Gene and protein expression profiling analysis of young spike development in large spike wheat germplasms

The wheat grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major yield-limiting factor in wheat-breeding programs. Germplasms with a high GNPS are therefore valuable for increasing wheat yield potential. To investigate the molecular characteristics of young spike development in large-spike wheat germplasms with high GNPS, we performed gene and protein expression profiling analysis with three high-GNPS wheat lines （Pubing 3228, Pubing 3504 and 4844-12） and one Iow-GNPS control variety （Fukuho）. The phenotypic data for the spikes in two growth seasons showed that the GNPS of the three large-spike wheat lines were significantly higher than that of the Fukuho control line. The Affymetrix wheat chip and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-tandam mass spectrometry （iTRAQ-MS/MS） technology were employed for gene and protein expression profiling analyses of young spike development, respectively, at the floret primordia differentiation stage. A total of 598 differentially expressed transcripts （270 up-regulated and 328 down-regulated） and 280 proteins （122 up- regulated and 158 down-regulated） were identified in the three high-GNPS lines compared with the control line. We found that the expression of some floral development-related genes, including Wknoxlb, the AP2 domain protein kinase and the transcription factor HUA2, were up-regulated in the high-GNPS lines. The expression of the SHEPHERD （SHD） gene was up-regulated at both the transcript and protein levels. Overall, these results suggest that multiple regulatory pathways, including the CLAVATA pathway and the meristem-maintaining KNOX protein pathway, take part in the development of the high-GNPS phenotype in our wheat germplasms.

Systematic identification of wheat spike developmental regulators by integrated multiomics, transcriptional network, GWAS, and genetic analyses

The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcriptome and epigenome profiles of the young spike at eight developmental stages,revealing co-ordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and H3K27me3 abundance during the flowering transition.We constructed a core transcriptional regulatory network(TRN)that drives wheat spike formation and experimentally validated a multi-layer regulatorymodule involving TaSPL15,TaAGLG1,and TaFUL2.By integrating the TRN with genome-wide association studies,we identified 227 transcription factors,including 42 with known functions and 185 with unknown functions.Further investigation of 61 novel transcription factors using multiple homozygous mutant lines revealed 36 transcription factors that regulate spike architecture or flowering time,such as TaMYC2-A1,TaMYB30-A1,and TaWRKY37-A1.Of particular interest,TaMYB30-A1,downstream of and repressed by WFzP,was found to regulate fertile spikelet number.Notably,the excellent haplotype of TaMYB30-A1,which contains a C allele at the WFzP binding site,was enriched during wheat breeding improvement in China,leading to improved agronomic traits.Finally,we constructed a free and open access Wheat Spike Multi-Omic Database(http://39.98.48.156:8800/#/).Our study identifies novel and high-confidence regulators and offers an effective strategy for dissecting the genetic basis of wheat spike development,with practical value forwheat breeding.

Twice-split phosphorus application alleviates low-temperature impacts on wheat by improved spikelet development and setting

Extreme low-temperature incidents have become more frequent and severe as climate change intensifies.In HuangHuai-Hai wheat growing area of China,the late spring coldness occurring at the jointing-booting stage(the anther interval stage)has resulted in significant yield losses of winter wheat.This study attempts to develop an economical,feasible,and efficient cultivation technique for improving the low-temperature(LT)resistance of wheat by exploring the effects of twice-split phosphorus application(TSPA)on wheat antioxidant characteristics and carbon and nitrogen metabolism physiology under LT treatment at the anther interval stage using Yannong 19 as the experimental material.The treatments consisted of traditional phosphorus application and TSPA,followed by a-4℃ LT treatment and natural temperature(NT)control at the anther interval stage.Our analyses showed that,compared with the traditional application,the TSPA increased the net photosynthetic rate(P_(n)),stomatal conductance(Gs),and transpiration rate(T_(r))of leaves and reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(C_(i)).The activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in the young wheat spikes was also increased by the TSPA,which promoted the accumulation of soluble sugar(SS),sucrose(SUC),soluble protein(SP),and proline(Pro)in young wheat spike and reduced the toxicity of malondialdehyde(MDA).Due to the improved organic nutrition for reproductive development,the young wheat spikes exhibited enhanced LT resistance,which reduced the sterile spikelet number(SSN)per spike by 11.8%and increased the spikelet setting rate(SSR)and final yield by 6.0 and 8.4%,respectively,compared to the traditional application.The positive effects of split phosphorus application became more pronounced when the LT treatment was prolonged.

