Experiments and numerical simulations on transport of dissolved pollutants around spur dike

The flow field around a spur dike has three-dimensional characteristics. In order to analyze the influence of the flow field on pollutant transport, based on a compressive volume of fluid （VOF） scheme, the three-dimensional transient compressive pollutant transport model （CPTM） and the cubic equation （CE） bounded differencing scheme were developed. For the calibration and validation of CPTM, laboratory experiments were carried out in a flume with a non-submerged spur dike. The spur dike was angled at 60°, 90°, and 120° from the upstream direction. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results. The simulations and experiments showed that the distribution of pollutant concentration was determined by circumfluence and the main flow. Concentration decay in the circumfluenee zone was slower than that in the main flow. Downstream of the spur dike, the concentration fluctuation became intensive with the increase of spur dike angle.

Influence of Spur Dike on Hydrodynamic Exchange Between Channel and Shoal of Generalization Estuary in Physical Model Test

Widely applied in maintaining estuarial waterway depth, the spur dike has played an important role in currents and sediment exchange between channel and shoal and sediment back-silting in the channel. Through establishing a generalized physical model at a bifurcated estuary and conducting current tests under the joint action of runoff and tide, the influence of the spur dike length on current exchange between channel and shoal is analyzed. Results show that when the spur dike length reaches a certain value, the direction of the flow velocity shear front between the channel and shoal will change. The longer the spur dike, the larger the transverse fluctuating velocity at the peak of flood in the channel shoal exchange area, while the transport of the transverse hydrodynamics is obvious in the process of flood. There is an optimum length of spur dike when the shear stress in the channel and the longitudinal velocity in flood and ebb reach the maximum, and the flow velocity will decrease when the spur dike length is smaller or larger than the optimum. For a certain length of spur dike, the larger the channel shoal elevation difference, the larger the peak longitudinal flow velocity in the middle of the navigation channel in flood and ebb. However, the transverse flow velocity will first decrease and then increase. The transverse transportation is obvious when the channel shoal elevation difference increases.

Numerical investigation of flow pattern and components of three-dimensional velocity around a submerged T-shaped spur dike in a 90° bend

Spur dike is one of the river training structures. This work presented a numerical simulation of flow field and three-dimensional velocity around a T-shaped spur dike located in bend using SSIIM model. The main objective of this work is to investigate the three-dimensional velocities and streamlines at transverse and longitudinal sections and plan views around the T-shaped spur dike in different submergence ratios(0, 5%, 15%, 25% and 50%). It is concluded that by increasing the submergence ratio from 5% to 50%, the maximum of scour is reduced; the maximum of longitudinal velocity increases by 7.7% and occurs at the water surface in spur dike axis. Near the bed, the maximum of vertical velocity occurs at the end of spur wing. By analyzing the streamlines at transverse sections, the followings were deduced for different submergence ratios: different dimensions and different positions of vortices around the spur dike.

A study of the effect of local scour on the flow field near the spur dike

The flow field near a spur dike such as down flow and horseshoe vortex system(HVS)are susceptible to the topographic changes in the local scouring process,resulting in variation of the sediment transport with time.In this study,large eddy simulations with fixed-bed at different scouring stages were conducted to investigate the changes in flow field.The results imply that the bed deformation leads to an increase in flow rate per unit area,which represent the capability of sediment transportation by water,in the scour hole.Moreover,the intensity of turbulent kinetic energy and bimodal motion near the sand bed induced by the HVS were also varied.However,the peak moments between the two sediment transport mechanisms were different.Hence,understanding the complex feedback mechanism between topography and flow field is essential for the local scour problem.

Purification efficiency of ecological spur dikes for river pollutants in different geometric arrangements:Experiments and numerical modeling

