Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantlyby hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiologyof diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance...Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantlyby hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiologyof diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin’stissue-acting effects, or a combination of both. Over the last 30 years, the globalprevalence of diabetes increased from 4% to 6.4%. If no better treatment or cure isfound, this amount might climb to 430 million in the coming years. The major fact-ors of the disease’s deterioration include age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.Finding new therapies to manage diabetes safely and effectively without jeopardizingpatient compliance has always been essential. Among the medicationsavailable to manage DM on this journey are glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists,thiazolidinediones, sulphonyl urease, glinides, biguanides, and insulin-targetingreceptors discovered more than 10 years ago. Despite the extensive preliminarystudies, a few clinical observations suggest this process is still in its early stages.The present review focuses on targets that contribute to insulin regulation andmay be employed as targets in treating diabetes since they may be more efficientand secure than current and traditional treatments.展开更多
Background: Postprandial plasma glucose concentration is an important diabetes management target. Glycemia-targeted specialized-nutrition (GTSN) beverages, containing various quantities and types of carbohydrates (CHO...Background: Postprandial plasma glucose concentration is an important diabetes management target. Glycemia-targeted specialized-nutrition (GTSN) beverages, containing various quantities and types of carbohydrates (CHO), have been formulated to blunt postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of these products on postprandial glycemic and hormonal responses based on comparisons of GTSN with differing carbohydrate quantities or types. Methods: In two randomized, double-blind, crossover studies, participants (mean age 61 years) with type 2 diabetes consumed GTSN in a meal tolerance test. In the CHO Quantity Study, a standard nutritional beverage (STD) was compared to a low carbohydrate nutritional beverage with tapioca dextrin (GTSN-TDX) and a balanced carbohydrate nutritional beverage containing a blend of the slowly-digesting carbohydrates maltodextrin and sucromalt (GTSN-SDC). In the CHO Type Study, the GTSN beverages had similar carbohydrate quantities but varied in carbohydrate composition with GTSN-SDC compared to a formula with tapioca starch and fructose (GTSN-TS&F), and one with isomaltulose and resistant starch (GTSN-I&RS). Postprandial (0-240 min) concentrations of blood glucose, insulin (CHO Quantity Study only) and glucagon-like-peptide (GLP)-1 (CHO Quantity Study only) were measured. Results: Despite having substantially different carbohydrate quantities, the GTSN blunted the glucose positive area under the curve (AUC0-240 min) by 65% to 82% compared to the STD formulation (p < 0.001). GTSN also elicited ~50% lower insulin positive AUC0-240 min (p < 0.05), while postprandial GLP-1 responses were increased (p = 0.018) vs. STD. In the CHO Type Study, glucose positive AUC0-240 min tended to be lower for GTSN-SDC (1477 ± 460) than GTSN-TS&F (2203 ± 412;p = 0.062) and GTSN-I&RS (2190 ± 412;p = 0.076). No differences were observed between GTSN-TS&F and GTSN-I&RS. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of several GTSN products and suggest that both CHO quantity and type play important roles in postprandial glycemic response in men and women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, GTSN products containing slow-digesting carbohydrates can blunt postmeal glucose and insulin concentration despite delivering greater total grams of CHO, which provides a dietary benefit for people with diabetes.展开更多
A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse d...A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse direction. E.P. Epstein rejected this result in the “Annalen der Physik”;he rather postulated an additional force that turns up when the body is accelerated in the longitudinal direction. It can be shown that the concept of an increased longitudinal mass is based on a simple mathematical error. When correcting this error, it turns out that Epstein’s additional, hidden force is indispensable in order to avoid an inner inconsistency of Special Relativity. It does most of the total work absorbed by the moving object, and is thus responsible for most of the increase in its energy (=mass), given the speed attained is relativistic. In other words: While the total force on the body needed to maintain a constant acceleration <em>a</em><sub>0</sub> is “<span style="white-space:nowrap;">(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1</sup><em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-3/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></span>”, the technical force needed to maintain that acceleration amounts only to “<em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em><em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1 - <em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></em>”. The total energy of two objects that undergo a symmetrical, elastic head-on collision is therefore not conserved during the collision, thus requiring the involvement of a hidden reservoir of energy. This result is confirmed by calculations that use the concept of momenergy. The phenomenon of an apparent disappearance of energy has been noticed in particle physics already (target-experiment), but its consequences have been ignored. Instead, an explanation has been given (reduced “energy of the center of mass”) which is inconsistent and violates the relativity principle.展开更多
机场特种车辆自主安全地运行对于保障飞行区安全至关重要。目前,机场特种车辆作业主要通过驾驶员操作和机场管制员的目视指挥完成,存在过度依赖人力、自主性较低等问题,为提高其安全性和自主性,本文提出一种用于机场特种车辆作业基于3D...机场特种车辆自主安全地运行对于保障飞行区安全至关重要。目前,机场特种车辆作业主要通过驾驶员操作和机场管制员的目视指挥完成,存在过度依赖人力、自主性较低等问题,为提高其安全性和自主性,本文提出一种用于机场特种车辆作业基于3D点云分割的目标识别方法。首先,基于仿真技术构建飞行区环境点云数据集(Airfield Area of Air‐port Point Cloud Data,3A-PCD)。其次,在PointNet++的基础上设计一种面向大规模点云的语义分割网络(Semantic Segmentation Network of Airfield Area of Airport,3A-Net),结合采样点空间编码(SPSE)模块和注意力池化(AP)模块以解决传统分割网络在分割精度以及对物体细节特征保留能力不足的问题。最后,基于3A-PCD数据集设计实验,消融实验结果表明增加SPSE后,模型的分割精度MIoU提升了6个百分点、增加AP模块后MIoU提升了3.9个百分点;3A-Net与基准模型PointNet++相比,MIoU提高了6.7个百分点;与现有先进的6种语义分割模型相比,所提模型性能均有不同程度的提升,更适用于室外大场景的目标识别。展开更多
文摘Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantlyby hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiologyof diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin’stissue-acting effects, or a combination of both. Over the last 30 years, the globalprevalence of diabetes increased from 4% to 6.4%. If no better treatment or cure isfound, this amount might climb to 430 million in the coming years. The major fact-ors of the disease’s deterioration include age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.Finding new therapies to manage diabetes safely and effectively without jeopardizingpatient compliance has always been essential. Among the medicationsavailable to manage DM on this journey are glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists,thiazolidinediones, sulphonyl urease, glinides, biguanides, and insulin-targetingreceptors discovered more than 10 years ago. Despite the extensive preliminarystudies, a few clinical observations suggest this process is still in its early stages.The present review focuses on targets that contribute to insulin regulation andmay be employed as targets in treating diabetes since they may be more efficientand secure than current and traditional treatments.
