Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals the mechanism of CaCl_(2)-HCl electrolyzed water-induced glucosinolate biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts

Glucosinolates are important phytochemicals in Brassicaceae.We investigated the effect of CaCl_(2)-HCl electrolyzed water(CHEW)on glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts.The results showed that CHEW treatment significantly decreased reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdeh yde(MDA)contents in broccoli sprouts.On the the 8^(th)day,compared to tap water treatment,the the total glucosinolate content of broccoli sprouts with CHEW treatment increased by 10.6%and calcium content was dramatically enhanced from 14.4 mg/g DW to 22.7 mg/g DW.Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that CHEW treatment activated ROS and calcium signaling transduction pathways in broccoli sprouts and they interacted through MAPK cascades.Besides,CHEW treatment not only promoted the biosynthesis of amino acids,but also enhanced the expression of structural genes in glucosinolate synthesis through transcription factors(MYBs,bHLHs,WRKYs,etc.).The results of this study provided new insights into the regulatory network of glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts under CHEW treatment.

Home Planting Techniques of Green and Healthy Rape Sprouts

With the continuous development of society and the continuous improvement of people s income levels,consumers demand for agricultural products has also changed.Rape sprouts as a new type of green and pollution-free health food meet people s needs.In this paper,we summarized a set of home cultivation techniques for green and healthy rape sprouts.The techniques are simple to operate and low in cost.Growers can notonly experience the fun of planting and but also taste green and healthy food.

Broccoli sprouts juice prevents lens protein aggregation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

AIM: To investigate the effect of broccoli sprouts juice in preventing lens protein aggregation in diabetic rat model.METHODS: Totally 25 male Wistar rats were divided into negative control group, diabetic group without juice treatment as positive control and diabetic group given broccoli sprouts juice 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/d for 28 d. Diabetic rat model was obtained by administering a single dose streptozotocin 65 mg/kg intraperitoneal. At the end of the study, all rats were examined for fasting blood sugar level(FBS), visual cataract score using slit lamp biomicroscope and lens αB-crystallin expression using Western blot method. Statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA with post hoc test, correlation test, and simple linear regression.RESULTS: Positive control group had the highest cataract score and lens aggregated αB-crystallin expression. Broccoli sprout juice dose of 1 g/d group had the mildest cataract score, as well as the expression of lens aggregated αB-crystallin compared to treatments groups 1 and 2, opposite to lens native αB-crystallin expression. The broccoli sprout juice groups gave a significant decrease in cataract score, and also in lens aggregated αB-crystallin expression in diabetic rat models(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Broccoli sprout juice has a significant effect in preventing lens protein aggregation in diabetic rat model. The higher dose gives better visual cataract scores, lower lens aggregated αB-crystallin expression and higher lens native αB-crystallin expression.

Antioxidant activity,total phenolic,and resveratrol content in five cultivars of peanut sprouts

Objective: To investigate the change in total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity,and resveratrol content of five different germinated peanut cultivars.Methods: The germinated sprouts of five peanut cultivars(Kalasin1, Kalasin2, Konkaen,Konkaen4, and Tainan9) were extracted with 80% ethanol and collected as crude extract.The antioxidant capacities were determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power method.The total phenolic compound was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteau assay.The qualification and quantification of resveratrol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography method.Results: Among the five cultivars, a three-day germination of Kalasin1 showed the highest phenolic content [(40.67 ± 2.62) mg gallic acid/g dry weight], expressed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant value [(80.51 ± 1.47) mmol/L Trolox/g dry weight], and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power antioxidant value [(171.33 ± 8.59)mmol/L ascorbic acid/g dry weight].However, the high performance liquid chromatography result of Kalasin2 significantly increased to the highest resveratrol content of(6.44 ± 1.26) mg/g dry weight on the second day of germination.Conclusions: The variation of phytochemical content in the peanut sprout is due to the effect of the peanut cultivar and the germination period.

