Co-integration Analysis of the Relationship between Residents' Consumer Spending and GDP in Hubei Province

In accordance with the economic data from Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in Hubei Province in the period 1980-2009, we use co-integration analysis method to research the impact of GDP growth on residents' consumer spending. Result shows that although there are differences between GDP and residents' consumer spending in the short term, the equilibrium relationship exists between them, namely, the co-integration relationship, showing consistency in trends.

Competitive market forces and trends in US hospital spending, 2001-2009

Objectives: To investigate components of the rapidly increasing trend in hospital spending in the 2000’s and their relationship to market structure. Study Design: Aggregate time series and multivariate analysis are conducted to test whether hospital spending growth is driven by price or quantity and how recent hospital spending growth is related to health plan and hospital market structure. Method: Hospitals are grouped into strong and weak competitive markets based on the relative concentration of hospital and health plan markets as well as managed care penetration. Results: Inflation adjusted hospital spending grew much faster than gross domestic product (GDP) throughout the 2000s. Regression results show that rapid growth was observed across all hospital markets—even in those markets where price competitive market forces are the strongest and that rising hospital prices, and not utilization explain most of the increases in hospital spending. Conclusions: Hospital spending exceeded the consumer price index (CPI) by a substantial margin in the 2000’s due in part to weakening competitive market forces, which had a dampening effect on spending and especially prices. Unless competition is restored, the cost of health care for consumers, employers and public payers can be expected to increase.

Fiscal Livelihood Spending’s Effects on Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in China

This paper investigates how fiscal spending on livelihood improves multidimensional household poverty in China.Based on the panel data of the“China Health and Nutrition Survey”(CHNS)for 2004-2015,we measured the chronic multidimensional poverty index for Chinese households.We have created a multitiered model for empirical analysis.Our findings suggest that multidimensional poverty in China is predominantly capacity poverty.Fiscal spending on livelihoods significantly reduces multidimensional poverty for Chinese households,especially rural households.Investments on livelihoods are more poverty-reducing than transfer spending on livelihoods.As an innovation,this paper offers a dynamic analysis of the effects of livelihood spending on multidimensional household poverty controlling for heterogeneity between individual households and across regions.Our conclusion suggests that the government should improve policy arrangements to increase social opportunities and support sustainable development capacities for the poor,while enhancing protective social security systems.

The Impact of HIV Spending on Health Outcomes in Thailand

Background: The Sustainable Development Goals commitment to Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires sustained adequate investment. This study sought to examine the association between HIV/AIDS spending and outcomes in Thailand between 2008 and 2019. Methods: A quantitative secondary data analysis with time-series was conducted using a retrospective dataset of HIV spending and some selected outcomes including the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and AIDS-related deaths. Data were obtained from a diverse set of sources. Descriptive statistics and univariate regression model were used to analyze HIV expenditure and outcomes. Results: HIV spending per PLHIV rose by two folds from $347 in 2008 to more than $600 in 2019, mostly financed by domestic sources. This increase of domestic resources per PLHIV was significantly associated with better HIV-related outcomes especially in the reduction of PLHIV and AIDS-related deaths through increased number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the spending per PLHIV varied across the three public health insurance schemes. Comparison of HIV expenditure and health outcomes across upper-middle-income countries shows Thailand is not highly ranked in terms of spending efficiency despite having made good progress. Conclusion: Domestic financing for HIV programs is indispensable for achieving the goal of ending AIDS. Despite significant improvement in HIV-related outcomes, challenges remain in achieving the 90-90-90 goal. The redesigning of payment methods should be considered to increase the efficiency of HIV financing. Other factors related to strengthening the health system should not be overlooked.

The Nexus between Nigerian Government Spending and Domestic Output in the Presence of Long-Term Crude Oil Price Shock: A Conditional Unrestricted Equilibrium Correction Model Approach

This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.

Spending Power on the rise in China’s Smaller Cities

China’s big spenders now far-flung by Yu Nan WIDELY recognized as one of the most beautiful cities in China,the coastal port of Dalian is a perfect example of a lowertier city becoming a growth hub for multinationals, owing to stronger purchasing power. That trend inspired Boston Consulting Group(BCG) to release a report,advising businessmen to look beyond the familiar mega-cities to the fast-growing smaller

Charting the course:India’s health expenditure projections for 2035 Author links open overlay panel

Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns in India and forecasted future trends and patterns until 2035.Methods Data on health expenditure in India from 2000 to 2019 was collected from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)iLibrary and National Health Accounts 2019 databases.Gross domestic product(GDP)data from the World Bank was also utilized.Descriptive statistics analyzed the composition and pattern,while the exponential smoothing model forecasted future health expenditures.Results The findings revealed that expenditure made by OOP is the primary health financing source,followed by government and pre-paid private spending.The percentage of GDP allocated to total health expenditure remains stable,while the per capita health expenditure fluctuates.Variations in expenditure among states are observed,with Karnataka relying heavily on pre-paid private coverage.Future projections suggest a decline in per capita and total health expenditure as a share of GDP,with a slight increase in the government’s share.Pre-paid private expenditure per capita and OOP health expenditure as a share of the total is projected to remain relatively constant but still high in absolute terms.Conclusion The study highlights variations in health spending in India,characterized by high OOP spending,limited public coverage,and a need for investments,and reforms to improve healthcare access and equity.

