This paper investigated the spelling errors made by university students in Hong Kong.By analyzing the spelling errors in the untimed essays and exam scripts,we found that students are prone to make more spelling mista...This paper investigated the spelling errors made by university students in Hong Kong.By analyzing the spelling errors in the untimed essays and exam scripts,we found that students are prone to make more spelling mistakes in exam scripts,the same type of errors occur in both of the two kinds of texts;and their ranks of the frequency also are the same.展开更多
Writing system is totally different from Chinese writing system.From Chinese learners of English know that,English words are seen as illogical and inconsistent.Learning English spelling presents some difficulties for ...Writing system is totally different from Chinese writing system.From Chinese learners of English know that,English words are seen as illogical and inconsistent.Learning English spelling presents some difficulties for Chinese students because of inconsistencies in English words.But what type of errors do Chinese students make? The intention of this paper is to find out the types of errors for Chinese students and the cause for these mistakes in order to find an approach to improve their spelling accuracy.展开更多
Spelling error corpora can be collected from students' written essays, homework, dictations, translations, tests and lecture notes. Spelling errors can be classified into whole word errors, faulty graphemes and fault...Spelling error corpora can be collected from students' written essays, homework, dictations, translations, tests and lecture notes. Spelling errors can be classified into whole word errors, faulty graphemes and faulty phonemes in which graphemes are deleted, added, reversed or substituted. They can be used for identifying phonological and orthographic problems; spelling strategies that EFL students use in spelling English; spelling error causes or sources and relationship between spelling and decoding weaknesses. The paper gives examples of spelling errors and shows how spelling errors are quantified. Recommendations for remediation are also given.展开更多
According to the difficulties in articulating words, phonetics and L ettters for the English beginners, the author made an experiment on the Direct S pelling method put forward by professor ZhangJianZhong. Through the...According to the difficulties in articulating words, phonetics and L ettters for the English beginners, the author made an experiment on the Direct S pelling method put forward by professor ZhangJianZhong. Through the experiment, it has been proved that the Direct Spelling method is a good method to train stu dents English aspiration, so that students can form the good habits to spell Eng lish words directly and have English speech communication directly.展开更多
The spelling mistakes in English writing are closely related to the incorrect pronunciation of the students, such as misuse of pronunciation rules of Chinese and English, overuse of the rules and coinage. This paper, ...The spelling mistakes in English writing are closely related to the incorrect pronunciation of the students, such as misuse of pronunciation rules of Chinese and English, overuse of the rules and coinage. This paper, on the basis of the analysis of the compositions of the college students, tries to find out how much mispronunciation affects misspelling, analyze the possible causes, and then put forward some suggestions on how to improve English spelling of the students.展开更多
Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the intern...Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.展开更多
Cold spells and severe weather may have detrimental effects in wild birds,but owing to the stochastic nature of these events,it is not always possible to measure their impacts.In January 2021,a strong snowstorm known...Cold spells and severe weather may have detrimental effects in wild birds,but owing to the stochastic nature of these events,it is not always possible to measure their impacts.In January 2021,a strong snowstorm known as‘Filomena’affected Spain,mainly the region of Madrid(Central Spain),which was fully covered with snow and suffered freezing temperatures for a fortnight.Using bird surveys conducted in the winter-spring of 2020 and 2021(before and after Filomena)at same locations,we addressed the possible impact of the cold spell in three widespread gamebirds:Wood Pigeon(Columba palumbus),Eurasian Magpie(Pica pica)and Red-legged Partridge(Alectoris rufa).No significant abundance differences were found between years for none of the species and hunting pressure was only significantly reduced for Partridges,hence this species may have been negatively affected by Filomena.Results suggest that in response to Filomena,Pigeons conducted partial migration in search of better conditions,while Magpies aggregated in certain areas of Madrid and Partridges endured the harsh conditions within their home ranges.Our results highlight the importance to alleviate negative impacts of extreme weather events in wild birds through management actions,especially for sedentary species.展开更多
Most people would agree that reading is helpful in acquiring language. I present here a much stronger position:Genuinely interesting and comprehensible reading is not only the main source of literacy and language, but...Most people would agree that reading is helpful in acquiring language. I present here a much stronger position:Genuinely interesting and comprehensible reading is not only the main source of literacy and language, but alsoan important source of knowledge in a wide number of areas, and also contributes to our understanding of others,otherwise known as empathy.展开更多