White oak (Quercus fabri Hance) regenerated stump sprouts show few senescence symptoms during 40 years of growth in a natural forest

Background:The relationship between physiological age of parental trees and lifespan of clonal offspring is unclear.White oak(Quercus fabri Hance)has a high sprouting capability after harvest,with the regenerated sprouts being typical clonal individuals.To determine whether regenerated sprouts undergo rapid senescence compared with the parent,the senescence levels of 5-,10-,20-and 40-year-old regenerated stump sprouts in a natural forest were evaluated.The antioxidative abilities and transcriptomes in these leaves and shoots were compared.Results:Older regenerated sprouts still had robust antioxidative systems,with 40-year-old sprouts having lower peroxidation product levels but similar antioxidative enzyme activity levels compared with 5-year-old sprouts.Older leaves had greater transcriptional activities in pathways related to cell growth and division than younger leaves.However,older sprouts had some unhealthy characteristics,such as increased base excision repair levels and upregulated phagosome,proteasome and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways in 40-year-old leaves,which indicates that DNA damage and tissue remodeling occurred more frequently than in younger leaves.Additionally,plant-pathogen interactions and MAPK signals pathways were upregulated in older shoots,which indicates that older shoots suffered from more pathogen-related biotic stress.Conclusions:The 40-year-old sprouts still had the same vitality level as the 5-year-old sprouts,although the former had some unhealthy characteristics.We conclude that during their first 40 years of growth,regenerated stump sprouts do not begin to senesce,and that physiological age of parental trees does not significantly affect the lifespan of its clonal offspring.

Determination of Residual Amount of 15 Plant Growth Regulators in Bean Sprouts by HPLC-MS/MS

[Objectives]This study was conducted to effectively monitor PGR residues in bean sprouts to provide guarantee for the food safety of agricultural products.[Methods]A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method for the determination of residues of 15 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts was established using bean sprouts as an experimental material.Samples were extracted with a solution containing 5%acetic acid-acetonitrile(1∶99,V/V),purified with anhydrous magnesium sulfate,and diluted with methanol solvent to constant volume.The solutions were filtered through 0.22μm filtering membrane and the target analytes were separated on a Phenomenex H18 column.The identification of each compound was established by retention time matching along with the accurate mass measurement of the precursor ions and their main fragment ions.The quantification was carried out using matrix-matched external standard method.[Results]The retention time of the 15 PGRs were found in the range from 5.8-11.7 min under the optimized conditions.The linear relation was good in the concentration range of 0.005-0.050μg/ml,and the correlation coefficients of the 15 PGRs were≥0.9990.The limits of detection were in the range of 0.03-0.92 g/kg,and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.50-2.10μg/kg.The average recovery in the recovery test at 3 concentration levels was 80%-110%,and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.8%-7.5%.[Conclusions]This method is simple and accurate,and can quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 15 PGRs in bean sprouts.The proposed procedure was simple,quick and accurate for the simultaneous determination of the 15 PGRs in bean sprout.

Quality enhancement and microbial reduction of mung bean(Vigna radiata)sprouts by non-thermal plasma pretreatment of seeds

Mung bean(Vigna radiata)sprouts are widely consumed worldwide due to their high nutritional value.However,the low yield and microbial contamination of mung bean sprouts seriously reduces their economic value.This study investigates the effects of non-thermal plasma on the quality and microbial reduction of mung bean sprouts by pretreatment of seeds in water for different times(0,1,3 and 6 min).The quality results showed that short-time plasma treatment(1 and 3 min)promoted seed germination and seedling growth,whereas long-time plasma treatment(6 min)had inhibitory effects.Plasma also had a similar dose effects on the total flavonoid and phenolic contents of mung bean sprouts.The microbiological results showed that plasma treatment achieved a reduction of native microorganisms ranging from 0.54 to 7.09 log for fungi and 0.29 to 6.80 log for bacteria at 96 h incubation.Meanwhile,plasma treatment could also efficiently inactivate artificially inoculated Salmonella typhimurium(1.83–6.22 log)and yeast(0.53–3.19 log)on mung bean seeds.The results of seed coat permeability tests and scanning electron microscopy showed that plasma could damage the seed coat structure,consequently increasing the electrical conductivity of mung bean seeds.The physicochemical analysis of plasma-treated water showed that plasma generated various long-and short-lived active species[nitric oxide radicals(NO·),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),singlet oxygen(1O2),hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),and nitrite(NO_(2)^(-))]in water,thus the oxidizability,acidity and conductivity of plasma-treated water were all increased in a treatment timedependent manner.The result for mimicked chemical mixtures confirmed the synergistic effect of activity of H_(2)O_(2),NO_(3)^(-)and NO_(2)^(-)on bacterial inactivation and plant growth promotion.Taken together,these results imply that plasma pretreatment of mung bean seeds in water with moderate oxidizability and acidity is an effective method to improve the yield of mung bean sprouts and reduce microbial contamination.

