Characterizing stand structure in a spruce forests:effects of sampling protocols

Spatial heterogeneity is an inherent characteristic of natural forest landscapes, therefore estimation of structural variability, including the collection and analyzing of field measurements, is a growing challenge for monitoring wildlife habitat di- versity and ecosystem sustainability. In this study, we investigated the combined influence of plot shape and size on the accuracy of assessment of conventional and rare structural features in two young-growth spruce-dominated forests in northwestern China. We used a series of inventory schemes and analytical approaches. Our data showed that options for sampling protocols, especially the selection of plot size considered in structural attributes measurement, dramatically af- fect the minimum number of plots required to meet a certain accuracy criteria. The degree of influence of plot shape is related to survey objectives; thus, effects of plot shape differ for evaluations of the ＂mean＂ or ＂representative＂ stand structural conditions from that for the range of habitat （in extreme values）. Results of Monte Carlo simulations suggested that plot sizes 〈0.1 ha could be the most efficient way to sample for conventional characteristics （features with relative constancy within a site, such as stem density）. Also, 0.25 ha or even larger plots may have a greater likelihood of capturing rare structural attributes （features possessing high randomness and spatial heterogeneity, such as volume of coarse woody debris） in our forest type. These findings have important implications for advisable sampling protocol （plot size and shape） to adequately capture information on forest habitat structure and diversity; such efforts must be based on a clear definition of which types are structural attributes to measure.

Soil Enzyme Activity Changes in Different-Aged Spruce Forests of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Activities of selected soil enzymes (invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) were determined under different spruce forests with restoration histories of 5, 13, 18, 23, 27 years and an old growth forest over 400 years old in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, and their possible use as indicators of ecosystems health were analyzed. Plots 10 × 10 m with 4 replications were established to investigate three hypotheses: soil enzyme activities a) would increase with the restoration process; b) would be greater in surface soils than at lower depths; and c)would be correlated to selected physicochemical properties. Results showed that as the forests developed after restoration,invertase and peroxidase activities usually increased up to the 23 year point. Also soil enzyme activities were associated with surface soils and decreased with depths, suggesting that in earlier restoration stages surface addition of organic fertilizer to soils might be more effective than additions at depth. In the 0-20 cm soil, there were significant correlations (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05) between some soil enzyme activities and some selected chemical properties. Therefore, temporal changes in enzyme activities should be included as an indicator when evaluating sustainable forest management practices.

Changes of Soil Enzyme Activities in Different Restoration Ages of Spruce Forests on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Six soil enzymes (invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase, catalase,peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) were chosen for investigation under different spruce forests withrestoration ages of 4, 10, 16 years and an old-growth spruce forest over 400 yearsold in the easternQinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Results showed that the activities of invertase, phosphatase,proteinase, catalase and peroxidase decreased in newly restored forests except forpholyphenoloxidase. With the development of forests after restoration, the activities of invertase,acid phosphadase, proteinase increased gradually. Our study also indicated that the soil enzymeactivities were associated with surface soils and decreased with depths. This result suggested thatin the earlier restoration stage the application of organic fertilizer may be more effective bysurface addition to soils than deep addition.

Comparing the impacts of mature spruce forests and grasslands on snow melt,water resource recharge,and run-off in the northern boreal environment

Snow-melt runoff is an important factor in control of flooding and soil erosion in higher and cold regions of the world.In 1992-2008-2008,processes of snow accumulation and melting were monitored at two adjacent sites of the Paljakka environmental research centre(Finland).The forest stand of mature spruce(Picea abies)has been compared with adjacent,local,and open grassland.In the forest,snowpack duration fluctuated for 180-245 days,with a maximum depth of 78-152 cm and snow-water content of 167-406 mm,while in the open grassland this occurred for some 20 days less,with maximum depth 65-122 cm,and snow-water content 143-288 mm.The snow-water captured in the canopy reached a maximum 27%of that registered on the ground;the loss of intercepted snow by sublimation was approximately 26% of the annual snowfall.During the high melt period(April-May),the degree-day factor in the forest stand achieved 60%of values observed in the grassland(2.3-3.5 against 3.8-6.0 mm℃^(-1)day^(-1)).The hydrological model BROOK 90 was employed to analyse potential water resources recharge,and flood risk at Paljakka.Considering the normal climate season,snow-melt runoff from the forest exceeded the grassland by 22%(225 against 185 mm).In extreme situations,the maximum daily runoff from snow-melt in the grasslands(57 mm day^(-1))exceeded 2.6 times the values in spruce forest(22 mm day^(-1)).

