The Overwintering Capability of Ulva prolifera Spores and Gametes in the Yellow Sea,China

Green tides caused by the bloom of Ulva prolifera have affected the Yellow Sea annually since 2007.To explore the intrinsic causes of successive blooms,field investigations and indoor simulation experiments were conducted using micro-propagules of U.prolifera.From January to February 2014,micro-propagules of various green algae,including U.prolifera,Ulva flexuosa,and Ulva linza,were prevalent in the coastal waters of Rudong,Lianyungang,and Qingdao.However,in March 2014,micro-propagules of U.prolifera were not detected in the coastal waters of Lianyungang and Qingdao.Neither the spores nor gametes of U.prolifera can germinate at temperatures below 5℃.At 2℃and 5℃,U.prolifera spores and gametes could survive for 1-3 months at a light intensity range of 0-30μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)and for less than 1 month if the light intensity exceeded 30μmol m^(-2)s^(-1).By integrating indoor experiments and field investigations,this study found that U.prolifera spores and gametes could overwinter in the Rudong coastal area,which is an important factor for the annual emergence of recurring green tides in the Yellow Sea.

Sexual spores in edible mushroom: bioactive components, discharge mechanisms and effects on fruiting bodies quality

Edible mushroom sexual spores have been gaining more interest due to their bioactive components and functions.Spore discharge(SD)is an important factor affecting the quality of edible mushrooms.In this review,the bioactive nutrients of sexual spores of edible mushrooms were summarized,the SD mechanism was described,and the relationship between postharvest SD and the quality of edible mushrooms was analyzed.Spores contain various bioactive nutrients that are benefi cial to the human body.Mature mushrooms can actively discharge spores in a process affected by light,relative humidity,and temperature.During storage,the physiological metabolism of spore-bearing gill tissue is vigorous,promoting the release of postharvest spores and changing the nutritional value of fruiting bodies.The flavor of the fruiting bodies also varied signifi cantly during SD.Edible mushroom sexual spores have the potential to become new raw materials for functional food and medical resources.Research on the effect of the mechanism of SD on the quality of edible mushrooms and the development of SD regulation technology may be a new trend in the quality control of edible mushrooms,which will promote the development of the edible mushroom industry.

Energy status regulated umami compound metabolism in harvested shiitake mushrooms(Lentinus edodes)with spores triggered to release

The molecular mechanisms of energy status related to the umami taste of postharvest shiitake mushrooms during spore release remain poorly understood.In this study,the variations of energy status and umami taste of mushrooms were measured at 25℃.At 24 h storage,slight spore prints of mushrooms were first pictured,respiration peaked.Significant ATP decrease and ADP increase were also observed as the initiation of postharvest senescence(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the activities of phosphohexose isomerase,succinate dehydrogenase,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase and the contents of umami nucleotides and amino acids were maintained at higher levels in mushrooms with spore release.Notably,the equivalent umami concentration(EUC)was strongly correlated with energy levels(R=0.80).Fifteen related gene expression levels in the energy metabolism pathway were downregulated.LecpdP1 and LeAK were significantly expressed in the conversion of ATP into AMP and played key roles in connecting the energy state and umami level.These results provided valuable insights on the umami taste associated with energy metabolism mechanism during postharvest mushroom spore release.

Studies on the Triterpenoid Constituents of the Spores from Ganoderma lucidum Karst

Five compounds were isolated from the ether-soluble fraction of the spores of Gano- derma lucidum.On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data(MS,UV,IR,~1H and ^(13)CNMR),they were identified as 3,7,11,12,15,23-hexaoxo-5α-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid(Ⅰ),gano- deric acid B(Ⅱ),C(Ⅲ),D(Ⅳ)and ganodermanontriol(Ⅴ).Compound Ⅰ is a new natural product, named ganosporeric acid A.Compounds Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ are known compounds and were obtained for the first time from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum.Pharmacological experiments showed that ganosporeric acid A has an activity for lowering the levels GPT in mice with liver injury by CCl_4 and GaNI and exhibits heptoprotective effects.

