Periodic signal extraction of GNSS height time series based on adaptive singular spectrum analysis

Singular spectrum analysis is widely used in geodetic time series analysis.However,when extracting time-varying periodic signals from a large number of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)time series,the selection of appropriate embedding window size and principal components makes this method cumbersome and inefficient.To improve the efficiency and accuracy of singular spectrum analysis,this paper proposes an adaptive singular spectrum analysis method by combining spectrum analysis with a new trace matrix.The running time and correlation analysis indicate that the proposed method can adaptively set the embedding window size to extract the time-varying periodic signals from GNSS time series,and the extraction efficiency of a single time series is six times that of singular spectrum analysis.The method is also accurate and more suitable for time-varying periodic signal analysis of global GNSS sites.

A reweighted damped singular spectrum analysis method for robust seismic noise suppression

(Multichannel)Singular spectrum analysis is considered as one of the most effective methods for seismic incoherent noise suppression.It utilizes the low-rank feature of seismic signal and regards the noise suppression as a low-rank reconstruction problem.However,in some cases the seismic geophones receive some erratic disturbances and the amplitudes are dramatically larger than other receivers.The presence of this kind of noise,called erratic noise,makes singular spectrum analysis(SSA)reconstruction unstable and has undesirable effects on the final results.We robustify the low-rank reconstruction of seismic data by a reweighted damped SSA(RD-SSA)method.It incorporates the damped SSA,an improved version of SSA,into a reweighted framework.The damping operator is used to weaken the artificial disturbance introduced by the low-rank projection of both erratic and random noise.The central idea of the RD-SSA method is to iteratively approximate the observed data with the quadratic norm for the first iteration and the Tukeys bisquare norm for the rest iterations.The RD-SSA method can suppress seismic incoherent noise and keep the reconstruction process robust to the erratic disturbance.The feasibility of RD-SSA is validated via both synthetic and field data examples.

Decoupling of temporal/spatial broadening effects in Doppler wind LiDAR by 2D spectral analysis

Pulse echo accumulation is commonly employed in coherent Doppler wind LiDAR(light detection and ranging)under the assumption of steady wind.Here,the measured spectral data are analyzed in the time dimension and frequency dimension to cope with the temporal wind shear and achieve the optimal accumulation time.A hardware-efficient algorithm combining the interpolation and cross-correlation is used to enhance the wind retrieval accuracy by reducing the frequency sampling interval and then reduce the spectral width calculation error.Moreover,the temporal broadening effect and spatial broadening effect are decoupled according to the strategy we developed.

A novel method for gamma spectrum analysis of low-level and intermediate-level radioactive waste

The uncertainty of nuclide libraries in the analysis of the gamma spectra of low-and intermediate-level radioactive waste(LILW)using existing methods produces unstable results.To address this problem,a novel spectral analysis method is proposed in this study.In this method,overlapping peaks are located using a continuous wavelet transform.An improved quadratic convolution method is proposed to calculate the widths of the peaks and establish a fourth-order filter model to estimate the Compton edge baseline with the overlapping peaks.Combined with the adaptive sensitive nonlinear iterative peak,this method can effectively subtracts the background.Finally,a function describing the peak shape as a filter is used to deconvolve the energy spectrum to achieve accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses of the nuclide without the aid of a nuclide library.Gamma spectrum acquisition experiments for standard point sources of Cs-137 and Eu-152,a segmented gamma scanning experiment for a 200 L standard drum,and a Monte Carlo simulation experiment for triple overlapping peaks using the closest energy of three typical LILW nuclides(Sb-125,Sb-124,and Cs-134)are conducted.The results of the experiments indicate that(1)the novel method and gamma vision(GV)with an accurate nuclide library have the same spectral analysis capability,and the peak area calculation error is less than 4%;(2)compared with the GV,the analysis results of the novel method are more stable;(3)the novel method can be applied to the activity measurement of LILW,and the error of the activity reconstruction at the equivalent radius is 2.4%;and(4)The proposed novel method can quantitatively analyze all nuclides in LILW without a nuclide library.This novel method can improve the accuracy and precision of LILW measurements,provide key technical support for the reasonable disposal of LILW,and ensure the safety of humans and the environment.