Forest Response to the US 1990 Clean Air Act: The Southern Spruce-Fir Ecosystem

The history of the Black Mountains in North Carolina and the southern Spruce-Fir ecosystem has been fraught with widespread forest decline since the mid 1960’s. Balsam Woolly Adelgid attacks and acidic deposition were two of the most recognized causes of decline. Uncertainty arose about the future of these forests, and projections were made regarding the endangerment or extinction of the endemic Fraser fir ([Pursh] Poiret). This study analyzed data sets from a permanent plot network in the Black Mountains dating 1985, 2002, and 2012. Indications that the Fraser fir population is stabilizing from a “boom-bust” cycle of population growth and has entered the stem exclusion stage of forest stand development are evident. Fir live stem density increased more than 250% from 1985 to 2002, and then declined 40% by 2012 at the highest elevations in the forest. Overall, fir appeared to be more impacted on western facing slopes than eastern ones. The population of red spruce experienced a steady decrease in live stem counts, but an increase in live basal area through all years, and at all elevation classes (1675 m, 1830 m, and 1980 m), indicating a normal progression through stand development. Red spruce was also most negatively impacted on western facing slopes. Live stem density was significantly higher (P 0.001) than eastern plots, but live basal area was similar between the two aspects. Atmospheric deposition concentrations of the four main acidic molecules at Mt. Mitchell all peaked in 1998, but decreased by 2012. These reductions, occurring shortly after tightened regulations in the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act may have potential implications for increased forest resilience.

天山北坡中段雪岭云杉人工林碳汇随林龄的动态变化

人工林是森林固碳增汇的重要组成部分,其碳汇动态随林龄的增长存在较大差异.以天山林区广泛分布的单一人工林雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)为研究对象,选取未抚育的各龄级人工林样地并以无林地为对照,通过样地调查与取样,计算植被地上、植被地下、枯落物和土壤碳密度,采用空间代替时间的方法量化了人工林碳汇量和造林后固碳量特征随林龄的变化规律.结果表明:1)不同龄组雪岭云杉人工林植被地上碳密度为1.82~119.34 t·hm^(-2),植被地下碳密度为1.26~27.77 t·hm^(-2),树干累积了植被46.4%~62.0%的碳,随林龄增加,碳密度(造林固碳量)呈现明显的异速增长,碳汇量则表现为先升高后降低的趋势.2)凋落物碳密度介于0.42~1.74 t·hm^(-2)之间,碳汇量在各龄组间差异不大,发挥了0.23~0.42 t·hm^(-2)·10 a的碳汇功能,造林后固碳量随林龄成线性增长趋势.3)造林前期,土壤深层碳密度显著增大;造林后期,表层土壤碳在凋落物分解输入作用下逐渐累积,显著大于10~60 cm;造林能够有效提高土壤碳汇,平均碳汇量达51.66 t·hm^(-2)·10 a;造林后土壤固碳量与无林地相比提升较明显,21~30 a林龄时达最大值101.83t·hm^(-2),固碳量随林龄表现为先增后降的二项式分布.4)雪岭云杉人工林总碳汇呈非匀速增长趋势,其中60 a人工林碳汇潜力较高,总碳汇累积量可达488.60 t·hm^(-2);雪岭云杉人工林植被地上部和地下部碳汇在生态系统总碳汇的占比不断增加,由10~20 a林龄的4.6%增加至51~60 a林龄的67.7%,同时土壤碳汇在生态系统总碳汇的占比不断降低.