Control Efficacy of Validamycin A·(0.2 Billion Spores/ml) Paenibacillus polymyxa DN-1 3% AS for Rice Sheath Blight

With validamycin A.（0.2 billion spores/ml） Paenibacillus polymyxa DN-1 3% AS as the test agent, the effects of different dosage and different application time on the control efficacy for＇ rich sheath blight were investigated. The results of two- year test showed that when the application amount was in the range of 45-90 g.a.i/ hm^2, the field efficacy of validamycin A-（0.2 billion spores/ml） P. polymyxa DN-1 3% AS in the initial infection stage of rich sheath blight （Le., the diseased plant rate was below 5%） reached 80.38%-89.06%, and that in the peak infection stage （i.e., the diseased plant rate was higher than 10%） reached only 41.12%-53.26%. The field efficacy of validamycin A.（0.2 billion spores/ml） P. polymyxa DN-1 3% AS at the early onset of rich sheath blight was significantly better than that at the onset, so that the application time of validamycin A .（0.2 billion spores/ml） P. polymyxa DN-1 3% AS should be appropriately brought forward in the prevention and control of rice sheath blight.

Isolation and Structural Determination of a Glucan from the Spores of Ganoderma lucidum

A water soluble, (1 -->6)-branched, (1 -->4) linked D-glucan (LB-B1), [alpha](D)(21) = +174.2 degrees (c 0.87, H2O), was obtained from a hot-water extract of the sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidun (Fr.) Karst by HPSEC, with 0.001 mol/L sodium hydroxide as the eluant, the molecular weight (Mw) of LB-B1 was estimated to be 9.3 x 10(3). From the results of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, acetolysis and 1D, 2D-NMR experimentation, it was concluded that LB-B1 was composed of repeating units with the following structure: alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->6)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->6)-alpha -D-Glc(p) 1 down arrow 6 (-->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4-)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->)(n)

PEF Assisted Thermal Sterilization （PEF-ATS） Process-Inactivation of Geobacillus sterothermophilus Spores

An improvement to existed methods of microbial spore inactivation is presented in this paper. A treatment chamber was designed to hold elevated temperatures （above 100℃） and pressure in the range of （3 atm）. The innovative thermal assisted pulsed electric fields （PEF-ATS） processing was applied to inactivate Geobacillus sterothermophilus ATCC 10149 spores suspended in simulated milk ultrafiltrate （SMUF） of 50% （wt/wt） concentration. G. stearothermophilus spores are extremely resistant to high temperature and are also proven to be resistant to PEF processing in the range of 35 kv/cm. However, the combination of PEF and high temperature treatment conducted in this work shows significant inactivation of the G. stearothermophilus spores. A processing temperature/time of 115 ℃/3.7 sec with an electric field intensity of 45 kv/cm showed 4.1 Iogmicrobial reductions, which are significantly less than usually obtained in thermal treatment alone.

Influence of Ganoderma lucidum spores on the levels of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in brains of seizure rats