A nonparametric spectrum estimation method for dispersion and attenuation analysis of borehole acoustic measurements

Dispersion and attenuation analysis can be used to determine formation anisotropy induced by fractures,or stresses.In this paper,we propose a nonparametric spectrum estimation method to get phase dispersion characteristics and attenuation coefficient.By designing an appropriate vector filter,phase velocity,attenuation coefficient and amplitude can be inverted from the waveform recorded by the receiver array.Performance analysis of this algorithm is compared with Extended Prony Method(EPM)and Forward and Backward Matrix Pencil(FBMP)method.Based on the analysis results,the proposed method is capable of achieving high resolution and precision as the parametric spectrum estimation methods.At the meantime,it also keeps high stability as the other nonparametric spectrum estimation methods.At last,applications to synthetic waveforms modeled using finite difference method and real data show its efficiency.The real data processing results show that the P-wave attenuation log is more sensitive to oil formation compared to S-wave;and the S-wave attenuation log is more sensitive to shale formation compared to P-wave.

Isotopic analysis based on terahertz spectrum

As a new promising detection technology in the terahertz research field,the terahertz time-domain spec-troscopy(THz-TDS)has very broad application potential in many fields because its advantage on the characteristic spectrum,wide spectrum and non-destructive analysis of interested substances.In this paper,the terahertz absorption spectra of gases mixed with 12 CO and 13 CO in the spec-trum range of 0.5–2.5 THz are measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for the first time.Several isotopo-logues can be clearly distinguished based on the difference in their rotational energies and the consequent terahertz spectrum.The experimental results show that 12 CO and 13 CO have obvious characteristic absorption peaks in the spectrum range of 0.5–2.5 THz due to the difference in rotational energy,and the rotational constant B can be calculated according to the experimental values to distin-guish the two gaseous isotopologues.The frequency posi-tions of the characteristic absorption peak measured by this experiment and the rotation constant B calculated accord-ing to the experimental values are compared with those previous theoretical calculations and experimental results,and they are in good agreement.This result lays a foun-dation for developing more sophisticated terahertz instru-ments to the detection of different isotopologues.

Response Spectrum Analysis of 7-story Assembled Frame Structure with Energy Dissipation System

Viscoelastic damper is an effective passive damping device,which can reduce the seismic response of the structure by increasing the damping and dissipating the vibration energy of structures.It has a wide application prospect in actual structural vibration control because of simple device and economical material.In view of the poor seismic behaviors of assembled frame structure connections,various energy dissipation devices are proposed to improve the seismic performance.The finite element numerical analysis method is adopted to analyze relevant energy dissipation structural parameters.The response spectrum of a 7-story assembled frame structure combined the ordinary steel support,ordinary viscoelastic damper,and viscoelastic damper with displacement amplification device is analyzed.The analysis results show that the mechanical behavior of assembled frame structure with ordinary steel supports are not significantly different from those without energy dissipation devices.The assembled frame structure with viscoelastic damper has better seismic performance and energy dissipation,especially for the viscoelastic damper with displacement amplification devices.The maximum value of inter-story displacement angle decreases by 32.24%;the maximum floor displacement decreases by 31.91%,and the base shear decreases by 13.62%compared with the assembled frame structures without energy dissipation devices.The results show that the seismic fortification ability of the structure is significantly improved,and the overall structure is more uniformly stressed.The damping structure with viscoelastic damper mainly reduces the dynamic response of the structure by increasing the damping coefficient,rather than by changing the natural vibration period of the structure.This paper provides an effective theoretical basis and reference for improving the energy dissipation system and the seismic performance of assembled frame structures.

Short-Term Prediction of Photovoltaic Power Generation Based on LMD Permutation Entropy and Singular Spectrum Analysis

The power output state of photovoltaic power generation is affected by the earth’s rotation and solar radiation intensity.On the one hand,its output sequence has daily periodicity;on the other hand,it has discrete randomness.With the development of new energy economy,the proportion of photovoltaic energy increased accordingly.In order to solve the problem of improving the energy conversion efficiency in the grid-connected optical network and ensure the stability of photovoltaic power generation,this paper proposes the short-termprediction of photovoltaic power generation based on the improvedmulti-scale permutation entropy,localmean decomposition and singular spectrum analysis algorithm.Firstly,taking the power output per unit day as the research object,the multi-scale permutation entropy is used to calculate the eigenvectors under different weather conditions,and the cluster analysis is used to reconstruct the historical power generation under typical weather rainy and snowy,sunny,abrupt,cloudy.Then,local mean decomposition(LMD)is used to decompose the output sequence,so as to extract more detail components of the reconstructed output sequence.Finally,combined with the weather forecast of the Meteorological Bureau for the next day,the singular spectrumanalysis algorithm is used to predict the photovoltaic classification of the recombination decomposition sequence under typical weather.Through the verification and analysis of examples,the hierarchical prediction experiments of reconstructed and non-reconstructed output sequences are compared.The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is effective in realizing the short-term prediction of photovoltaic generator,and has the advantages of simple structure and high prediction accuracy.

FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF ETHER-WATER SOLUTION BASED ON GAUSSIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

The fluorescence spectrum of the ether-water solution excited by the ultraviolet light with the wavelength of 245 nm is experimentally detected. Based on the second derivative analysis, the fluorescence spectrum of the ether-water solution is used as Gaussian decomposition and seven Gaussian spectral lines are obtained. The center wavelength, the peak intensity and the half peak bandwidth of each Gaussian spectral line are measured, and the multi-peak fitting is made by using Gaussian primitive parameters. The highest and the lowest oscillation energy level differences in the ground state of each Gaussian spectrum are calculated. It is found that there are seven types of luminescent association molecules formed by ether and water molecules in different configurations existed in the solution. The location of each optimum absorption wavelength and the half peak bandwidth of the Gaussian spectral line is different. The energy level difference with the central wavelength of 304 nm attains the maximum value The result can contribute to the study of the molecular association in ether-water solution.

Multi-Strategy Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks: Modeling, Analysis and Optimization

Dynamic spectrum access(DSA) based on cognitive radios(CR) technique is an effective approach to address the "spectrum scarcity" issue. However, traditional CR-enabled DSA system employs only single DSA strategy, which might not be suited to the dynamic network environment. In this paper, we propose a multi-strategy DSA(MS-DSA) system, where the primary and the secondary system share spectrum resources with multiple DSA strategies simultaneously. To analyze the performance of the proposed MS-DSA system, we model it as a continuous-time Markov chain(CTMC) and derive the expressions to compute the corresponding performance metrics. Based on this, we define a utility function involving the concerns of effective throughput, interference quantity on primary users, and spectrum leasing cost. Two optimization schemes, named as spectrum allocation and false alarm probability selection, are proposed to maximize the utility function. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to validate our analysis and demonstrate that the performance can be significantly improved caused by virtues of the proposed MS-DSA system.

Short-range Climate Prediction Experiment of the Southern Oscillation Index Based on the Singular Spectrum Analysis

The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) time series is analyzed by means of the singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method with 60-month window length. Two major oscillatory pairs are found in the series whose periods are quasi-four and quasi-two years respectively. The auto-regressive model, which is developed on the basis of the Maximum Entropy Spectrum Analysis, is fitted to each of the 9 leading components including the oscillatory pairs. The prediction of SOI with the 36-month lead is obtained from the reconstruction of these extrapolated series. Correlation coefficient between predicted series and 5 months running mean of observed series is up to 0.8. The model can successfully predict the peak and duration of the strong ENSO event from 1997 to 1998. It's also shown that the proper choice of reconstructed components is the key to improve the model prediction.

Anti-Noise Performance of the FT Continuous Zoom Analysis Method for Discrete Spectrum

As a discrete spectrum correction method, the Fourier transform （FT） continuous zoom analysis method is widely used in vibration signal analysis, but little effort had been made on this method＇s anti-noise performance. It is widely believed that the analysis accuracy of the method can be substantially improved by increasing the zoom multiple, however, with the zoom multiple increases, the frequency estimation accuracy may decline sometimes in practices. Aiming at the problems above, this paper analyzes the sources of frequency estimation error when a harmonic signal mixed with and without noise is processed using the FT continuous zoom analysis. According to the characteristics that the local maximum of the zoom spectrum may be wrongly selected when the signal is corrupted with noise, the number of wrongly selected spectrum lines is deduced under different signal-to-noise ratio and local zoom multiple, and then the maximum frequency estimation error is given accordingly. The validity of the presented analysis is confirmed by simulations results. The frequency estimation accuracy of this method will not improve any more under the influence of noise, and there is a best zoom multiple, when the zoom multiple is larger than the best zoom multiple; the maximum frequency estimation error will fluctuate back and forth. The best zoom multiple curves under different signal-to-noise ratios given provide a theoretical basis for the choice of the appropriate zoom multiples of the FT continuous zoom analysis method in engineering applications.

