Skim resequencing finely maps the downy mildew resistance loci RPF2 and RPF3 in spinach cultivars whale and Lazio

Commercial production of spinach(Spinacia oleracea L.)is centered in California and Arizona in the US,where downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa is the most destructive disease.Nineteen typical races of P.effusa have been reported to infect spinach,with 16 identified after 1990.The regular appearance of new pathogen races breaks the resistance gene introgressed in spinach.We attempted to map and delineate the RPF2 locus at a finer resolution,identify linked single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers,and report candidate downy mildew resistance(R)genes.Progeny populations segregating for RPF2 locus derived from resistant differential cultivar Lazio were infected using race 5 of P.effusa and were used to study for genetic transmission and mapping analysis in this study.Association analysis performed with low coverage whole genome resequencing-generated SNP markers mapped the RPF2 locus between 0.47 to 1.46 Mb of chromosome 3 with peak SNP(Chr3_1,221,009)showing a LOD value of 61.6 in the GLM model in TASSEL,which was within 1.08 Kb from Spo12821,a gene that encodes CC-NBS-LRR plant disease resistance protein.In addition,a combined analysis of progeny panels of Lazio and Whale segregating for RPF2 and RPF3 loci delineated the resistance section in chromosome 3 between 1.18–1.23 and 1.75–1.76 Mb.This study provides valuable information on the RPF2 resistance region in the spinach cultivar Lazio compared to RPF3 loci in the cultivar Whale.The RPF2 and RPF3 specific SNP markers,plus the resistant genes reported here,could add value to breeding efforts to develop downy mildew resistant cultivars in the future.

Effects of Different Application Rates of Bioorganic Fertilizer on the Growth of Spinach in a Short Term

[Objectives]This study was conducted to promote the rational use of bioorganic fertilizers.[Methods]Stanley bioorganic fertilizer was selected to investigate the laws and characteristics of the effects of bioorganic fertilizer on spinach growth with different application rates in a short term and found out the precise application rate.[Results]As the application rate of bioorganic fertilizer increasing,the emergence rate of spinach decreased.The total weights and leaf areas of spinach plants treated with different application rates of bioorganic fertilizers were all higher than those of the control check(CK).The total weights and leaf areas of spinach plants applied with bioorganic fertilizer at different rates were all higher than those of the CK.The total weight of spinach plants increased linearly with the application rate of bioorganic fertilizer increasing among treatments,while the leaf area fluctuated with the increase of bioorganic fertilizer concentration among various treatments.The average root volumes and average diameters of treatments applied with bioorganic fertilizer at different rates were all higher than those in the CK,but the average root length showed a different trend.The average root length was higher in the CK than in various bioorganic fertilizer treatments in the early growth period,but the differences of various treatments from the CK gradually decreased in the middle period,and in the later period,the root length of spinach treated with organic fertilizer gradually exceeded the CK.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of bioorganic fertilizers in spinach production.

薄层色谱法分离菠菜色素实验的绿色改进

薄层色谱法(TLC)是一种快速分离和定性分析少量物质的常用实验技术,在原有薄层色谱法分离菠菜色素的实验中,所选择的展开剂中使用大量一类致癌物苯,实验过程中经常出现斑点拖尾、色素点分离不清晰等问题.为了避免使用致癌物苯且优化实验效果,选择非极性溶剂石油醚、正己烷、环己烷和极性溶剂乙醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮多次组合进行薄层色谱分离菠菜色素实验,结果显示:当展开剂为正己烷-丙酮体积比为7:3时分离效果最好,胡萝卜素、脱镁叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶黄素的Rf值分别为0.92,0.85,0.42,0.28,0.72,色素斑点完整、清晰度好.对该实验方法进行验证,结果显示其重现性和耐用性良好.