BACKGROUND： Previous research has revealed that somatostatin can induce epilepsy, and that the levels of neuropeptide Y may increase and become more active in brain areas with epileptic seizures. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of Ganoderma luciclum spore powder on the neuropeptide Y and somatostatin content in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal regions of seizure rats induced by pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）. Furthermore, to verify any effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on inhibition of epileptic seizures. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized group animal study was performed in August 2007 in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University （Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China）. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, male, Wistar rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing 180-220 g, were taken as the experimental animals. PTZ （Sigma Company, United States） was used to induce epilepsy. Ganoderma lucidum spores （Leyss, ex Fr variety） were purchased from Jiamusi City Wild Growing Case of the Ganoderma Lucidum （China）. Rabbit anti-somatostatin antibodies and secondary antibodies were purchased from Wuhan Boster Company （China）. Neuropeptide Y radioimmunoassay kit was purchased from Beijing Furui Biotechnology Company （China）. METHODS： Thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups： a control group, an epilepsy model group and a Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group. Each group contained 10 animals. Rats in the epilepsy model group were treated with intraperitoneal injections of PTZ and gastric perfusion of physiologic saline. In the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group, intraperitoneal injection of PTZ and gastric perfusion of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder were administered. The blank control group was only administered with the physiological saline by intraperitoneal injection and gastric perfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunohistochemical staining and radioimmunoassay methods were used to observe the changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y content in brain tissue of epileptic rats, as well as the morphology of neurons. RESULTS： All 30 rats were involved in the result analysis, without any loss. The number of somatostatin immunoreacted positive cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was significantly increased in the epilepsy model group compared to the blank control group （P 〈 0.01）. The number of somatostatin immunoreacted positive cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus was significantly decreased in the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group compared to the epilepsy model group （P 〈 0.01）. The contents of neuropeptide Y in cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly increased in the epilepsy model group compared to the blank control group （P 〈 0.01）. The contents of neuropeptide Y in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly decreased in the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group compared to the epilepsy model group （P 〈 0.05）. The epilepsy seizures in the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group were obviously reduced compared to the epilepsy model group. CONCLUSION： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was able to reduce the somatostatin and neuropeptide Y content in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus effectively, so as to achieve an anti-epileptic function and protect neurons from being damaged.

Breaking and Characteristics of Ganoderma Lucidum Spores by High Speed Entrifugai Shearing Pulverizer

The spores of Ganoderma lucidum were ground and broken to ultrafine particles by high speed centrifugal shearing（HSCS） pulverizer. The characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum spores were analyzed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry （FTIR）. Ultraviolet-visible pectrophotometer was used to determine the extraction ratio of aqueous solubility polysaccharide between the raw and broken spores. The immunological function on the mice before and after the breaking of spores wan investigated. The experimental results show that after being ground, the sporoderm-broken ratio reachs 100%, the original active ingredients of ganoderma lucidum spores do not change, and the extraction ratio of aqueous solubility polysaccharide is greatly increased by 40.08%. The broken spores show much higher immunological activity comparing with original spores of Ganoderma lucidum.

New Discovery of Reproductive Organs and Spores in Situ of Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales from the Middle Jurassic of Shaanxi, China

Objective Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales are important components of Mesozoic flora and were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. They are usually preserved together in the stratum. Their fossils are abundant in the Middle Jurassic of Shaanxi Province, but there are no reports on their reproductive organs. Here, we report two male gymnospermous pollen cones from the Middle Jttrassic Yan＇an Formation of the northeast Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China. The characteristics of the fossils, including those of pollens, have been described in detail. The new specimens were compared with fossils closely similar in morphology, and the taxonomic affinity and systematies were established. The present results offer new fossil materials for the study of taxonomy, evolution, and phytogeography of Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales.

Influence of Long Chain Free Fatty Acids on the Thermal Resistance Reduction of Bacterial Spores

Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of free fatty acid length chain and unsaturated bond number on the heat resistance and recovery media of bacterial spores. Methods and results: For 6 species, bacterial spore heat resistances were estimated at different free fatty acid concentrations added to heating media or in recovery media. The addition of free fatty acids to heating media has a slight influence on the heat resistance of bacterial spores whatever the species or type of acid studied. On the contrary, the addition of free fatty acids to the recovery medium after the heat treatment greatly reduces the ability to bacterial spores to recover and form colonies. This effect varies depending on chain length, unsaturated bond number of fatty acid and on the bacterial strain studied. Conclusion: The presence of free acids in the recovery media is an additive stress which decreases the capability of injured spores to germinate and grow thereafter. Significance and impact of this study: The impact of free fatty acids presented in this study can be taken into account to reduce the thermal intensity of food sterilization in relation to their availability in food matrix.