Study on Differentiation of Growing Points in Corn Sprouts into Multiple Stems

[Objectives] This study was conducted to improve the efficiency of genetic transformation using growing points of corn sprouts. [Methods] A mixed liquid of plant hormones 6-BA and KT at a suitable concentration and ratio was added dropwise to the growing points of corn sprouts, followed by culture under appropriate conditions. [Results] Corn sprouts could be induced to form multiple plants, thereby improving the transformation efficiency of growing points in corn sprouts. [Conclusions] This study provides a breeding method using growing points of corn sprouts as transformation receptors for direct plantlet formation without tissue culture by the Agrobacterium transgenic technology.

Tianxia Qingshi(World Circumstances)in the Political World of Traditional Chinese Scholar Officials:A Case Study of the“Green Sprouts Policy Polemic”in the Early Xining Period of the Northern Song

How to deal with differences is a question that any political body must respond to.The individualist perspective emphasizes that actors will adopt measures to exclude or even eliminate divergent claims in order to gain control over interests power or statutory policy,but the rich experience of traditional Chinese scholar officials offers the possibility of going beyond the limitations of this perspective.The perspective of“tianxia qingshi(world circumstances)”as a new narrative reveals a unique practical logic and dynamic mechanism in Chinese political civilization that have been overlooked by the individualist perspective.The“Green Sprouts policy(qing miao fa)polemic”in the early years of the New Policies era of the Northern Song dynasty(960-1127)presents a historical situation that has not been given full attention by existing research.

Effect of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on Growth, Mineral Composition, and Nutritional Value of Wheat & Lentil Sprouts

Sprouts are ready-to-eat and are recognized worldwide as functional components of the human diet.Recent advances in innovative agricultural techniques could enable an increase in the production of healthy food.The use of light-emitting diode(LED)in indoor agricultural production could alter the biological feedback loop,increasing the functional benefits of plant foods such as wheat and lentil sprouts and promoting the bioavailability of nutrients.The effects of white(W),red(R),and blue(B)light were investigated on the growth parameters and nutritional value of wheat and lentil sprouts.In the laboratory,seeds were sown under three different LED treat-ments:white,red,and blue light,while normal incandescent light served as a control.Percentage seed germina-tion improved by 18.34%and 12.67%for wheat and 18.34%and 12.67%for lentil sprouts under LED treatments R and B,respectively.An increase in total soluble protein and sugar by 33.4%and 9.23%in wheat and by 31.5%and 5.87%in lentils was observed under the R LED treatment.Vitamin C concentrations in wheat and lentils were significantly increased by R LED compared to all other treatments.Other parameters,including potassium and sodium concentrations,were significantly increased under red and blue light compared to the control;white light,on the other hand,significantly decreased all these parameters.According to the experimental data,red and blue LED light could be beneficial in the production of functional wheat and lentil sprouts with high nutrient concentrations.

An activatable NIR-Ⅱ fluorescent probe for tracking heavy-metal ion and high-level salt-induced oxidative stress in plant sprouts

Humans and plants have become enfolded and inseparable.Abiotic stresses in particular oxidative stress caused by heavy-metal ions or high-level salt contamination deleteriously impact plants’growth process and have become a major threat to sustaining food security.Sprouting is the first step in plants’growth process.When plant sprouts endure oxidative stress induced by toxic heavy-metal ions or high-level salt,accelerated generation of reactive oxygen species(e.g.,H_(2)O_(2))occurs inside plant sprouts;hence in-situ H_(2)O_(2) in plant sprouts could serve as the in-vivo biomarker for tracking the oxidative stress in plant sprouts.Herein,we design an activatable probe CT-XA-H_(2)O_(2) to track the oxidative stress in plant sprouts via in vivo NIR-Ⅱ fluorescent imaging.In CT-XA-H_(2)O_(2),cyano-thiazole acts as the electron-accepting moiety and xanthane-aminodiphenyl as the electron-donating moiety,and dioxaborolane as the biomarker-responsive unit and fluorescence quencher.The probe CT-XA-H_(2)O_(2) shows weak fluorescent emission.When H_(2)O_(2) is present,the dioxaborolane in the probe is cleaved,consequently,the dye CT-XA-OH is generated and brings about significant fluorescent signals for detecting and imaging the in-situ biomarker.Moreover,the aminodiphenyl group endues the chromophore(the activated probe)with aggregation-induced emission characteristics,which ensures stronger fluorescence in the aggregated state in the aqueous milieu.The probe CT-XA-H_(2)O_(2) has been employed in the Cd^(2+)-ion or high-level salt(NaCl)induced oxidative stress models of soybean sprouts and peanut sprouts,and the experimental results evidently reveal the probe’s ability for in-situ biomarker-activatable in-vivo detection and imaging in the plants’sprouts.