芽孢杆菌及其胞外多糖对空心菜和茼蒿Cd吸收及土壤团聚体的影响

本研究旨在探究产胞外多糖芽孢杆菌对蔬菜镉(Cd)积累及土壤结构的影响。采用以空心菜和茼蒿为供试材料的盆栽试验,研究了功能菌株Priestia megaterium YG35和Bacillus halodurans G20降低蔬菜吸收Cd的效果和可能作用机制。结果表明,与CK相比,菌株YG35、菌株G20及其胞外多糖处理显著增加空心菜和茼蒿可食用组织干质量(37.8%~115.1%),显著降低可食用组织Cd含量(21.9%~44.2%),并使茼蒿Cd含量(0.057~0.061 mg·kg-1)达到安全可食用标准,显著降低根际土壤有效态Cd含量(3.7%~11.7%),显著(P<0.05)增加根际土壤多糖含量(35.9%~49.5%)和蔗糖酶活性(15.3%~28.4%),促进根际土壤团聚体向大粒径转化。研究表明,YG35和G20及其胞外多糖能降低蔬菜对Cd的吸收,促进蔬菜生长,改善土壤结构,具有在Cd污染土壤上实现蔬菜安全生产的应用潜力。

菠菜抗霜霉病育种研究进展

菠菜是我国重要的经济叶菜之一,营养物质含量丰富。随着菠菜种植面积的逐年增加,霜霉病菌的生理小种不断更新,霜霉病的发生也日益严重,对菠菜生产造成了重大损失。鉴定菠菜霜霉病菌的生理小种,筛选抗病基因,培育抗病品种是解决此问题的前提和基础。本文对菠菜霜霉病菌生理小种分化现状、接种鉴定方法、病情指数和抗病分级等进行了介绍,综述了菠菜抗霜霉病育种历史进程、分子标记的构建、候选基因的定位和分析等研究进展,分析了目前菠菜抗霜霉病育种中存在的主要问题,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。

GA_(3)处理影响菠菜性别及其株型发育

赤霉素(gibberellic acids,GAs)是一种重要的植物激素,但其对菠菜生长发育的影响尚未系统报道.以菠菜亚属PI647862为材料,研究了外源赤霉素(GA_(3))处理后对菠菜的性别转换、开花时间、花粉活力及植株发育等重要性状的影响.结果表明,用质量浓度为25 mg/L的GA_(3)对2叶期菠菜进行处理后,约13%的菠菜雌株转换为雄株,且转换株的花粉数目、形态及活力均和对照无显著差异.但是,转换雄株的开花时间显著早于对照雄株.研究结果也表明,GA_(3)处理后菠菜植株的高度、叶面积及叶柄长度均显著高于对照植株.进一步分析发现,株高的增加是由于节间细胞纵向伸长所导致的,叶面积的增加是叶细胞面积增加引起的.GA_(3)可诱导菠菜雌株发生雄性化转变,促进菠菜早花,同时促使株高、叶面积和叶柄长度也显著增加.研究结果为全面探究GA_(3)对于菠菜性别转换和株型发育的影响奠定了基础.

土壤改良剂对强酸性土壤中菠菜生长和镉累积的影响

为筛选适用于强酸性镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复材料,本研究以菠菜为供试作物,采用盆栽试验研究施用沸石、硅钙基调理剂、商品有机肥和腐植酸4种土壤改良剂对强酸性土壤pH值、菠菜生长和植株Cd累积的影响。结果表明,施用4种土壤改良剂均能提高土壤pH值(0.72~2.04个单位),降低土壤DTPA-Cd含量(14.5%~42.2%),减少菠菜对Cd的吸收(4.8%~83.6%)。与对照相比,施用30 g/kg的硅钙基调理剂或腐植酸处理的菠菜植株Cd含量分别降低83.6%和61.5%,重金属镉生物富集系数分别降低79.9%和60.1%。4种改良剂均能有效改善土壤酸度,降低土壤交换性Al3+含量,促进菠菜生长,与对照相比,菠菜植株鲜重和干重分别增加73%~1230%和71%~1059%。4种改良剂的促生效果表现为:硅钙基调理剂>腐植酸>沸石>商品有机肥。此外,降低土壤有效态Cd和交换性Al3+含量是提高菠菜生物量的关键措施。综上,硅钙基调理剂在提高强酸性土壤生产力和修复Cd污染农田方面具备较大的优势。

