Improving Performance of Recurrent Neural Networks Using Simulated Annealing for Vertical Wind Speed Estimation

An accurate vertical wind speed(WS)data estimation is required to determine the potential for wind farm installation.In general,the vertical extrapolation of WS at different heights must consider different parameters fromdifferent locations,such as wind shear coefficient,roughness length,and atmospheric conditions.The novelty presented in this article is the introduction of two steps optimization for the Recurrent Neural Networks(RNN)model to estimate WS at different heights using measurements from lower heights.The first optimization of the RNN is performed to minimize a differentiable cost function,namely,mean squared error(MSE),using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm.Secondly,the RNN is optimized to reduce a non-differentiable cost function using simulated annealing(RNN-SA),namely mean absolute error(MAE).Estimation ofWS vertically at 50 m height is done by training RNN-SA with the actualWS data a 10–40 m heights.The estimatedWS at height of 50 m and the measured WS at 10–40 heights are further used to train RNN-SA to obtain WS at 60 m height.This procedure is repeated continuously until theWS is estimated at a height of 180 m.The RNN-SA performance is compared with the standard RNN,Multilayer Perceptron(MLP),Support Vector Machine(SVM),and state of the art methods like convolutional neural networks(CNN)and long short-term memory(LSTM)networks to extrapolate theWS vertically.The estimated values are also compared with realWS dataset acquired using LiDAR and tested using four error metrics namely,mean squared error(MSE),mean absolute percentage error(MAPE),mean bias error(MBE),and coefficient of determination(R2).The numerical experimental results show that the MSE values between the estimated and actualWS at 180mheight for the RNN-SA,RNN,MLP,and SVM methods are found to be 2.09,2.12,2.37,and 2.63,respectively.

Speed Estimation Using Commercial Wi-Fi Device in Smart Home

With the development of Internet of Things(IoT),the speed estimation technology has attracted significant attention in the field of indoor security,intelligent home and personalized service.Due to the indoor multipath propagation,the speed information is implicit in the motion-induced reflected signal.Thus,the wireless signal can be leveraged to measure the speed of moving target.Among existing speed estimation approaches,users need to either carry a specialized device or walk in a predefined route.Wi-Fi based approaches provide an alternative solution in a device-free way.In this paper,we propose a direction independent indoor speed estimation system in terms of Electromagnetic(EM)wave statistical theory.Based on the statistical characteristics of EM waves,we establish the deterministic relationship between the Autocorrelation Function(ACF)of Channel State Information(CSI)and the speed of a moving target.Extensive experiments show that the system achieves a median error of 0.18 m/s for device-free single target walking speed estimation.

Communicating Is Crowdsourcing: Wi-Fi Indoor Localization with CSI-Based Speed Estimation

Numerous indoor localization techniques have been proposed recently to meet the intensive demand for location- based service （LBS）. Among them, the most popular solutions are the Wi-Fi fingerprint-based approaches. The core challenge is to lower the cost of fingerprint site-survey. One of the trends is to collect the piecewise data from clients and establish the radio map in crowdsourcing manner. However the low participation rate blocks the practical use. In this work, we propose a passive crowdsourcing channel state information （CSI） based indoor localization scheme, C2IL. Despite a crowdsourcing based approach, our scheme is totally transparent to the client and the only requirement is to connect to our 802.11n access points （APs）. C2IL is built upon an innovative method to accurately estimate the moving speed solely based on 802.11n CSI. Knowing the walking speed of a client and its surrounding APs, a graph matching algorithm is employed to extract the received signal strength （RSS） fingerprints and establish the fingerprint map. For localization phase, we design a trajectory clustering based localization algorithm to provide precise real-time indoor localization and tracking. We develop and deploy a practical working system of C2IL in a large office environment. Extensive evaluations indicate that the error of speed estimation is within 3%, and the localization error is within 2 m at 80% time in a very complex indoor environment.

Adaptive Gain Tuning Rule for Nonlinear Sliding-mode Speed Control of Encoderless Three-phase Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Motor

In this paper, an adaptive gain tuning rule is designed for the nonlinear sliding mode speed control(NSMSC) in order to enhance the dynamic performance and the robustness of the permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor(PMa-Syn RM) with considering the parameter uncertainties. A nonlinear sliding surface whose parameters are altering with time is designed at first. The proposed NSMSC can minimize the settling time without any overshoot via utilizing a low damping ratio at starting along with a high damping ratio as the output approaches the target set-point. In addition, it eliminates the problem of the singularity with the upper bound of an uncertain term that is hard to be measured practically as well as ensures a rapid convergence in finite time, through employing a simple adaptation law. Moreover, for enhancing the system efficiency throughout the constant torque region, the control system utilizes the maximum torque per ampere technique. The nonlinear sliding surface stability is assured via employing Lyapunov stability theory. Furthermore, a simple sliding mode estimator is employed for estimating the system uncertainties. The stability analysis and the experimental results indicate the effectiveness along with feasibility of the proposed speed estimation and the NSMSC approach for a 1.1-k W PMa-Syn RM under different speed references, electrical and mechanical parameters disparities, and load disturbance conditions.