Rainfall is a key climate parameter that affects most operations that affect human life, especially in the tropics. Therefore, understanding the various factors that affect the distribution and intensity of this rainf...Rainfall is a key climate parameter that affects most operations that affect human life, especially in the tropics. Therefore, understanding the various factors that affect the distribution and intensity of this rainfall is important for effective planning among the different stakeholders in the weather and climate sectors. This study aimed at understanding how intra seasonal rainfall characteristics, especially Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) and Consecutive Wet Days (CWD), in the two major rainfall seasons will change under two future climate scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in Uganda, covering two future periods of 2021-2050 and 2051-2080. The results indicate a high likelihood of reduced consecutive rainfall days, especially over the Northeastern regions of the country, for both 2021-2050 and 2051-2080. However, the trends in the entire country for the two major rainfall seasons, March to May and September to November, are not significant. Nonetheless, the distribution of these days is important for most agricultural activities during different stages of crop growth. The consecutive dry days show a fairly increasing trend in the eastern part of the country, particularly in the second season of September to November. An increase in consecutive dry days implies more frequent dry spells in the midst of the growing season, potentially affecting some crops during critical growth stages.展开更多
The weighted edit distance and metaphone+ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. ...The weighted edit distance and metaphone+ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. A spelling checker is designed for an automatic detection and correction system for student essays. To evaluate the algorithm it is compared to some famous systems (MS Word2000, Aspell, winEdt). The resuits show that our approach is superior to the alternative approaches.展开更多
A real time communication between deaf and hearing people is still a barrier that isolates the deaf people from the hearing world. Over ninety percent of deaf children are born to hearing parents. However, most of the...A real time communication between deaf and hearing people is still a barrier that isolates the deaf people from the hearing world. Over ninety percent of deaf children are born to hearing parents. However, most of them can only learn how to communicate using sign language at school. One of the reasons is that the hearings parents have neither enough time nor support to learn sign language to communicate and support their children. Not surprisingly, the deaf finds difficulties in the oral-only education. Since many other hearing pupils do not even know about the existence of sign language, they cannot communicate directly with the deaf without a sign language interpreter. Therefore, to enable a face-to-face conversation between deaf and hearing people, it is important not only to sustain real time conversation between the deaf and their hearing counterparts but also to equip the hearing with basics of sign language. However, speech to sign conversion remains a challenge due to dialectal and sign language variation, speech utterance and lack of sign language written form. In this paper, a solution named Face-to-Face Conversation Deaf and Hearing people—FFCDH is proposed to address above issues. FFCDH supports real time conversation and also allows the hearing to learn the signs with the same meaning as the deaf understand. Moreover, FFCDH records the speech of the hearing and converts it into signs for the deaf. It also provides deaf with an option to adjust volume of their speech by displaying volume of their voice. The performance of the system in supporting the deaf has been evaluated by using a real test-bed. The obtained results show that English and Japanese daily conversation phrases can be recognized with over 90 percent accuracy on average. The average coherent of simple content is over 94 percent. However, when the speech includes long and complex phrases, the average accuracy and the coherent are slightly lower because the system could not comprehend long and complex context at large scope.展开更多
Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improv...Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improving agricultural productivity and water utilization. However, the effects of these mulching practices on soil water supply and plant water use associated with crop yield are not well understood. A 3-yr study was conducted to analyze the occurrence and distribution of dry spells in a semiarid region of Northwest China and to evaluate the effects of non-mulching (CK), gravel mulching (GM) and plastic film mulching (FM) on the soil water supply, plant water use and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Rainfall analysis showed that dry spells of ≥5 days occurred frequently in each of 3 yr, accounting for 59.9-69.2% of the maize growing periods. The 〉15-d dry spells during the jointing stage would expose maize plants to particularly severe water stress. Compared with the CK treatment, both the GM and FM treatments markedly increased soil water storage during the early growing season. In general, the total evapotranspiration (ET) was not significantly different among the three treatments, but the mulched treatments significantly increased the ratio of pre- to post-silking ET, which was closely associated with yield improvement. As a result, the grain yield significantly increased by 17.1, 70.3 and 16.7% for the GM treatment and by 28.3, 87.6 and 38.2% for the FM treatment in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. It's concluded that both GM and FM are effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of water deficit and improving maize production in semiarid areas. However. FM is more effective than GM.展开更多
Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen's method with Mann-Kendall's test ...Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen's method with Mann-Kendall's test for quantifying the significance. The geographical patterns of trends in the seasonal indices of extremes were similar to those of total precipitation. For winter, both total and extreme precipitation increased over nearly all of China, except for a small part of northern China. Increasing trends in extreme precipitation also occurred at many stations in southwestern China for spring and the midlower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern China for summer. For autumn, precipitation decreased in eastern China, with an increasing length of maximum dry spell, implying a drying tendency for the post-rainy season. Wetting trends have prevailed in most of western China for all seasons. The well-known 'flood in the south and drought in the north' trend exists in eastern China for summer, while a nearly opposite trend pattern exist for spring.展开更多
Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studie...Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studied for a tropical station Hyderabad(17.4°N,78.46°E).The data is validated with ECMWF Re-Analysis(ERA)91 level data.Relationships of IWV with other atmospheric variables like surface temperature,rain,and precipitation efficiency have been established through cross-correlation studies.A positive correlation coefficient is observed between IWV and surface temperature over two years.But the coefficient becomes negative when only summer monsoon months(June,July,August,and September)are considered.Rainfall during these months cools down the surface and could be the reason for this change in the correlation coefficient.Correlation studies between IWV-precipitation,IWVprecipitation efficiency(P.E),and precipitation-P.E show that coefficients are-0.05,-0.10 and 0.983 with 95%confidence level respectively,which proves that the efficacy of rain does not depend only on the level of water vapor.A proper dynamic mechanism is necessary to convert water vapor into the rain.The diurnal variations of IWV during active and break spells have been analyzed.The amplitudes of diurnal oscillation and its harmonics of individual spell do not show clear trends but the mean amplitudes of the break spells are approximately double than those of the active spells.The amplitudes of diurnal,semidiurnal and ter-diurnal components during break spells are 1.08 kg/m^(2),0.52 kg/m;and 0.34 kg/m;respectively.The corresponding amplitudes during active spells are 0.68 kg/m^(2),0.41 kg/m;and 0.23 kg/m;.展开更多
This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies...This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies and an anomalous anticyclone that continuously transport northern cold air to North China,causing significant,persistent,lower-than-normal daily temperatures.In fact,these positive SLP and anticyclonic wind anomalies begin to appear over northwestern Europe about 10 days prior to the ESCS.The anticyclonic wind anomalies keep moving southeastward and expand to the west of Lake Baikal until two days before the ESCS.Then,the center of the anomalous low-level anticyclone moves over Lake Baikal,inducing northerly wind anomalies that transport cold air into North China.In the following days,as the positive SLP anomalies weaken,the anomalous anticyclone and related northerly winds appear to wane,and the ESCS gradually comes to an end.The results may prove meaningful for the prediction and early warning of ESCSs.展开更多
文摘This paper investigated the spelling errors made by university students in Hong Kong.By analyzing the spelling errors in the untimed essays and exam scripts,we found that students are prone to make more spelling mistakes in exam scripts,the same type of errors occur in both of the two kinds of texts;and their ranks of the frequency also are the same.
文摘Writing system is totally different from Chinese writing system.From Chinese learners of English know that,English words are seen as illogical and inconsistent.Learning English spelling presents some difficulties for Chinese students because of inconsistencies in English words.But what type of errors do Chinese students make? The intention of this paper is to find out the types of errors for Chinese students and the cause for these mistakes in order to find an approach to improve their spelling accuracy.
文摘Spelling error corpora can be collected from students' written essays, homework, dictations, translations, tests and lecture notes. Spelling errors can be classified into whole word errors, faulty graphemes and faulty phonemes in which graphemes are deleted, added, reversed or substituted. They can be used for identifying phonological and orthographic problems; spelling strategies that EFL students use in spelling English; spelling error causes or sources and relationship between spelling and decoding weaknesses. The paper gives examples of spelling errors and shows how spelling errors are quantified. Recommendations for remediation are also given.
文摘According to the difficulties in articulating words, phonetics and L ettters for the English beginners, the author made an experiment on the Direct S pelling method put forward by professor ZhangJianZhong. Through the experiment, it has been proved that the Direct Spelling method is a good method to train stu dents English aspiration, so that students can form the good habits to spell Eng lish words directly and have English speech communication directly.