蔬菜型人工湿地资源化处理农村分散生活污水

为对农村分散生活污水进行资源化处理,以空心菜为湿地植物,在温度(32±2)℃、水力负荷2.40 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d)条件下进行湿地污水处理实验,评价了蔬菜型人工湿地对污水的处理性能及其资源化回收潜能。结果表明,当COD、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N平均进水浓度分别为198.52、2.92、20.69 mg/L时,平均去除率分别为63.8%、64.0%、27.6%,将COD、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N平均进水浓度降低为148.12、1.81、15.14 mg/L时,湿地去除效果明显提升,平均去除率分别为76.5%、73.0%、41.3%,平均出水浓度分别为34.83、0.49、8.89 mg/L,出水COD、TP、TN达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 8918-2002)一级A标准,NH_(4)^(+)-N达到二级标准,实验期间空心菜生长状态良好,每株平均增重45.88 g,增长47 cm,具有较大的资源回收潜力。

有机氮替代化肥氮对设施菠菜品质·土壤肥力及根际细菌群落的影响

为明确有机肥替代化肥对菠菜生长的影响,以等氮量替代为原则,设置配方施肥和有机肥等氮替代不同比例化肥处理,通过大田试验研究有机氮肥替代化肥氮对设施菠菜产量、品质、土壤肥力和根际细菌群落的影响。结果表明,有机肥替代20%最有利于提升菠菜的产量和品质,鲜干重、维生素C和可溶性糖含量均显著高于配方施肥处理。有机肥替代可显著增加土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,显著降低土壤的容重。有机氮肥替代比例为20%~80%时,土壤碱解氮含量均显著低于配方施肥处理。施用有机肥可显著增加土壤细菌的α多样性,降低其β多样性。菠菜有机酸含量和土壤碱解氮含量对β多样性贡献率最高,分别为12.80%和-4.71%。施用有机肥可提高好氧菌群、耐胁迫菌群等有益菌群的相对丰度,但也会增加潜在致病菌群的相对丰度。综上,有机氮肥部分替代化学氮肥可改善菠菜品质,提升土壤肥力和抗性。

蕹菜开花特性和繁育系统初探

为解决蕹菜品种间花期不遇、有性杂交困难的问题,通过对渔场蕹菜、泰国大叶蕹菜、汝城蕹菜和长沙藤蕹4个蕹菜亲本的开花特性和繁育系统观测和11 h·d^(-1)短日照调控蕹菜品种的花期,并开展了蕹菜品种间有性杂交。结果表明,蕹菜自然光周期条件下现蕾期为8—11月份,刈割发芽后短日照诱导11~13 d现蕾,现蕾至开花11 d左右,单花开放时间约12 h;开花当天09:00—13:00花粉活力最高,11:00—13:00柱头可授性最强;渔场蕹菜和长沙藤蕹花粉/胚珠比(P/O值)、杂交指数(OCI值)基本一致,但长沙藤蕹在控制授粉试验中表现为自交不结实;花粉粒为球状或帽状,表面布满尖刺;以籽蕹品种为母本的杂交结实率最高可达75.00%,结籽率高;长沙藤蕹为母本的杂交结实率最高可达6.00%,结籽率为0。综合分析表明,蕹菜繁育系统倾向于异交混合交配型,11 h·d^(-1)短日照处理可以实现蕹菜品种间花期相遇,蕹菜品种间杂交亲和,但长沙藤蕹有可能丧失了结籽能力。

微生物菌肥对秋菠菜产量及品质的影响

[目的]针对过量施用化肥引起菠菜产量和品质下降的现象,研究增施微生物菌肥对菠菜产量及品质的影响。[方法]通过施用不同梯度的微生物菌肥,分析其对菠菜产量及品质等方面的影响。[结果]化肥与微生物菌肥的配合施用促进了菠菜产量提升;但加大微生物菌肥用量,产量未呈现线性增加;施用微生物菌肥的菠菜根系长度变短、植株高度明显增加、叶片草酸含量下降、粗纤维含量和叶绿素含量增加;施用化肥后菠菜的硝酸盐含量较未施用任何肥料的菠菜明显增加,增施1500、2250 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌肥后硝酸盐含量没有明显增加,但增施3000 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌肥后硝酸盐含量再次出现明显增加。[结论]微生物菌肥能够改善菠菜品质,但用量的增加与品质的关系不是线性增加的趋势,应避免盲目增加微生物菌肥用量。