The study of airborne pollen and spores inTaoyuan, Hunan Province of China

In order to study the airborne pollen and Spores, a circular year airborne Samples werecollected at 10m height above ground from Taoyuan ecological station, which is located in TaoyuanCounty of Hunan Province. The analytical results showed that there are 188 plant families and generain airborne pollen and spores. of them, 102 are xylophyte plants, 68 are herbase plat, and 18are pteridophyta plants. The plant families and genera account for 80% of the local plant families andgenera. Among them, 54 are specific families and genera, Which are peculiar tO tropics andsubtropics. The main pollen and spore families and genera are Pinus. Cunninghamia Juglans,Quercus, Cupressaceae, Urticaceac, and Gleicheniaceae. There are two peak stages of airbornepollen and spore concentration throughout the year. One is the peak stage of xylophyte plants fromMarch to May and the other, herbaceous plants from niddle dekad of August to early October. Themaximum year round value is 850 000 grains/1000m3.air in middle dekad of September and theminimum is 1500 grains/1000m3.air in early December. In the local district, the airbome pollen andSpores which can induce respiratory tract disease in spring are Taxodiaceae, Cupresaseeae, CastrieaCastanopsis, Queme, Juglans, Platycarya, and that can induce disease in autumn are Canabis,Gramineae, and Artmisia.

Airborne Fungal Spores of Subalpine Zone of the Karkonosze and Izerskie Mountains(Poland)

The incidence of the airborne fungal spores was determined in the air of subalpine zone of the Karkonosze Mountains and of the Izerskie Mountains in the borderland between Poland and the Czech Republic. The experiment was conducted in2011 and 2012 at three to four week intervals from May to October. Air samples were taken from three locations in the Karkonosze Mts. and one from the Izerskie Mts. To examine the air, the Air Ideal 3P sampler and acidified PDA medium were used. The results show that Cladosporium cladosporioides was the most abundant spore type in all the sampling locations(up to 30%), followed by Alternaria alternata(16%–20%), Fusarium(up to 10%) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorium(up to 6%). The lower spore counts were recorded in May samples, compared to the other months. In this case the snow cover, that was still present in the area at the beginning of May,may be the reason for the lower, compared to June,July and August samplings, CFU(Colony Forming Unit) counts in that month.. The influx of air masses from SE, S and SW sectors in the area under study may affect dissemination of the plant-pathogenic fungi from the Czech Republic and from the South of Europe in general.

Significance of pollen and spores distribution to the barrier function of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region,Southwest China

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.

The Effect of Tremella Fuciformis Spores Polysaccharides (TSP) on Immune Cellular Function of Mice in Vitro

TSP could markedly enhance the proliferative response of the murine splenocyte to LPS and induce the mitogenesis of the spleen cells.Furthermore,it was able to augment the activity of natural killer cell and ADGG;at a dosage of 25-250μg/ml,the ability of splenocytes to produce IL-2 induced by onA had been improved; at the concentration of 250μg／ml or more,TSP could inhibit the proliferative response of the murine lymphocyte to GonA and the ~3-HTdR spontaneous incorporation rate of thymocytes,and the inhibitory action ran in paralell with the increase in concentration of TSP.

Damaging Effect of Low Energy N^+ Implantation on Aspergillus niger Spores

The mutant effects of a keV range nitrogen ion （N＋） beam on enzyme-producing probiotics were studied, particularly with regard to the induction in the genome. The electron spin resonance （ESR） results showed that the signal of ESR spectrum existed in both implanted and non-implanted spores, and the yields of free radicals increased in a dose-dependent manner. The ionic etching and dilapidation of cell wall could be observed distinctly through the scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The mutagenic effect on genome indicated that N＋ implantation could make base mutation. This study provided an insight into the roles low-energy ions might play in inducing mutagenesis of micro-organisms.