Estimation of Vehicle Speed Based on Wheel Speeds from ASR System in Four-Wheel Drive Vehicles

Three major methods currently in the use of determining vehicle speed based on wheel speeds, the minimum wheel speed, minimum wheel speed corrected by slope method and the Kalman filter method, are analyzed, with merits and defects of each approach stated. Through simulations, the Kalman filter method based on minimum wheel speed shows improved accuracy, in addition to better adaptivity to vehicle reference speed. It also can be used to acceleration ship regulation （ASR） in part-time four-wheel drive vehicles.

Speed Sensorless Vector Control of Induction Motor Based on Reduced Order Extended Kalman Filter

A speed sensorless vector control system of induction motor with estimated rotor speed and rotor flux using a new reduced order extended Kalman filter is proposed. With this method, two rotor flux components are selected as the state variables, and the rotor speed as an estimated parameter is regarded as an augmented state variable. The algorithm with reduced order decreases the computational complexity and makes the proposed estimator feasible to be implemented in real time. The simulation results show high accuracy of the estimation algorithm and good performance of speed control, and verify the usefulness of the proposed algorithm.

NOVEL SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF INDUCTION MACHINE BASED ON FLUX OBSERVER IN FIELD WEAKENING

A speed-sensorless vector control system for induction machines （IMs）is presented, According to the vector control theory of IMs, the rotor flux is estimated based on a flux observer,and the speed is estimated through the method of q-axis rotor flux converging on zero with proportional integral regulator, A 0.75 kW,50 Hz,two-pole induction machine was used in the simulation and experimental verification, The simulation model was constructed in Matlab. A series of tests were performed in the field weakening region, for both no-load and loaded operation. The estimated speed tracks the actual speed well in the based speed region and field weakening region （ 1 per unit value to 4 per unit value）. The small estimation error of residual speed is due to the existence of slip.

Modified sensorless vector control system of IM based on flux observer

This paper presents a speed sensorless vector control system for induction machine (IM),which is based on a flux observer. According to vector control theory of IM,the q-axis rotor flux converging on zero is utilized for speed estimation. Additionally this system solved the online identification of stator resistance by d-axis flux error. The advantages of the proposed system are simplicity and avoidance of the problems caused by only using a voltage model. The effectiveness of the proposed system has been verified by simulation and experimentation.

Doppler shift based stable clustering scheme for mobile ad hoc networks

This paper addresses the clustering problem for mobile ad hoc networks. In the proposed scheme, Doppler shift associated with received signals is used to estimate the relative speed between aelnster head and its members. With the estimated speed, a node can predict its stay time in every nearby cluster. In the initial clustering stage, a node joins a duster that can provide it with the longest stay time in order to reduce the number of re-affiliations. In the cluster maintaining stage, strategies are designed to help node cope with connection break caused by channel fading and node mobility. Simulation results show that the proposed clustering scheme can reduce the number of re-affiliations and the average disconnection time compared with previous schemes.

Application of Dopplerlet matching pursuit to estimate the range and speed of a moving vessel

This paper presents a new method to estimate the range and the speed of a moving vessel by the features of line spectrum. Dopplerlet matching pursuit are used to estimate range and speed. The line spectrums of moving vessel radiated-noises show some time-frequency features. The features of line spectrum reflect the variation of moving state of the vessel. The computer simulation shows the method is practicable and effective. Moreover, the method is applied to estimate the range and the speed of a real underwater signal and the results agree with the data of the experiment on the sea.

Sensored and sensorless scalar-control strategy of a wind-driven BDFRG for maximum wind-power extraction

This paper presents a scalar volt per hertz(V/f)control technique for maximum power tracking of a grid-connected wind-driven brushless doubly fed reluctance generator(BDFRG).The proposed generator has two stator windings namely;power winding,directly connected to the grid and control winding,connected to the grid through a bi-directional converter.In order to enhance the performance of the proposed scalar-control strategy,a soft starting method is suggested to avoid the over-current of the bi-directional converter.Moreover,the capability of generator speed estimation for sensorless control is also studied.The capability of the proposed scalar-control technique is validated using a sample of simulation results.In addition,the presented simulation results ensure the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for maximum wind-power extraction under windspeed variations.Furthermore,the results show that the estimated generator speed is in a good accordance with the actual generator speed which supports sensorless control capability.

Sliding mode approach applied to sensorless direct torque control of cage asynchronous motor via multi-level inverter

To improve the robustness and performance of the dynamic response of a cage asynchronous motor,a direct torque control(DTC)based on sliding mode control(SMC)is adopted to replace traditional proportional-integral(PI)and hysteresis comparators.The combination of the proposed strategy with sinusoidal pulse width modulation(SPWM)applied to a three-level neutral point clamped(NPC)inverter brings many advantages such as a reduction in harmonics,and precise and rapid tracking of the references.Simulations are performed for a three-level inverter with SM-DTC,a two-level inverter with SM-DTC and the three-level inverter with PI-DTC-SPWM.The results show that the SM-DTC method achieves better performance in terms of reference tracking,while adoption of the threelevel inverter topology can effectively reduce the ripples.Applying the SM-DTC to the three-level inverter presents the best solution for achieving efficient and robust control.In addition,the use of a sliding mode speed estimator eliminates the mechanical sensor and this increases the reliability of the system.