The traditional ecological spur dike is improved,by using the biological fillers such as the plant materials,combined with microorganisms,to obtain a larger water purification capacity.Most of the researches on spur dikes focused on the hydrodynamic force and the migration and the diffusion of the pollutants,but not so much on the effects of the spur dike materials and the arrangement parameters on the water purification capacity.In this paper the biological zeolite is used to make ecological spur dikes.The laboratory flume experiment shows that compared with the natural zeolite spur dike,the purification effect of the biological zeolite spur dike is significantly improved,and the average removal rate of the NH3-N is kept at 6.8%after 24 h compared with 3.5%of the natural zeolite spur dike.The NH3-N removal rates of a single spur dike,the counterpart spur dikes and the staggered spur dikes decrease with the increase of the inlet flow,and the staggered spur dikes have the best purification effect.Secondly,a numerical model based on the MIKE21 is verified by the experimental results and applied for the Tangjiali Section of the Xutangqiao River in Xinwu District,Wuxi City,Jiangsu Province.The orthogonal test shows that the length of the spur dike has the most important effect on the interception of pollutants and the purification,followed by the angle of the spur dike and the spacing of the spur dikes has the least important effect.The geometric arrangement parameters of the ecological spur dike group with the highest efficiency on the pollutant interception and the purification are:60°(angle),6.7 m(length)and 20 m(spacing).

Large Eddy Simulations of Three-Dimensional Flows Around a Spur Dike

Large eddy simulations were used to model the three-dimensional flows around a non-submerged spur dike. Based on the rigid lid assumption, all these vortex flows around the spur dike, which probably affected the whole flow field, were numerically simulated and analyzed. The largest circulating flow region caused by the spur dike behind it was weak, which would naturally lead to sedimentation for silt-laden twophase flows. Based on the Smagorinsky model, the finite volume method was used to discretize the NavierStokes equations, and the SIMPLEC algorithm was used to solve them. Meanwhile, these flows were investigated experimentally in a 0.5-m wide flume with a dike placed as a barrier. The computational results are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental data.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SECONDARY FLOWS AND SEDIMENTATIONS BEHIND A SPUR DIKE

For a physical model of the approach navigation channel of Three Gorges Project（TGP）, flow patterns around a non-submerged spur dike placed as a mountain in a long rectangular glass flume were experimentally investigated with and without ＂sucking-spouting＂ water respectively. Based on rigid lid assumption and Dynamic Smagorinsky Model, all these vortex flows around the spur dike were numerically simulated and analyzed, which probably affect the whole flow field and then probably lead to sedimentations for silt-laden two-phase flows. Meanwhile, silt-laden flows were also investigated experimentally. Both the secondary flow region and the silt sedimentations downstream of the spur dike decrease greatly with ＂sucking-spouting＂ water compared to those ones without ＂sucking-spouting＂ water. The Finite Volume Method （FVM） was used to discretize the governing equations together with a staggered grid system, where the second order difference is employed for the diffusion terms and the source terms while the upwind difference QUICK is used for the convection terms. The computational results are all in fairly good agreement with the experimental data.

透水丁坝孔型对坝体附近水流特性影响研究

为深入探讨透水丁坝透水孔型对其附近水流特性的影响,通过室内高精度水槽试验,采用三维声学多普勒流速仪对矩形、方圆形和椭圆形三种透水孔型下丁坝附近水流流速进行测量,获得不同透水孔型影响下的丁坝附近水流流速和紊动强度分布特征。结果表明,坝后水流流速波动和紊动强度明显大于坝前,透水丁坝对近坝区水流影响较大,距丁坝越远,流速均匀性越好,紊动强度越小。透水丁坝的缓流效果与透水孔型密切相关,矩形透水孔的坝后缓流率为35.4%,缓流效果较好,方圆形透水孔次之,椭圆形最小,研究结果可为丁坝的透水孔型选择提供指导和参考。

长江上游水井湾航道整治数值模拟

水井湾滩段是长江上游弯道分汊河道,具有急、浅、险等多种碍航特性。洪中枯流量的差异引起主支汊分流比与分沙比的变化,河床不稳定。采用数值模拟方法,结合丁顺坝平面初步布置方案,研究丁顺坝坝头不同偏角布置下水井湾航道的通航水流条件及汊道分流比变化规律,对比分析各布置方案的计算结果得到平面布置最优方案。研究表明:通航水流条件与丁顺坝坝头偏角不成正向变动关系,坝头偏角存在合适区间;分汊主河道分流比与流量成反向变动关系,坝头偏角对河道分流比影响较小。研究结果可为同类型河流航道整治方案提供理论依据。