文摘The spelling mistakes in English writing are closely related to the incorrect pronunciation of the students, such as misuse of pronunciation rules of Chinese and English, overuse of the rules and coinage. This paper, on the basis of the analysis of the compositions of the college students, tries to find out how much mispronunciation affects misspelling, analyze the possible causes, and then put forward some suggestions on how to improve English spelling of the students.
文摘Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.
基金fully funded by the Regional Government of Madrid(Comunidad de Madrid),through the‘Subvenciones públicas a entidades sinanimo de lucro destinadas a financiar la realizacion de actividades y proyectos ambientales en la Comunidad de Madrid 2020-2021’.
文摘Cold spells and severe weather may have detrimental effects in wild birds,but owing to the stochastic nature of these events,it is not always possible to measure their impacts.In January 2021,a strong snowstorm known as‘Filomena’affected Spain,mainly the region of Madrid(Central Spain),which was fully covered with snow and suffered freezing temperatures for a fortnight.Using bird surveys conducted in the winter-spring of 2020 and 2021(before and after Filomena)at same locations,we addressed the possible impact of the cold spell in three widespread gamebirds:Wood Pigeon(Columba palumbus),Eurasian Magpie(Pica pica)and Red-legged Partridge(Alectoris rufa).No significant abundance differences were found between years for none of the species and hunting pressure was only significantly reduced for Partridges,hence this species may have been negatively affected by Filomena.Results suggest that in response to Filomena,Pigeons conducted partial migration in search of better conditions,while Magpies aggregated in certain areas of Madrid and Partridges endured the harsh conditions within their home ranges.Our results highlight the importance to alleviate negative impacts of extreme weather events in wild birds through management actions,especially for sedentary species.
文摘Most people would agree that reading is helpful in acquiring language. I present here a much stronger position:Genuinely interesting and comprehensible reading is not only the main source of literacy and language, but alsoan important source of knowledge in a wide number of areas, and also contributes to our understanding of others,otherwise known as empathy.
文摘Rainfall is a key climate parameter that affects most operations that affect human life, especially in the tropics. Therefore, understanding the various factors that affect the distribution and intensity of this rainfall is important for effective planning among the different stakeholders in the weather and climate sectors. This study aimed at understanding how intra seasonal rainfall characteristics, especially Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) and Consecutive Wet Days (CWD), in the two major rainfall seasons will change under two future climate scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in Uganda, covering two future periods of 2021-2050 and 2051-2080. The results indicate a high likelihood of reduced consecutive rainfall days, especially over the Northeastern regions of the country, for both 2021-2050 and 2051-2080. However, the trends in the entire country for the two major rainfall seasons, March to May and September to November, are not significant. Nonetheless, the distribution of these days is important for most agricultural activities during different stages of crop growth. The consecutive dry days show a fairly increasing trend in the eastern part of the country, particularly in the second season of September to November. An increase in consecutive dry days implies more frequent dry spells in the midst of the growing season, potentially affecting some crops during critical growth stages.
文摘The weighted edit distance and metaphone+ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. A spelling checker is designed for an automatic detection and correction system for student essays. To evaluate the algorithm it is compared to some famous systems (MS Word2000, Aspell, winEdt). The resuits show that our approach is superior to the alternative approaches.