天山雪岭云杉径向生长响应气候变化的海拔分异

【目的】探究天山中部地区不同海拔雪岭云杉径向生长变化趋势、对气候因子的响应以及应对干旱胁迫的生态弹性,为预测气候变化下天山雪岭云杉林沿海拔梯度的群落发展趋势提供理论参考。【方法】在天山北坡中段雪岭云杉森林的下林线、林带中部、上林线处采集雪岭云杉树芯样品,建立3个树轮标准年表,计算胸高断面积增量,分析雪岭云杉径向生长与气候因子的关系,采用抵抗力、恢复力和恢复弹力分析雪岭云杉对干旱胁迫的响应。【结果】在过去61年,研究区各海拔雪岭云杉径向生长均受到明显抑制,受抑制程度表现为下林线处最重,林带中部次之,上林线处较轻;不同海拔影响雪岭云杉径向生长的主控气候因子存在差异,下林线主要与当年4—7月气温显著负相关(P<0.05),与上一年6月和当年4、6月降水量及上一年8月至当年9月自校准帕默尔干旱指数(scPDSI)显著正相关(P<0.05);林带中部主要与上一年6—8月和当年3—4、6—7月气温显著负相关(P<0.05);上林线主要与当年2和6—7月气温显著正相关(P<0.05),与上一年8月和当年4月降水及上一年6月至当年5月scPDSI显著正相关(P<0.05);雪岭云杉径向生长对气候因子的响应在海拔梯度和时间梯度上均有差异,由下林线至上林线,与气温的负相关性及与降水和scPDSI的正相关性均依次减弱。在时间梯度上,与气温的相关性逐渐减弱,与降水和scPDSI的正相关性逐渐加强。不同海拔雪岭云杉应对干旱胁迫的生态弹性具有差异,抵抗力和恢复弹力表现为上林线>林带中部>下林线,恢复力表现为下林线>林带中部>上林线;下林线雪岭云杉对干旱较敏感,遭受干旱胁迫时生长下降明显;在抵抗力与恢复力反向平衡关系未打破时,下林线雪岭云杉不受干旱遗留效应影响。【结论】因研究区升温迅速而降水增加缓慢,各海拔雪岭云杉遭受干旱胁迫越来越严重,其中下林线雪岭云杉径向生长降幅最大,抵抗力最小,生长衰退风险最高。

祁连山区青海云杉林碳汇特征及调控因子

祁连山区是我国西部重要的生态安全屏障和固碳场所。为准确评估祁连山区青海云杉林生态系统生长季碳汇特征,利用涡度相关技术并结合增强回归树模型与结构方程模型,研究生长季其碳通量变化特征及其环境影响机制。结果表明,青海云杉林生长季净生态系统碳交换(net ecosystem carbon exchange,NEE)日变化呈“V”型,CO_(2)通量变化范围在-0.71~0.08 mg CO_(2)·m^(-2)·s^(-1),季节尺度NEE变化范围在-20.93~11.75 g C·m^(-2),月均碳吸收量(188.27±17.85)g·m^(-2),生长季累积碳吸收941.34 g·m^(-2)。增强回归树模型揭示植被指数对净生态系统碳交换量相对贡献率最高,为50.3%,其次是净辐射,为15.9%。结构方程模型表明,植被指数与相对湿度对净生态系统碳交换量的直接作用系数分别为0.61与-0.17。多元逐步回归模型表明植被指数与相对湿度对NEE具有显著影响(R^(2)=0.74,P<0.01)。随着植被指数增加,祁连山森林生态系统碳汇功能显著增强。结果为准确评估祁连山区青海云杉林生态系统碳汇能力提供科学依据。

Effect of natural and anthropogenic acidifi cation on aluminium distribution in forest soils of two regions in the Czech Republic

To elucidate the dynamics of aluminium(Al),an element potentially toxic and strongly aff ected by acidifi cation processes,in soils,we selected two regions that were similar in relief,soil types,and vegetation cover but diff ered markedly in their history of acid precipitation:the JizerskéMountains(anthropogenically acidifi ed)and the NovohradskéMountains(naturally acidifi ed)in the Czech Republic.The levels of Al forms(exchangeable and organically bound)associated with diff erent environmental impacts were measured and univalent,divalent and trivalent Al species were quantifi ed using HPLC/IC.Exchangeable and organically bound Al concentrations were higher in the anthropogenically acidifi ed area.Only the concentrations of the leastdangerous species,the univalent,in organic soil horizons were similar for both mountains.The concentrations of exchangeable Al forms were correlated with Ca concentrations and with pH in the organic horizon.The known relationship of Al with soil pH was stronger in the mineral horizons.Relationships of exchangeable Al forms concentrations with sulphur concentrations or even more with the sulphur calcium molar ratio were found only in the JizerskéMountains,not in the Novohradské.Generally,the obtained results support the hypothesis that mechanisms diff ered between natural and anthropogenic acidifi cation.