Comparative study of the effects of Tartary buckwheat seed and sprout consumption on the physiological indices and gut microbiota of C57BL/6J mice

Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)is a well-known pseudocereal for its health and economic value.However,abundant antinutritional factors(ANFs)reduces its health benefits.As reported,germination can improve the nutritional profile of grains.In this study,we systematically evaluate the safety of Tartary buckwheat seeds(TB)and Tartary buckwheat sprouts(TBS)used as high active ingredients.After evaluating nutrition levels,bioactive compounds and ANFs in TBS during germinating,5^(th)-day TBS were selected as the raw material.C57BL/6J mice were gavaged daily with distilled water,TB,or TBS for 6 weeks.The physiological indices related to ANFs were determined.Results showed that the TB intake tends to generate negative effects on the gut microbiota,and organs.Additionally,upon TB intake,the Fe^(3+)content in serum,trypsin activity in pancreas and jejunum decreased,while the cytokine,IgE,and histamine levels in serum,water content in faeces,cytokine levels in liver and jejunum increased.Conversely,TBS did not induce any obvious negative effects on the above relevant indices and showed better lipid-lowering effect.Altogether,TBS are safer and more effective as a raw material to produce the functional food for long-term consumption with the intention of preventing and treating hyperlipidaemia.

Nutrients and anti-nutrients of high chlorophyll-mungbean sprouts as affected by different periods of germination and sprouting stages

The variation of nutrient and anti-nutrient compounds in commercial mungbean cultivars(Chinat 72,MS-1,Chinat 80,and L3-8)during seven periods of germination and sprouting was determined.The seeds were selected randomly at 6 h of soaking(1^(st)stage),23 h(2^(nd)stage),47 h(3^(rd)stage),71 h(4^(th)stage),77 h(5^(th)stage)of sprouting,and 12 h,and 24 h of sunshine exposing(6th and 7th stage,respectively).It was found that nutrition compositions(including protein content,crude fiber content,vitamin C content,total minerals,and HCL-extractability of minerals)of all cultivars significantly increased with germination and sprouting.At the last stage,the total phenol was the highest amount which was not significantly different from all cultivars.The total antiradical capacity(%,DPPH inhibition)increased up to the maximum value in the last two stages of sprouting.The results showed that the phytic acid,the anti-nutrient component decreased with the consequence of germination,and reached the untraceable value at the last stage.In addition,the highest amount of chlorophyll(7.15-8.99 mg/100 g)was found in Chinat 72 and MS-1 cultivars at the last stage of sprouting,comparing to Chinat 80 and L3-8 cultivars.It is therefore recommended to consume high chlorophyll mungbean sprout with the benefits of high nutrient constituents and low price purchase comparing to other green vegetables.

Noodle with Fructus Lycii and Bean Sprouts

Ingredients: 250 grams of fructus lycii (a traditional Chinese medicine), one egg, 500 grams of flour and some fresh bean sprouts. Directions:

Neuroprotective effects of meloxicam on transient brain ischemia in rats:the two faces of anti-inflammatory treatments

The inflammato ry response plays an important role in neuroprotection and regeneration after ischemic insult.The use of non-ste roidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been a matter of debate as to whether they have beneficial or detrimental effects.In this context,the effects of the anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam have been scarcely documented after stro ke,but its ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase isoforms(1 and 2) could be a promising strategy to modulate postischemic inflammation.This study analyzed the effect of meloxicam in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in rats,measuring its neuroprotective effect after 48 hours and 7 days of reperfusion and the effects of the treatment on the glial scar and regenerative events such as the generation of new progenitors in the subventricular zone and axonal sprouting at the edge of the damaged area.We show that meloxicam’s neuroprotective effects remained after 7 days of reperfusion even if its administration was restricted to the two first days after ischemia.Moreover,meloxicam treatment modulated glial scar reactivity,which matched with an increase in axonal sprouting.However,this treatment decreased the formation of neuronal progenitor cells.This study discusses the dual role of anti-inflammatory treatments after stro ke and encourages the careful analysis of both the neuroprotective and the regenerative effects in preclinical studies.

