International Experience of Farmers Specialized Cooperative Economic Organizations in Marketing of Agricultural Products

In the world,development modes of farmers specialized cooperative economic organizations mainly includes two types:( i) specialized agricultural cooperatives with the United States of America as representative,and( ii) comprehensive agricultural cooperatives with Japan and South Korea as representative. In comparison,China mainly develops farmers specialized cooperatives which are agricultural production with family as unit and small in land and management scale like agricultural production in Japan. Therefore,in marketing of agricultural products,cooperatives in the United States of America and Japan have successful experience. China may learn such experience in the development of farmers specialized cooperatives.

Institutional Factors Affecting the Economic Performance of Peasant Special Cooperative Organization——A Case of Cuiping District,Yibin City,China

Literatures about the institutional arrangement of the Peasant Special Cooperative Organization are summarized.Based on the introduction of theoretical background,the overall level of annual earnings in the year 2008 is selected as a dependent variable to evaluate the economic performance of cooperative organizations,according to the investigation on 54 Peasant Special Cooperative Organizations in Cuiping District,Sichuan Province,China.A total of 13 institutional indices passing the correlation test are chosen as independent variables.Relationship between the development level and the institutional factors affecting the economic performance of cooperative organizations is studied by using factor analysis method.Result shows that there is relatively high consistency between the score of institutional factor and the development level of cooperative organization.Both macroscopic support system and internal benefit distribution system have greater impacts on the Peasant Special Cooperative Organization;the internal supervision factor and the interest factor of core members have insignificant impacts on the economic performance;and the production management factor has little effect on economic performance.Based on this,several suggestions are put forward,including standardizing and reforming the system,improving the countermeasures for economic performance,strengthening the support and policy guidance for Peasant Special Cooperative Organization,improving and standardizing the distribution of benefit system,the security system and monitoring system for core members' interests,and fully reflecting the interests of core members.

Objectifying Research on Special Region Corresponding to Five Internal Organs in Colour Inspections of Chinese Medicine

Objective：To study the differences in a special region（SR） corresponding to five internal organs between the young and the elderly and to verify the effectiveness of a developed system for objectifying research in colour inspections of Chinese medicine（CICM）.Methods：An image acquisition device imitating daylight to meet the requirement of CICM was designed.Image processing software based on CICM theory was developed.A total of 83 normal people were sampled and assigned to two groups.The first group（Group I）included 30 people with an average age of 24 ±2,and the second group（Group Ⅱ） included 53 people with an average age of 74 ±4.After image processing,the chromaticity of 10 SRs corresponding to five internal organs was calculated.R,G,and B represent the chromaticity of color red,green,and blue,L indicates color brightness,whereas a and b denote red and yellow respectively.The difference between the young and the elderly was analyzed.Results：（1） The chromaticity of each SR corresponding to five organs was obtained.The average R,G,B,L,a,and b of the sample were 194.4,147.6,119.3,65.2,15.5,and 22.3,respectively.（2） The R,G,B,and L of the young were greater than those of the elderly,but the a and b of the young were less than those of the elderly.（3） A statistically significant difference in each SR was found between the young and the elderly（P0.05）.The total differences for the Lung（Fei）,Heart（Xin）,Liver（Gan）,Spleen（Pi）,and Kidney（Shen） were 50%（3/6）,66.7%（4/6）,66.7%（4/6）,83.3%（5/6）,and 91.7%（33/36）,respectively.However,the Kidney SR had the greatest statistical discrepancy.Conclusion：The old Chinese saying that human Kidney deficiency worsens with age was verified by the results.The objectifying system used to examine CICM was effective.Thus,this system may be used as a basis for further research.

Virtual special issue:Organic and polymer materials for electronics

Welcome to this virtual special issue focusing on organic and polymer materials for electronics published in Chinese Chemical Letters since 2017. For more than a century, people have always believed that organic compounds cannot be well employed for electronic conducting. Till 2000,Heeger,MacDiarmid and Shirakawa were acknowledged by the Nobel Prize of chemistry for