基于真空冷冻干燥机的菠菜冷冻干燥试验研究

以菠菜为研究对象,围绕菠菜的冷冻干燥模型,阐述了对应的传热传质机理;并采用真空冷冻干燥机及相关设备对菠菜进行试验,分析了不同设定温度对产品质量的影响,研究了合理的技术流程,观察对比菠菜前后的质量变化。结果表明,试验区段设置的较为合理,真空冷冻干燥的菠菜复水性好,不仅保持了鲜菜固有的色泽、风味及形状,而且能有效地保持其营养成分。该研究成果,可为菠菜的真空冷冻干燥技术提供参考依据,促进真空冷冻干燥技术的继续发展。

Effect of Nano-anatase TiO_2 on Spectral Characterization of PhotosystemⅡParticles from Spinach

The photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ) particles were purified by means of nano-anatase TiO_2 treatment of spinach and studied by spectroscopy. The results show that the electron transport and the oxygen-evolving rate of PSⅡ are accelerated after it has been treated with nano-anatase TiO_2; the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of PSⅡ particles is increased; the red shift of fluorescence emission peak of PSⅡ is 2 nm; the peak intensity is decreased; the PSⅡ signal Ⅱs of low temperature electron paramagnetic resonanace(EPR) spectrum is intensified under light, and the PSⅡ circular dichroism(CD) spectrum is similar to that of control. It is suggested that nano-anatase TiO_2 might bind to the PSⅡ reaction center complex and intensify the function of the PSⅡ electron donor, however, nano-anatase TiO_2 treatment does not change the configuration of the PSⅡ reaction center complex.

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Vigor Enhancement of Aged Spinach Seeds

The effect and the mechanism of action of lanthanum, cerium and neodymium on aged seeds of spinach were studied. By LaCl_3, CeCl_3, and NdCl_3 treatment, the germination rate, germination index and vigor index of aged spinach seeds are increased and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase are enhanced. Moreover the ·O_2^- and malondialdehyde content are decreased and the cell membrane permeability of aged spinach seeds is reduced. Among these three rare earth elements, Ce treatment enhances vigor of aged seeds most significantly, that of Nd treatment secondly and La treatment is not as effective as the other two treatments. The reason may be from 4f electron characteristic and alternation valence of REEs.

Effects of CeCl_3 on Energy Transfer and Oxygen Evolution in Spinach Photosystem Ⅱ

Due to 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence, cerium involved in an oxidation-reduction reaction in plant, closely relating to photosynthesis. Our studies proved that cerium could promote photosynthesis and greatly improve spinach growth. However, the mechanism of promoting energy transfer and conversion by cerium remains unclear. Here we reported that the effects of Ce^3＋ on energy transfer and oxygen evolution in photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ ） isolated from spinach, which was related to 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence in Ce molecule. The methods of absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum were used in the research. Results showed that Ce^3＋ treatment at low concentration could suitably change PS Ⅱ mieroenvironment, increase the absorbance of visible light, improve the energy transfer among amino acids within PS Ⅱ protein-pigment complex, and accelerate energy transport from tyrosine residue to chlorophyll a. In summary, the photochemical activity of PS Ⅱ （fluorescence quantum yield） and its oxygen evolving rate were enhanced by Ce^3＋.

Effects of 4f Electron Characteristics and Alternation Valence of Rare Earths on Photosynthesis: Regulating Distribution of Energy and Activities of Spinach Chloroplast

Chloroplasts were isolated from spinach treated with taCl3, CeCl3, and NdCl3. Because of owning 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence, Ce treatment presented the highest enhancement in light absorption, energy transfer from LHC Ⅱ to PS Ⅱ, excitation energy distribution from PS Ⅰ to PS Ⅱ, and fluorescence quantum yield around 680 nm. Compared with Ce treatment, Nd treatment resulted in relatively lower enhancement in these physiological indices, as Nd did not have alternation valence. La treatment presented the lowest enhancement, as La did not have either 4f electron or alternation valence. The increase in activities of whole chain electron transport, PS ⅡDCPIP photoreduction, and oxygen evolution of chloroplasts was of the following order： Ce〉Nd 〉La〉 control. However, the photoreduction activities of spinach PS I almost did not change with La, Ce, or Nd treatments. The results suggested that 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence of rare earths had a close relationship with photosynthesis improvement.

