

With the rapid development of laser technology,laser as the light source of night vision illuminating can realize long-distance and clear imaging,which has been widely used in laser active illuminating field.A high-power diode laser with a wavelength of 808 nm was designed as the laser active illuminating source,and the output power of no less than100 W was obtained by spatial beam multiplexing,polarization multiplexing,and high efficiency fiber coupling techniques.In view of the beam homogenization of illuminating source,a novel beam homogenization system based on waveguide is proposed in this work.A square spot with a horizontal divergence angle of 40°,a vertical divergence angle of 10°,and an illuminating power ratio of 4:1 was obtained by a collimating lens.Comparing with the traditional circular illuminating beam,the square illuminating beam can match the illuminating angle of CCD camera better,and the energy utilization rate is higher.In addition,by optimizing the structure of waveguide and collimating lens,the illuminating angle can be changed to meet the illuminating requirements under different conditions theoretically.

Joint linear precoder and power allocation design for uplink MIMO systems with limited feedback

In this article, the authors consider joint design of a linear precoder and power allocation for uplink multiuser multiple input multiple output （MIMO） communication systems with limited feedback to improve the bit error rate （BER） performance for all users. Precoder selection from the codebook set is directly based on the exact BER performance, instead of other suboptimal criteria, to achieve the optimal precoder matrix, but closed-form expressions may not exist in the view of power allocation based directly on the BER criterion. From this perspective, the authors propose the joint transmitter optimization algorithm for the consideration of precoder design, with total power constraint for asymptotic MBER （AMBER） criterion. In this AMBER criterion, a closed-form solution has been derived for power allocation with an optimal precoder. The simulation results show that the proposed joint design algorithm can achieve a much better performance than precoding with uniform power allocation and only consideration of power allocation.