THINDOWN IN RADIOBIOLOGY：E．COLI B／r，Bs－1，B．SUBTILUS SPORES，AND V－79 CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS

Track theory rested on the foundation of the radial distribution of dose from δ rays as the central contribution of atomic physics to heavy ion radiobiology.Here,a new calculation of the radial distribution of dose is applied, in which the classical angular distribution of dose of delta rays and a logarithmic polynomial representation of the electron range-energy relation are used,to form the basis of the present thindown calculation.Calculations of inactivation cross sections for heavy ions in the track width regime displaying thindown for E.Colt B/r and Bs-1,and for Bacillus Subtilus are straightforward for these are 1-hit detectors,Calculations for V-79 hamster cells are more complex.They follow the original development of this model for eucaryotic cells,and make use of the cross sections calculated for hypothetical internal targets which are then asserted to be proportional to the measured cellular inactivation cross sections.The results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Influence of water content on the inactivation of P. digitatum spores using an air–water plasma jet

In order to investigate whether an air–water plasma jet is beneficial to improve the efficiency of inactivation, a series of experiments were done using a ring-needle plasma jet. The water content in the working gas（air） was accurately measured based on the Karl Fischer method. The effects of water on the production of OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） and O（3p;P–3s;S） were also studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The results show that the water content is in the range of 2.53–9.58 mg l;, depending on the gas/water mixture ratio. The production of OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） rises with the increase of water content, whereas the O（3p;P–3s;S） shows a declining tendency with higher water content. The sterilization experiments indicate that this air–water plasma jet inactivates the P. digitatum spores very effectively and its efficiency rises with the increase of the water content. It is possible that OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） is a more effective species in inactivation than O（3p;P–3s;S） and the water content benefit the spore germination inhibition through rising the OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） production. The maximum of the inactivation efficacy is up to 93% when the applied voltage is -6.75 kV and the water content is 9.58 mg l;.

Cuticles and Spores in Situ of Coniopteris hymenophylloides from the Middle Jurassic in Gansu, Northwestern China

Coniopteris was a ubiquitous plant of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and played an important role in the flora of the time. However, its anatomical structure is relatively poorly known. The specimens of Coniopteris hymenophylloides(Brongniart) Seward described here were collected from the Yaojie Formation in Gansu Province, northwestern China. The sterile fronds are characterized as being at least bipinnate with alternate arranged linear pinnae covered by thin cuticles. Fertile fronds are linear-lanceolate, with single sorus at the margin of each fertile pinnule. In situ spores are typically trilete, triangle to subcircular in polar view, cap-shaped in equatorial view, and 37 μm in average diameter. The trilete marking is straight and narrow, generally extends to 4/5 of the spore radius. The spore surface is smooth, and parts of the exine are granulated. The epidermal cells of cuticles are irregular in shape, approximately 40-60μm long and 10-20 μm wide. The elliptical stomatal complexes are paracytic,approximately 30 μm long and 19 μm wide,and irregularly distributed. On the basis of its epidermal structures and comparisons with extant ferns, we consider that Coniopteris displays combined features of the related extant genera.

Insecticidal Activity of Crystals and Spores of Purified Bacillus thuringiensis 00-50-5 Strain against Trichoplusia ni Hubner

[ Objective] The paper was to study pathogenic mechanism and action mode of Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） 00-50-5 strain against Trichoplusia ni Hub- ner. [Method] The crystals and spores of B. thuringiensis 00-50-5 strain were first isolated and purified, and their insecticidal activities against T. ni were com- pared. [ Result] Either the mixture of pure crystals and pure spores of 00-50-5 strain, or only pure crystals could kill T. n/larvae under the concentration of 100 p.g/mL after 48 h, and the mortality rate reached 100% ; pure spores could not kill the larvae. Determination results of median lethal concentration showed that in- secticidal activity of pure crystal of Bt 00-50-5 strain （LGs0 =0.32 p~/mL） was higher than the mixture of crystals and spores （LCs0 =0.48）, but the insecticidal acti^ty of pure spores was very low （LC50 〉 500.00）. Therefore, the crystals were primarily responsible for causing death of larvae. [ Conclusion] The paper provides theoretical basis for application of Bt 00-50-5 strain.