文摘Background: Postprandial plasma glucose concentration is an important diabetes management target. Glycemia-targeted specialized-nutrition (GTSN) beverages, containing various quantities and types of carbohydrates (CHO), have been formulated to blunt postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of these products on postprandial glycemic and hormonal responses based on comparisons of GTSN with differing carbohydrate quantities or types. Methods: In two randomized, double-blind, crossover studies, participants (mean age 61 years) with type 2 diabetes consumed GTSN in a meal tolerance test. In the CHO Quantity Study, a standard nutritional beverage (STD) was compared to a low carbohydrate nutritional beverage with tapioca dextrin (GTSN-TDX) and a balanced carbohydrate nutritional beverage containing a blend of the slowly-digesting carbohydrates maltodextrin and sucromalt (GTSN-SDC). In the CHO Type Study, the GTSN beverages had similar carbohydrate quantities but varied in carbohydrate composition with GTSN-SDC compared to a formula with tapioca starch and fructose (GTSN-TS&F), and one with isomaltulose and resistant starch (GTSN-I&RS). Postprandial (0-240 min) concentrations of blood glucose, insulin (CHO Quantity Study only) and glucagon-like-peptide (GLP)-1 (CHO Quantity Study only) were measured. Results: Despite having substantially different carbohydrate quantities, the GTSN blunted the glucose positive area under the curve (AUC0-240 min) by 65% to 82% compared to the STD formulation (p < 0.001). GTSN also elicited ~50% lower insulin positive AUC0-240 min (p < 0.05), while postprandial GLP-1 responses were increased (p = 0.018) vs. STD. In the CHO Type Study, glucose positive AUC0-240 min tended to be lower for GTSN-SDC (1477 ± 460) than GTSN-TS&F (2203 ± 412;p = 0.062) and GTSN-I&RS (2190 ± 412;p = 0.076). No differences were observed between GTSN-TS&F and GTSN-I&RS. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of several GTSN products and suggest that both CHO quantity and type play important roles in postprandial glycemic response in men and women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, GTSN products containing slow-digesting carbohydrates can blunt postmeal glucose and insulin concentration despite delivering greater total grams of CHO, which provides a dietary benefit for people with diabetes.
文摘A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse direction. E.P. Epstein rejected this result in the “Annalen der Physik”;he rather postulated an additional force that turns up when the body is accelerated in the longitudinal direction. It can be shown that the concept of an increased longitudinal mass is based on a simple mathematical error. When correcting this error, it turns out that Epstein’s additional, hidden force is indispensable in order to avoid an inner inconsistency of Special Relativity. It does most of the total work absorbed by the moving object, and is thus responsible for most of the increase in its energy (=mass), given the speed attained is relativistic. In other words: While the total force on the body needed to maintain a constant acceleration <em>a</em><sub>0</sub> is “<span style="white-space:nowrap;">(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1</sup><em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-3/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></span>”, the technical force needed to maintain that acceleration amounts only to “<em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em><em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1 - <em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></em>”. The total energy of two objects that undergo a symmetrical, elastic head-on collision is therefore not conserved during the collision, thus requiring the involvement of a hidden reservoir of energy. This result is confirmed by calculations that use the concept of momenergy. The phenomenon of an apparent disappearance of energy has been noticed in particle physics already (target-experiment), but its consequences have been ignored. Instead, an explanation has been given (reduced “energy of the center of mass”) which is inconsistent and violates the relativity principle.
文摘机场特种车辆自主安全地运行对于保障飞行区安全至关重要。目前,机场特种车辆作业主要通过驾驶员操作和机场管制员的目视指挥完成,存在过度依赖人力、自主性较低等问题,为提高其安全性和自主性,本文提出一种用于机场特种车辆作业基于3D点云分割的目标识别方法。首先,基于仿真技术构建飞行区环境点云数据集(Airfield Area of Air‐port Point Cloud Data,3A-PCD)。其次,在PointNet++的基础上设计一种面向大规模点云的语义分割网络(Semantic Segmentation Network of Airfield Area of Airport,3A-Net),结合采样点空间编码(SPSE)模块和注意力池化(AP)模块以解决传统分割网络在分割精度以及对物体细节特征保留能力不足的问题。最后,基于3A-PCD数据集设计实验,消融实验结果表明增加SPSE后,模型的分割精度MIoU提升了6个百分点、增加AP模块后MIoU提升了3.9个百分点;3A-Net与基准模型PointNet++相比,MIoU提高了6.7个百分点;与现有先进的6种语义分割模型相比,所提模型性能均有不同程度的提升,更适用于室外大场景的目标识别。