尺度变化对关帝山庞泉沟云杉次生林空间分布格局的影响

林分空间格局研究对认识和理解森林群落结构的生态学过程具有重要作用。适宜的样地尺度不仅可以有效降低工作和时间成本,也可以提高林分属性的精确估计。同时,抽样尺度的适宜程度对科学评价林分空间结构调整也具有重要的现实意义。以关帝山庞泉沟4 hm^(2)云杉次生林固定监测样地为研究对象,运用样地划分法和空间点格局的K2函数,评估了林分主要树种空间格局随样地面积变化的规律。结果表明:通过重要值排序,选取云杉(青杄+白杄)、华北落叶松、桦树(白桦+红桦)+其它阔叶树(花楸+辽东栎+山杨+山楂)作为主要树种(组)。随着样地尺度的减小(从4 hm^(2)到0.25 hm^(2)),空间分布格局主要表现为较小尺度(≤4 m)的聚集分布过度为随机分布与均匀分布,以及聚集和随机分布交替出现。所有树种的次级样地与参考样地的一致性指数差异显著,云杉和华北落叶松组合1 hm^(2)样地一致性指数最高,而桦树和其它阔叶树完整1 hm^(2)样地一致性指数最高;此外,云杉、华北落叶松和桦树0.25 hm^(2)样地与组合1 hm^(2)样地空间格局一致性指数组间差异显著。研究认为1 hm^(2)样地尺度可以作为该地区云杉次生林空间分布格局的最小尺度。研究为探索云杉次生林空间格局的变化规律及样地抽样尺度的选取方面,提供了一定的理论基础和技术依据。

岗乡云杉林自然保护区大型真菌多样性研究

岗乡云杉林自然保护区位于西藏自治区林芝市波密县,自然条件优渥,植被茂密,种类丰富,其中林芝云杉广布,大型真菌资源丰富。本文以2022年5月至2023年10月为研究期,以岗乡云杉林自然保护区为研究区,通过随机踏勘采集436份大型真菌样品(有效样品383份),对其进行物种多样性分析,并通过形态学和分子生物学方法对大型真菌样品进行鉴定。经鉴定,分类结果为2门9纲17目56科112属185种。其中,优势科(分布物种不少于10种)有4科,分别为多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)、小菇科(Mycenaceae)、红菇科(Russulaceae)和球盖菇科(Strophariaceae),分布物种共计54种。优势属(分布物种不少于5种)有5属,分别为鹅膏属(Amanita)、红菇属(Russula)、鹿花菌属(Gyromitra)、鳞伞属(Pholiota)和小菇属(Mycena),分布物种共计36种,占总种数的19.45%。研究区大型真菌资源的区系分析结果显示,属级区系地理成分大致可分为5个类型,以世界广布成分(66.670%)为主,呈现从亚热带逐步向北温带过渡的特征。本研究为岗乡云杉林自然保护区大型真菌资源的保护和开发利用提供数据基础。

甘肃迭部云杉落针病发生原因与防治措施

云杉是甘肃迭部地区重要的林木资源之一,但近年来,云杉落针病发生频繁,对林木的健康和生长造成了极大威胁。云杉落针病是一种由真菌引起的病害,其特征是云杉树针发黄、枯萎并最终脱落,严重影响树木的光合作用和生长发育。该文综合分析了甘肃迭部地区云杉落针病的发生特点及其原因,并在此基础上提出了一系列科学有效的防治措施,包括加强培育环境管理、根据树种特性开展预防工作、应用化学防治技术,旨在为该地区云杉林的保护与恢复提供指导和参考。

ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION OF KOREAN SPRUCE IN NORTHEAST CHINA

Korean spruce(Picea koraiensis Nakai)has been included as a Chinese regenerationspecies since the 1960’s.In the 1970’s it became one of the four most important species in thenortheast forest region of China. Korean spruce is a timber species with a wide range of adaptation,high survival rate,and few diseases or pests.Studies of 30—year trials show that the regeneration ofkorean spruce is successful and has a prospective future.