Government R&D spending,fiscal instruments and corporate technological innovation

Using panel data from 242 cities in China,we examine the impact of government research and development(R&D)spending on corporate technological innovation.We find that listed firms located in cities with higher government R&D expenditures are more innovative than firms in other cities.Further,the positive effect of government R&D spending depends on fiscal instruments and factor allocation.Through subsidies and tax incentives,government R&D spending enhances firm innovation by alleviating financing constraints,improving employee creativity and ensuring efficient operations.We demonstrate that subsidies are more effective than taxes in spurring corporate technological innovation.We also show that the impact of government R&D spending is stronger for state-owned and high-tech enterprises than for other enterprises.Overall,our findings suggest that government R&D spending can substantially improve corporate technological innovation through fiscal instruments.

R＆D spending, strategic position and firm performance

Based on R＆D investment data from Chinese listed manufacturing firms, this paper examines the effect of R＆D spending on firms＇ future performance conditional on their strategic positions. We find that firms pursing a product differentiation strategy have more R＆D spending than those with a cost leadership strategy. In addition, we document a positive effect of R＆D spending on firms＇ future performance if they adopt a product differentiation strategy. Meanwhile, for the firms that adopt a cost leadership strategy, the relationship between R＆D spending and firm performance resembles an inversed U-shape. Furthermore, we find this inversed U-shape relationship only exists for non-state-owned firms. Overall, this paper provides guidance and useful suggestions on the efficient allocation of R＆D resources for Chinese manufacturing firms.

Call for knowledge systematization:An example from lithium ion batteries recycling

Scientific research is one of the primary ways to drive human civilization forward.Countless research institutions and researchers worldwide are dedicated to exploring the unknown,resulting in a flood of research findings[1].For instance,Web of Science alone collects over 10,000 academic papers on a daily basis.While each research field typically has around 10%of review articles,these mainly focus on a limited portion of the subject,failing to provide a comprehensive and real-time updated overview.As a result,researchers or students in a particular field may spend several months,or even longer,comprehending the state of research that has developed over just a few years.The lack of systematic background often leads to redundant or similar studies,which is highly detrimental to the progress of science and technology.

Too Much Sitting

Do you spend many hours of the day sitting?When you sit,Susie:Betteryet,beactive.Takeashort you use less energy than you do when you are active.Sitting toomuchhurts your back,and it's badfor your.heart.It causes you to gain weight and may even increase your risk of cancer.

踏进大家说英语的世界

Do you spend many hours of the day siting?When you sit,you use less energy than you do when you are active.Sitting too much hurts your back,and it's bad for your heart.It causes you to gain weight andmay even increase your risk of cancer.Howcanyou avoid sitting too much?

陷入困境

水就在你的周围,在英语当中也比比皆是。你如果in deep water“有麻烦了”,就是遇到了严重的问题,可能是有债务还不上。你如果身处于troubled waters“困境”当中,就是做一件事情遇到了困难。你如果到了dead in the water“穷途末路”,就是陷入困境中,什么都没办法做。你要是spend money like water“花钱如流水”,就是随意花钱而不多加考虑。你要是keep one's head above water“勉强度日”,就是尽力应对眼前的状况,但几乎无法做到。

On the nexus of environmental quality and public spending on health care in China:a panel cointegration analysis

Does pollution drive up public spending on health care?This paper aims to answer such a crucial question empirically using a panel data set of 31 Chinese provinces during the period 1997–2014.In particular,this paper explores the non-stationarity and cointegration properties between health care expenditure and environmental indicators in a panel cointegration framework;in doing so,it examines both the long-run and the short-run impacts of the per capita provincial GDP,waste gas emissions,dust and smog emissions,and waste water emissions on the per capita public health expenditure.We apply panel unit root tests,heterogeneous panel cointegration tests,FMOLS techniques,and a panel-based error-correction model.The conclusion is that,both in the long run and in the short run,public health care expenditure is positively affected not only by the provincial economy but also by the environmental quality.

MEET YOUR TEACHER David

Q:What is your favoritekind of exercise?A:I like to workout at the gym.Training with weights is fun,and you feel happy when you see your body get stronger.I also like to go swimming.Q:Do you visit your family?Whatdo you like to do withthem?A:I visit my family every month.They live two hours away from me,so it's not very far away.As my parents get older,it is important to spend more time with them.And it's always fun to watch movies with my brother.

A Special Celebration Sharing joy through cultural exchanges far away from home

Thanks to the scholarship granted to me by the China Scholarship Council under the Project on Innovative Talent in African Studies,I had the incredible opportunity to spend six months living in Ibadan,Nigeria’s third-largest city,and study at the University of Ibadan.Intrigued by teaching and eager to gain insights into local schools,I applied to be a Chinese teacher at Abiodun Metropolitan Schools.

Spending Spree

Chinese consumption surges ahead of worker income rates Last month, Zhang Lin, a 30-year-old magazine editor, spent 7,100 yuan ($1=7.73 yuan) on a newly launched Nokia N95 mobile phone. This amount nearly equals his monthly salary. Together with daily

Spring Spending Surges

Holiday cheer puts Chinese consumers in a buying mood Liu Yuxuan,a Japanese translator in Beijing,is one of those thrift-minded Chinese who tend to live within their means. Like many others,30-year-old Liu places the bulk of her salary in a