文摘A real time communication between deaf and hearing people is still a barrier that isolates the deaf people from the hearing world. Over ninety percent of deaf children are born to hearing parents. However, most of them can only learn how to communicate using sign language at school. One of the reasons is that the hearings parents have neither enough time nor support to learn sign language to communicate and support their children. Not surprisingly, the deaf finds difficulties in the oral-only education. Since many other hearing pupils do not even know about the existence of sign language, they cannot communicate directly with the deaf without a sign language interpreter. Therefore, to enable a face-to-face conversation between deaf and hearing people, it is important not only to sustain real time conversation between the deaf and their hearing counterparts but also to equip the hearing with basics of sign language. However, speech to sign conversion remains a challenge due to dialectal and sign language variation, speech utterance and lack of sign language written form. In this paper, a solution named Face-to-Face Conversation Deaf and Hearing people—FFCDH is proposed to address above issues. FFCDH supports real time conversation and also allows the hearing to learn the signs with the same meaning as the deaf understand. Moreover, FFCDH records the speech of the hearing and converts it into signs for the deaf. It also provides deaf with an option to adjust volume of their speech by displaying volume of their voice. The performance of the system in supporting the deaf has been evaluated by using a real test-bed. The obtained results show that English and Japanese daily conversation phrases can be recognized with over 90 percent accuracy on average. The average coherent of simple content is over 94 percent. However, when the speech includes long and complex phrases, the average accuracy and the coherent are slightly lower because the system could not comprehend long and complex context at large scope.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270553)the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB118604)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201103003)
文摘Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improving agricultural productivity and water utilization. However, the effects of these mulching practices on soil water supply and plant water use associated with crop yield are not well understood. A 3-yr study was conducted to analyze the occurrence and distribution of dry spells in a semiarid region of Northwest China and to evaluate the effects of non-mulching (CK), gravel mulching (GM) and plastic film mulching (FM) on the soil water supply, plant water use and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Rainfall analysis showed that dry spells of ≥5 days occurred frequently in each of 3 yr, accounting for 59.9-69.2% of the maize growing periods. The 〉15-d dry spells during the jointing stage would expose maize plants to particularly severe water stress. Compared with the CK treatment, both the GM and FM treatments markedly increased soil water storage during the early growing season. In general, the total evapotranspiration (ET) was not significantly different among the three treatments, but the mulched treatments significantly increased the ratio of pre- to post-silking ET, which was closely associated with yield improvement. As a result, the grain yield significantly increased by 17.1, 70.3 and 16.7% for the GM treatment and by 28.3, 87.6 and 38.2% for the FM treatment in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. It's concluded that both GM and FM are effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of water deficit and improving maize production in semiarid areas. However. FM is more effective than GM.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009CB421401 and 2006CB400503)
文摘Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen's method with Mann-Kendall's test for quantifying the significance. The geographical patterns of trends in the seasonal indices of extremes were similar to those of total precipitation. For winter, both total and extreme precipitation increased over nearly all of China, except for a small part of northern China. Increasing trends in extreme precipitation also occurred at many stations in southwestern China for spring and the midlower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern China for summer. For autumn, precipitation decreased in eastern China, with an increasing length of maximum dry spell, implying a drying tendency for the post-rainy season. Wetting trends have prevailed in most of western China for all seasons. The well-known 'flood in the south and drought in the north' trend exists in eastern China for summer, while a nearly opposite trend pattern exist for spring.
基金research fellowship offered by ISRO under RESPOND program[No.ISRO/RES/2/406/16-17]。
文摘Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studied for a tropical station Hyderabad(17.4°N,78.46°E).The data is validated with ECMWF Re-Analysis(ERA)91 level data.Relationships of IWV with other atmospheric variables like surface temperature,rain,and precipitation efficiency have been established through cross-correlation studies.A positive correlation coefficient is observed between IWV and surface temperature over two years.But the coefficient becomes negative when only summer monsoon months(June,July,August,and September)are considered.Rainfall during these months cools down the surface and could be the reason for this change in the correlation coefficient.Correlation studies between IWV-precipitation,IWVprecipitation efficiency(P.E),and precipitation-P.E show that coefficients are-0.05,-0.10 and 0.983 with 95%confidence level respectively,which proves that the efficacy of rain does not depend only on the level of water vapor.A proper dynamic mechanism is necessary to convert water vapor into the rain.The diurnal variations of IWV during active and break spells have been analyzed.The amplitudes of diurnal oscillation and its harmonics of individual spell do not show clear trends but the mean amplitudes of the break spells are approximately double than those of the active spells.The amplitudes of diurnal,semidiurnal and ter-diurnal components during break spells are 1.08 kg/m^(2),0.52 kg/m;and 0.34 kg/m;respectively.The corresponding amplitudes during active spells are 0.68 kg/m^(2),0.41 kg/m;and 0.23 kg/m;.
基金jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2016YFA0600701]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers41675083 and 41210007]the CAS–PKU Joint Research Program
文摘This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies and an anomalous anticyclone that continuously transport northern cold air to North China,causing significant,persistent,lower-than-normal daily temperatures.In fact,these positive SLP and anticyclonic wind anomalies begin to appear over northwestern Europe about 10 days prior to the ESCS.The anticyclonic wind anomalies keep moving southeastward and expand to the west of Lake Baikal until two days before the ESCS.Then,the center of the anomalous low-level anticyclone moves over Lake Baikal,inducing northerly wind anomalies that transport cold air into North China.In the following days,as the positive SLP anomalies weaken,the anomalous anticyclone and related northerly winds appear to wane,and the ESCS gradually comes to an end.The results may prove meaningful for the prediction and early warning of ESCSs.