小麦穗部发育多效基因的遗传分析与基因定位

在小麦育种材料中首次发现一种穗部发育萎缩且花器官明显退化,但茎、叶等其他器官发育正常的突变体sda1(spike development atrophy 1)。用显微镜观察突变体sda1的花器官,用碘-碘化钾鉴定其小孢子育性;以‘陕麦94’为父本,突变材料sda1为母本构建F2群体,调查各主要农艺性状,灌浆期测定穗部及穗下茎可溶性糖含量、旗叶光合性能(净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率),对该突变体进行遗传分析;利用SSR微卫星标记,通过混合分离分析(BSA)和群体连锁分析进行基因定位,进一步探索该基因功能。结果表明:(1)小麦突变体sda1雄蕊发育畸形,雌蕊发育萎缩,小孢子几乎全部丧失育性。(2)对突变体sda1原株系中表型正常植株的后代分离统计分析结果证明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制,并命名该基因为SDA1。(3)在F2群体中,突变株抽穗期较正常株延迟4d;穗部及穗下茎可溶性糖含量分别显著高于正常株30.6%和11.0%,但突变株与正常株的抽穗持续时间(均为8d)和光合性能无显著差异。(4)经基因定位分析初步确定SDA1位于小麦6B染色体WMC398和BARC136标记之间,与两标记的遗传距离分别为2.2cM和2.1cM。推测认为,SDA1是一个控制抽穗期与器官发育的多效基因,且该基因突变影响植株的糖分转化与利用。

小麦生育期的阶段划分和小麦品种的生育类型

根据对不同麦区适应品种和不同类型早熟大穗材料生育过程的系统观察,将小麦的生育期以单棱、双棱和开花为界划分为4个生育阶段:Ⅰ.播种至单棱;Ⅱ.单棱至双棱;Ⅲ.双棱至开花;Ⅳ.开花至成熟。分析指出,第1阶段持续天数是品种冬春性强弱的重要标志;第1阶段持续天数是形成大穗的关键因素;同时二者与品种的早熟性都密切相关。第Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段的不同组合基本上决定了品种的生育类型;特定的生育类型适应于特定的生态条件,具有特定的冬春性——大穗性——早熟性复合特点。该3个性状之间存在着一种相互依存的三角关系。

普通小麦分枝穗发育遗传研究

根据激素处理和遗传分析结果,探讨了普通小麦分枝穗的发育遗传及其在育种中的利用价值。分枝穗受独立遗传的bh隐性基因控制。bh基因在第二、三发育形态阶段,通过调控幼穗内源激素平衡值而间接控制穗型变化。在不同的遗传背景和环境条件下,bh基因可以表达为长分枝、短分枝、并列小穗及不分枝的普通多小穗等各种穗型。带有bh基因的穗分枝种质资源可在育种中用于创制多种分枝穗和不分枝的普通多小穗材料。

进化大规模脉冲神经网络的发育方法

通过自然进化得到的脑包含几十亿的神经元和几万亿的神经连接,并表现出复杂的智能行为.受生物脑进化与发育的启发,研究者给出了进化神经网络的发育编码方法,特点是通过基因重用可在较小的基因空间中进行大规模神经网络的快速搜索.以人工基因组模型为框架描述基因调控网络,用基因表达的动态特性表示细胞命运特化的发育过程,提出了一种进化大规模脉冲神经网络的发育方法.该方法的特点在于可以快速有效地发育生成脉冲神经元、神经连接和突触可塑性.相应的食物采集进化实验突现了以神经驱动的自主智能体的智能行为,并验证了该方法对大规模脉冲神经网络的进化能力.

水体和沉积物加标法评估BPAP对摇蚊的毒性

为了研究水体加标法和沉积物加标法摇蚊毒性测试的差异,采用水体和沉积物加标法对比测试了双酚AP(BPAP)对伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)全生命周期的繁殖发育毒性。实验结果表明,在水体添加法摇蚊全生命周期毒性试验中,60~900μg·L-1BPAP处理组对两代摇蚊的羽化率、发育率、性别比和繁殖力均无显著影响(P>0.05);而在沉积物添加法试验中,3 200μg·kg-1及更高浓度处理组亲代羽化率和子代羽化率、发育率显著降低(P<0.05)。水体加标法和沉积物加标法得到的BPAP对摇蚊两代发育、繁殖无显著影响浓度(NOEC)分别为≥900μg·L-1和1 600μg·kg-1(即0.00070‰和0.00035‰,以BPAP在水-沉积物系统所占质量比计)。因此BPAP沉积物添加法对摇蚊的繁殖发育毒性效应大于水体添加法。在化学品危害评估中,摇蚊慢性毒性测试方法或数据的选择应考虑实际环境中该化学品进入水-沉积物系统的方式。

郑旱一号幼穗分化发育特点的观察研究

通过对郑旱一号等小麦品种幼穗分化发育的观察研究,明确了郑旱一号幼穗分化发育的特点。结果表明,郑旱一号的幼穗分化表现为单棱期长,二棱期短,主要以单棱期越冬,属冬性品种;郑旱一号的小穗数、分化小花数、穗粒数少于参照品种,但其结实率、千粒重和单株分蘖成穗数高于参照品种,千粒重的优势则更加明显。