Investigation of interactive effects of acid fog and ozone on spruce seedlings

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Forest Disturbance Enhanced the Activity of Epedaphic Collembola in Windthrown Stands of the High Tatra Mountains

The study aimed to assess the response of ep- and hemiedaphic Collembola communities(activity, richness, community structure) to a disturbance, the subsequent management regime and to the season(summer, winter) in a High Tatra Mountains spruce forest destroyed by a windstorm.Fire and clear-cut resulted in an initial increase in the activity of Collembola inhabiting open areas,opportunistic or generalist species, while forest specialists diminished in numbers or disappeared.Our results indicated that treatment with nonextracted fallen trees(NEX) provided a better chance for forest species to survive compared with their survival in open habitats of extracted(EXT) and wildfire(FIR) treatments. Great species' potential of NEX treatment was indicated by Chao2 estimator and activity/species rarefaction curves. Communities of NEX treatment were more similar to the reference(REF) treatment, documented by ordination and cluster analyses. Thus, leaving fallen timber after a windthrow to natural process of succession is suitable for survival of forest species and maintenance of diversity in forests restoration than timber extraction.Community structure in wildfire(FIR) stands was the most dissimilar to the other treatments. Most of the species trapped in this treatment belonged to hemiedaphic life forms, while the activity of larger epedaphic species diminished. In contrast, the highest number of trapped Collembola in EXT treatment was connected with the larger-bodied epigeic species with fast dispersal ability. The trapping period affected both the number of individuals and species richness;Collembola activity and species diversity in the individual treatments were lower in winter compared with the summer period. Several species increased activity during the winter period, namely Folsomia penicula, Friesea mirabilis, F. truncata, Hypogastrura socialis and Protaphorura aurantiaca.

Longitudinal height-diameter curves for Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Norway based on shape constraint additive regression models

Background： Generalized height-diameter curves based on a re-parameterized version of the Korf function for Norway spruce （Piceo abies （L.） Karst.）, Scots pine （Pinus sylvestris L.） and silver birch （Betula pendula Roth） in Norwa are presented. The Norwegian National Forest Inventory （NFI） is used as data base for estimating the model parameters. The derived models are developed to enable spatially explicit and site sensitive tree height imputatio in forest inventories as well as future tree height predictions in growth and yield scenario simulations. Methods： Generalized additive mixed models （gamm） are employed to detect and quantify potentially non-linear effects of predictor variables. In doing so the quadratic mean diameter serves as longitudinal covariate since stand ag as measured in the NFI, shows only a weak correlation with a stands developmental status in Norwegian forests. Additionally the models can be locally calibrated by predicting random effects if measured height-diameter pairs are available. Based on the model selection of non-constraint models, shape constraint additive models （scare） were fit tc incorporate expert knowledge and intrinsic relationships by enforcing certain effect patterns like monotonicity. Results： Model comparisons demonstrate that the shape constraints lead to only marginal differences in statistical characteristics but ensure reasonable model predictions. Under constant constraints the developed models predict increasing tree heights with decreasing altitude, increasing soil depth and increasing competition pressure of a tree. / two-dimensional spatially structured effect of UTM-coordinates accounts for the potential effects of large scale spatial correlated covariates, which were not at our disposal. The main result of modelling the spatially structured effect is lower tree height prediction for coastal sites and with increasing latitude. The quadratic mean diameter affects both the level and the slope of the height-diameter curve and both effects are positive. Conclusions： In this investigation it is assumed that model effects in additive modelling of height-diameter curves which are unfeasible and too wiggly from an expert point of view are a result of quantitatively or qualitatively limited data bases. However, this problem can be regarded not to be specific to our investigation but more general since growth and yield data that are balanced over the whole data range with respect to all combinations of predictor variables are exceptional cases. Hence, scare may provide methodological improvements in several applications by combining the flexibility of additive models with expert knowledge.

Assessing Soil-Related Black Spruce and White Spruce Plantation Productivity

This article focuses on modelling and mapping the productivity of black (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) plantations across the Black Brook forest management area in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada, encompassing about 200,000 ha. This effort involved establishing 3500 50 m2 survey plots, each informing about: plantation age (15 to 43 years), planted species type, stem count, tree height, basal area, and wood volume. All of this was supplemented with location-specific productivity predictors, i.e., xy location and specifications pertaining to soil type, soil drainage (established through digital elevation modelling by way of the depth-to-water index DTW), and years since thinning (pre-commercial and commercial), and. The DTW index, as it emulates the elevation rise away from open water features such as streams, rivers and lakes, allowed the re-mapping of existing soil borders by topographic position and drainage association. Non-linear regression analysis revealed that plantation height, basal area and volume all increased with plantation age, as to be expected. Pre-commercial thinning in plantations <30 years old had a positive while the more recent commercial thinning still had the negative effect on standing wood volume and mean annual volume increment (MAI). White spruce MAI generally exceeded black spruce (MAI) by a factor of 1.25. Poor and excessive soil drainage reduced MAI. Best growth performances occurred on plantations established on well-drained calcareous soils. The best-fitted results so obtained allowed for generating black and white spruce MAI maps across the forest management area by ridge-to-valley soil and DTW location at 10 m resolution. These maps were subsequently used for site-by-site silvicultural evaluation and ranking purposes.