Frequency spectrum analysis on micro-seismic signal of rock bursts induced by dynamic disturbance

Blasting and breaking of hard roof are main inducing causes of rock bursts in coal mines with danger of rock burst,and it is important to find out the frequency spectrum distribution laws of these dynamic stress waves and rock burst waves for researching the mechanism of rock burst.In this paper,Fourier transform as a micro-seismic signal conversion method of amplitude-time character to amplitude-frequency character is used to analyze the frequency spectrum characters of micro-seismic signal of blasting,hard roof breaking and rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance in order to find out the difference and relativity of different signals.The results indicate that blasting and breaking of hard roof are high frequency signals,and the peak values of dominant frequency of the signals are single.However,the results indicate that the rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance are low frequency signals,and there are two obvious peak values in the amplitude-frequency curve witch shows that the signals of rock bursts are superposition of low frequency signals and high frequency signals.The research conclusions prove that dynamic disturbance is necessary condition for rock bursts,and the conclusions provide a new way to research the mechanism of rock bursts.

Geometric Covariance Modeling for Surface Variation of Compliant Parts Based on Hybrid Polynomial Approximation and Spectrum Analysis

Part variation characterization is essential to analyze the variation propagation in flexible assemblies. Aiming at two governing types of surface variation,warping and waviness,a comprehensive approach of geometric covariance modeling based on hybrid polynomial approximation and spectrum analysis is proposed,which can formulate the level and the correlation of surface variations accurately. Firstly,the form error data of compliant part is acquired by CMM. Thereafter,a Fourier-Legendre polynomial decomposition is conducted and the error data are approximated by a Legendre polynomial series. The weighting coefficient of each component is decided by least square method for extracting the warping from the surface variation. Consequently,a geometrical covariance expression for warping deformation is established. Secondly,a Fourier-sinusoidal decomposition is utilized to approximate the waviness from the residual error data. The spectrum is analyzed is to identify the frequency and the amplitude of error data. Thus,a geometrical covariance expression for the waviness is deduced. Thirdly,a comprehensive geometric covariance model for surface variation is developed by the combination the Legendre polynomials with the sinusoidal polynomials. Finally,a group of L-shape sheet metals is measured along a specific contour,and the covariance of the profile errors is modeled by the proposed method. Thereafter,the result is compared with the covariance from two other methods and the real data. The result shows that the proposed covariance model can match the real surface error effectively and represents a tighter approximation error compared with the referred methods.

SAR tomography imaging via higher-order spectrum analysis

To deal with the non-Caussian noise in standard 2-D SAR images, the deramped signal in imaging plane, and the possible symmetric distribution of complex noise, the fourth-order cumulant of complex process is introduced into SAR tomography. With the estimated AR parameters of ARMA model of noise through Yule-Walker equation, the signal series of height is pre-filtered. Then, through ESPRIT, the spectrum is obtained and the aperture in height direction is synthesized. Finally, the SAR tomography imaging of scene is achieved. The results of processing on signal with non-Gaussian noise demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method. The tomography imaging of the scenes shows that the higher-order spectrum analysis is feasible in the application.

A comparison of IBC with 1997 UBC for modal response spectrum analysis in standard-occupancy buildings

This paper presents a comparison of the seismic forces generated from a Modal Response Spectrum Analysis （MRSA） by applying the provisions of two building codes, the 1997 Uniform Building Code （UBC） and the 2000-2009 International Building Code （IBC）, to the most common ordinary residential buildings of standard occupancy. Considering IBC as the state of the art benchmark code, the primary concern is the safety of buildings designed using the UBC as compared to those designed using the IBC. A sample of four buildings with different layouts and heights was used for this comparison. Each of these buildings was assumed to be located at four different geographical sample locations arbitrarily selected to represent various earthquake zones on a seismic map of the USA, and was subjected to code-compliant response spectrum analyses for all sample locations and for five different soil types at each location. Response spectrum analysis was performed using the ETABS software package. For all the cases investigated, the UBC was found to be significantly more conservative than the IBC. The UBC design response spectra have higher spectral accelerations, and as a result, the response spectrum analysis provided a much higher base shear and moment in the structural members as compared to the IBC. The conclusion is that ordinary office and residential buildings designed using UBC 1997 are considered to be overdesigned, and therefore they are quite safe even according to the IBC provisions.