Regulation of the growth of sprouting roots of black locust seedlings using root barrier panels

How can we regulate an invasive alien species of high commercial value?Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)has a unique capacity for seed dispersal and high germination.Field surveys indicate that black locust increases its growing area with sprouting roots and the elongation of horizontal roots at a soil depth of 10 cm.Therefore,a method to regulate the development of horizontal roots could be eff ective in slowing the invasiveness of black locust.In this study,root barrier panels were tested to inhibit the growth of horizontal roots.Since it is labor intensive to observe the growth of roots in the fi eld,it was investigated in a nursery setting.The decrease in secondary fl ush,an increase in yellowed leafl ets,and the height in the seedlings were measured.Installing root barrier panels to a depth of 30 cm eff ectively inhibit the growth of horizontal roots of young black locust.

QTL mapping for pre-harvest sprouting in a recombinant inbred line population of elite wheat varieties Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 22

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is one of the serious global issues in wheat production.Identification of quantitative trait loci(QTL)and closely-linked markers is greatly helpful for wheat improvement.In the present study,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from the cross of Zhongmai 578(ZM578)/Jimai 22(JM22)and parents were phenotyped in five environments and genotyped by the wheat 50 K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.Two QTL of germination index(GI),QGI.caas-3A and QGI.caas-5A,were detected,explaining 4.33%–5.58%and 4.43%–8.02%of the phenotypic variances,respectively.The resistant effect of QGI.caas-3A was contributed by JM22,whereas that of QGI.caas.5A was from ZM578.The two QTL did not correspond to any previously identified genes or genetic loci for PHSrelated traits according to their locations in the Chinese Spring reference genome,indicating that they are likely to be new loci for PHS resistance.Four kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers K_AX-109605367and K_AX-179559687 flanking QGI.caas-3A,and K_AX-111258240 and K_AX-109402944flanking QGI.caas-5A,were developed and validated in a natural population of 100 wheat cultivars.The distribution frequency of resistance alleles at Qphs.caas-3A and Qphs.caas-5A loci were 82.7%and57.1%,respectively,in the natural population.These findings provide new QTL and tightly linked KASP markers for improvement of PHS resistance in wheat.

Identification of KASP markers and putative genes for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of Chara
DM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.

Evaluation of Pre-Harvest Sprouting(PHS)Resistance and Screening of High-Quality Varieties from Thirty-Seven Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Resources in Chengdu Plain

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic traits for guidance production and utilization of quinoa.A comprehensive evaluation of the PHS resistance and agronomic traits of 37 species of quinoa resources was conducted in Chengdu Plain.The evaluation used various methods,including grain germination rate(GR),grain germination index(GI),total spike germination rate(SR),total grain germination index(SI),grey correlation analysis(GCA),cluster analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed significant differences in PHS resistance and agronomic traits amongst the 37 quinoa resources.CDU-23 was most resistant to PHS within 24 h,with a germination rate of 2.67%and 0%according to the GR and SR results,respectively.However,in the same time,CDU-31 showed the maximum susceptibility to PHS based on the SR of 31.07%,while CDU-34 was the most sensitive to PHS according to the GR of 100%.The comprehensive evaluation identified one and nine kinds of high resistance species for grain and whole spike germination,respectively.In both cases,the coefficients of variation(CV)for these parameters were 34.78%and 82.13%,respectively.GCA results showed that the magnitude of the association between each trait and yield in the thirty-seven quinoa resources was in the following order:thousand grain weight>seed length>seed area>seed width.Although the seed weight of CDU-18 reached 3.7010 g,the seed weight of CDU-5 was only 1.6030 g.However,the size of the seeds,their width and area did not correlate with their 1000-grain weight.There was a complex correlation between PHS resistance index and agronomic traits.Based on clustering analysis,thirty-seven quinoa resources were classified into three taxa.It was found that various taxa differed in PHS resistance and agronomic traits.Several comparisons of the aggregated data led to the selection of five varieties of quinoa,of which CDU-2 presented excellent agronomic qualities and strong PHS resistance.This study has provided a reference for breeding excellent quinoa varieties with PHS resistance.