Accumulation of Rare Earth Elements in Spinach and Soil under Condition of Using REE and Acid Rain Stress

The content and distribution characteristics of REE in spinach and soil under using REE and acid rain stress were studied by pot experiments. The results show that the content of REE is 0 527～0 696 (μg·g -1 ) in the above ground portion of spinach, 2 668～3 003 (μg·g -1 ) in the under ground portion of spinach and 229 09～250 30 (μg·g -1 ) in the soil. With the acidity of acid rain increasing, the leaching of REE in plants and soil is strengthened and the amount of REE reduces with decreasing of pH value. After REE are used, though plants show the selective absorption to Ce group elements (especially spraying on leaves), regardless under acid rain stress or using REE or not, the distribution model of REE in the above ground and under ground portion of plants is basically the same with the control. Plants also follow the Oddo Harkins rule of the REE of distribution abundance, light rare earth elements is enriched, the minus of Eu is abnormal and admeasure of Ce is a rich model. The results show that REE in plants mainly come from soil and are affected by it.

Effect of Nd^(3+) on Photosynthesis of Spinach

The effect of Nd^(3+) on the photosynthesis and the growth of spinach was studied. The results show that Nd^(3+) improves the growth of spinach and increases chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate. UV-Vis spectrum indicates that the Soret band of chl-a in spinach with NdCl_3 treatment is blue shifted by 2 nm, and the Q band is red shifted by 1 nm, and the ratio of Soret band intensity and Q band intensity increases. FT-IR spectra show that the peak of porphyrin ring in chl-a of spinach with NdCl_3 treatment is widened, suggesting that the formation of Nd^(3+)-chl-a. Treated by NdCl_3, the fluorescence emission peak of PSⅡ in spinach leaves is blue shifted by 12 nm and the intensity declines obviously, indicating that Nd^(3+) is bound to the PSⅡ protein-pigment complex and the electron transfer rate increases.

Biomass Accumulation and Water Purification of Water Spinach Planted on Water Surface by Floating Beds for Treating Biogas Slurry

To find a new way treating the wastewater from biogas reactors in a pig farm, vegetated floating bed was built for observing the water-purifying capability of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) planted on the water surface. Experiments were carried out to record the growth and biomass accumulation of water spinach and its effect on purification of biogas wastewater. The results show that the water which mixed with biogas wastewater has been purified significantly by water spinach on the floating bed. During its growth season within four months, the overall length of water spinach reached 199 ± 35 cm, while its root length reached 63 ± 28.6 cm. The average weight of individual fresh plant is of 1285 ± 619.7 g. Meanwhile, the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in water under the floating bed decreased from 8.9 ± 0.062 mg·L-1 to 0.5 ± 0.011 mg·L-1;the concentration of total phosphorus (TP) decreased from 4.4 ± 0.236 mg·L-1 to 0.92 ± 0.024 mg·L-1;the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased from 87.3 ± 6.68 mg·L-1 to 0.74 ± 0.46 mg·L-1. It suggests that the water spinach removed more than 90% of pollutants in terms of TN, TP, and COD from the water. Results show that the vegetated floating bed technique is a feasible way to dispose the biogas slurry.

Elevated Carbon Dioxide Level Suppresses Nutritional Quality of Lettuce and Spinach

Rising global CO2 levels are a major factor that impacts not only the environment but also many plant functions including growth, productivity and nutritional quality. The study examined the impact of elevated [CO2] on nutritional quality and growth characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Elevated [CO2] decreased the concentration of many important nutrients including nitrogen (protein), potassium and phosphorus in the edible parts of both lettuce and spinach. The nitrogen concentration in lettuce shoots was reduced by more than 30% at elevated [CO2] compared to the plants grown at ambient level of CO2. Similarly the concentration of a number of micronutrients including sulfur, zinc, copper and magnesium, was depressed in lettuce shoots. Although the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were higher in lettuce at elevated CO2, they were not affected in spinach. The photosynthetic activity was variable among the plant species while there was no increase in the carbon accumulation in these plants at elevated [CO2]. However, there was significant reduction in the leaf stomatal conductance in both lettuce and spinach in response to higher [CO2], which is likely affect both water loss from the leaves and their photosynthetic activity. The results indicate a broad adverse impact of rising [CO2] on the nutritional quality of commonly consumed leafy vegetables namely, lettuce and spinach.