An ocean current inversion accuracy analysis based on a Doppler spectrum model

Microwave remote sensing is one of the most useful methods for observing the ocean parameters. The Doppler frequency or interferometric phase of the radar echoes can be used for an ocean surface current speed retrieval,which is widely used in spaceborne and airborne radars. While the effect of the ocean currents and waves is interactional. It is impossible to retrieve the ocean surface current speed from Doppler frequency shift directly. In order to study the relationship between the ocean surface current speed and the Doppler frequency shift, a numerical ocean surface Doppler spectrum model is established and validated with a reference. The input parameters of ocean Doppler spectrum include an ocean wave elevation model, a directional distribution function, and wind speed and direction. The suitable ocean wave elevation spectrum and the directional distribution function are selected by comparing the ocean Doppler spectrum in C band with an empirical geophysical model function（CDOP）. What is more, the error sensitivities of ocean surface current speed to the wind speed and direction are analyzed. All these simulations are in Ku band. The simulation results show that the ocean surface current speed error is sensitive to the wind speed and direction errors. With VV polarization, the ocean surface current speed error is about 0.15 m/s when the wind speed error is 2 m/s, and the ocean surface current speed error is smaller than 0.3 m/s when the wind direction error is within 20° in the cross wind direction.

Detection Performance Analysis of Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks with Mobile Secondary Users

The majority of existing papers about spectrum sensing have the assumption that secondary users(SUs) are stationary. However,mobility is an essential feature of mobile communications networks. In this paper,the detection performance of spectrum sensing by mobile SUs was analyzed. Three performance metrics,i.e.,detection probability,miss detection probability and false alarm probability,were thoroughly investigated. In our analysis,a critical variable was the real-time received primary user signal power by a mobile SU. Its probability distribution and mathematical expectation were analytically derived. Moreover,the three performance metrics in single-node spectrum sensing and multi-node collaborative spectrum sensing systems were also derived. Extensive simulations were performed. The results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. And it is concluded that SU mobility has a significant impact on the detection probability and the miss detection probability,but not on the false alarm probability.

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectrum and Electrochemical Analysis of the Copper(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymer

The three-dimensional framework copper（Ⅱ） coordination polymer with basic copper carbonate and 3-（pyridin-2-yl）-1,2,4-triazole has been hydrothermally synthesized. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 1.20860（3）, b = 1.29581（2）, c = 1.67863（3） nm, β = 116.0280（2）°, C21H12Cu3N12, Mr = 623.05, V = 2.36230（9） nm3, Dc = 1.752 g/cm3, Z = 4, F（000） = 1236, GOOF = 1.037, the final R = 0.0408 and wR = 0.1141. Every unit cell contains three copper atoms and three 3-（pyridin-2-yl）-1,2,4-triazole ligands. Every central Cu（Ⅱ） ion is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of the 3-（pyridin-2-yl）-1,2,4-triazole ligands, forming a distorted tetrahedron. The title complex exhibits an intense photoluminescence at room temperature with the maximum emission at 392 nm. The cyclic voltametric behavior of the complex shows that the electron transfer in electrolysis reaction is irreversible.

Dynamic prediction of landslide displacement using singular spectrum analysis and stack long short-term memory network

An accurate landslide displacement prediction is an important part of landslide warning system. Aiming at the dynamic characteristics of landslide evolution and the shortcomings of traditional static prediction models, this paper proposes a dynamic prediction model of landslide displacement based on singular spectrum analysis(SSA) and stack long short-term memory(SLSTM) network. The SSA is used to decompose the landslide accumulated displacement time series data into trend term and periodic term displacement subsequences. A cubic polynomial function is used to predict the trend term displacement subsequence, and the SLSTM neural network is used to predict the periodic term displacement subsequence. At the same time, the Bayesian optimization algorithm is used to determine that the SLSTM network input sequence length is 12 and the number of hidden layer nodes is 18. The SLSTM network is updated by adding predicted values to the training set to achieve dynamic displacement prediction. Finally, the accumulated landslide displacement is obtained by superimposing the predicted value of each displacement subsequence. The proposed model was verified on the Xintan landslide in Hubei Province, China. The results show that when predicting the displacement of the periodic term, the SLSTM network has higher prediction accuracy than the support vector machine(SVM) and auto regressive integrated moving average(ARIMA). The mean relative error(MRE) is reduced by 4.099% and 3.548% respectively, while the root mean square error(RMSE) is reduced by 5.830 mm and 3.854 mm respectively. It is concluded that the SLSTM network model can better simulate the dynamic characteristics of landslides.