不同经营方式的云冷杉针阔混交林土壤真菌群落结构

为评估不同经营方式的云冷杉林土壤真菌群落结构,以吉林省汪清林业局云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,设置4种经营方式,传统经营——进行抚育采伐,采伐后郁闭度在0.7以上;目标树经营1——按目标树单株经营进行采伐,保留用材目标树密度100株/hm^(2);目标树经营2——按目标树单株经营进行采伐,保留用材目标树密度150株/hm^(2);未经采伐处理的样地作为对照。通过高通量测序技术和土壤理化性质分析,比较不同经营方式的土壤真菌群落结构的差异。结果表明:(1)不同经营方式的土壤理化性质差异显著(p<0.05)。(2)采伐增加了云冷杉针阔混交林真菌共有OTU数目和特征OTU数目。(3)α多样性分析表明目标树经营1的真菌群落最为丰富,传统经营的真菌群落多样性最高。(4)β多样性分析表明不同经营措施间的差异显著高于组内差异,说明采伐强度改变了真菌群落的物种组成。土壤真菌的优势菌群对干扰的适应程度不同,采伐导致土壤质量下降,经过采伐后土壤真菌的组成更加趋向于营腐生菌群;土壤真菌群落结构在不同经营方式下表现出不同的相似性,与对照经营相比采伐改变了真菌的群落结构,说明采伐后经过短时间的恢复,土壤真菌未趋于稳定,因此,采伐可以短时间内影响土壤真菌,并且采伐有利于土壤真菌群落进行养分循环;从真菌丰度、群落结构、相似度及土壤理化性质综合分析,目标树经营1更接近对照经营,所以目标树经营1优于其他经营方式。

祁连山南坡青海云杉林碳密度随海拔分布特征

森林生物量是研究森林第一性生产力的基础,其碳密度是评价森林生态系统结构功能的重要指标。为探究祁连山南坡阿咪东索小流域内青海云杉典型林分密度随海拔的变化特征,按不同海拔,采用生物量模型计算法,选择海拔2900~3200 m调查分析该区域内青海云杉乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征,以期为祁连山青海云杉林碳储量估算提供基础数据。结果表明:研究区总生物量平均值为135.59 t·hm^(-2),随着海拔升高,总生物量呈递减的趋势。乔木层碳密度平均值为70.51 t·hm^(-2),0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳密度平均值为154.01 t·hm^(-2),随海拔升高,乔木层碳密度呈递减的趋势,土壤有机碳密度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。区内不同海拔青海云杉林生态系统碳密度为224.51 t·hm^(-2),其中乔木层和土壤层碳密度分别占总碳密度的30.5%和69.5%,随海拔上升呈下降的变化趋势。森林土壤碳库占比较大,加强对森林土壤的保护是维持森林生态平衡的强有力推进方向。

应用贝叶斯模型平均法建立东北云冷杉针阔混交林蓄积生长模型

根据金沟岭林场198块固定样地数据,分别使用逐步回归方法和贝叶斯模型平均法建立东北云冷杉针阔混交林蓄积量生长模型,分析林分蓄积生长与林分因子、气候因子的关系,并比较两种方法的预测效果。结果表明:贝叶斯模型平均法建模时将多个模型组合进行加权建模,减少了冗余变量,建立的模型较逐步回归更为准确;海拔、林分断面积、林分密度、林分平均胸径、低于0℃积温、低于18℃积温、参考蒸发量是影响林分蓄积生长的主要因素;逐步回归的决定系数(R^(2))为0.95,均方根误差(R_(MSE))为17.53;贝叶斯模型平均法的决定系数(R^(2))也为0.95,均方根误差(R_(MSE))为37.51。