弗劳德数影响下的沙质河床丁坝群局部冲刷数值模拟

为分析弗劳德数对沙质河床丁坝群局部冲刷的影响,基于MIKE21对三种泥沙粒径沙质河床在不同弗劳德数下的丁坝群局部冲刷进行数值模拟,总结了冲刷范围及特征断面的变化规律。结果表明,局部冲刷除Ⅱ号坝头产生淤积外其余丁坝坝头均产生局部冲刷;同一弗劳德数下,泥沙粒径越小,冲刷范围及断面变化越大,高弗劳德数时更为明显,而同一粒径下,弗劳德数越大,冲刷范围及断面变化会越大,在泥沙粒径较小时更为明显;在泥沙粒径较小、弗劳德数较大时,冲刷范围几乎影响整个丁坝群河道且首坝附近河床整体为先冲后淤。

透水丁坝对不同曲率弯道内三维水流结构影响数值模拟研究

透水丁坝相较于传统丁坝,具有更加卓越的稳定性,安全性,可靠性,因此在绿色航道推广中得到重视,研究的目的在于对比不同曲率河道内三维水流结构变化,进而为不同曲率河道治理提供依据。研究采用数值模拟与实测相结合的方式,对3种湍流模型进行比选和验证,Standard k-ε,RNG k-ε,Realizable k-ε三种湍流模型内岸模拟流速和实测流速相关性系数均低于外岸,RNG k-ε湍流模型实测流速和模拟流速相关性系数最高,最终采用RNG k-ε模型对90°和180°弯道模拟,并对三维流线,流速,床面剪切,水面线分析。结果显示丁坝下游回流区涡轴线受垂向和径向速度梯度影响出现不同程度倾斜,水流撞击2号丁坝在丁坝之间产生两个相反方向的涡,这将对透水丁坝群结构稳定形成威胁但同时也会防止大量泥沙在透水丁坝之间淤积,保证透水丁坝在使用过程中不至于丧失透水性。河道曲率增大导致强剪切层向内岸迁移,180°弯道内出现两个强剪切层,这将导致河床向阶梯型演化,对于曲率大而且狭窄的山区河道在布置透水丁坝后要对内岸侵蚀效果评估,防止强剪切层迁移对内岸构成威胁。水面线呈现内低外高的现象,且在x/L=0.48~0.5的范围里内外岸水面线差值最小,水面出现凹陷。

梯形透空丁坝局部水动力特性对底栖动物生境演替的影响机制

针对因梯形透空丁坝局部水动力特性对底栖动物栖息地的影响机制尚不明确,限制了此类结构的大范围推广应用的问题,依托长江深水航道建设的示范应用工程,构建三维水动力数值模型,选择中华绒螯蟹为指示物种,研究了不同径流条件下梯形透空丁坝局部水动力特性及其对指示物种栖息地的影响;结合梯形透空丁坝不同时期沉积物和底栖动物的监测数据,分析了梯形透空丁坝对底栖动物生境演替的影响机制。结果表明:梯形透空丁坝迎流面产生的上升流将主流引导至丁坝后上方,在汛期为中华绒螯蟹提供了避洪场所;坝内及坝后较小的流速和丰富的流场结构为中华绒螯蟹提供了索饵场和越冬场。

阶梯形丁坝区明槽紊流横向涡的统计特征

阶梯形丁坝是常见的航道整治建筑物。基于PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)水槽试验,研究了阶梯形丁坝区明槽紊流横向涡密度、面积、形状参数、旋转强度的沿程及沿槽宽分布规律。结果表明:(1)涡密度沿水深方向的分布在坝顶及槽底附近均出现波动峰值,沿流向距丁坝越远,涡密度波动越小;(2)丁坝附近同一位置的顺向涡总面积大于逆向涡,垂线上涡面积峰值出现在丁坝顶部并随距水槽中轴距离的减小而减小;(3)丁坝附近横向涡多呈椭圆形,丁坝区槽底处的逆向涡和水面处的顺向涡均呈扁平状;(4)丁坝附近同一位置的逆向涡旋转强度远大于顺向涡,丁坝上游至丁坝段,横向涡旋转强度沿程呈骤减趋势,丁坝段至下游,横向涡旋转强度沿程逐渐趋稳。研究结果可为揭示阶梯形丁坝的局部冲刷机制提供参考。

梯形透空丁坝局部冲淤演变对底栖动物群落的影响

依托长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道中梯形透空丁坝示范应用工程,建立泥沙运动数值模型,结合现场监测数据,分析了梯形透空丁坝周围底栖动物群落组成和栖息密度,采用香农维纳指数、辛普森多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分析底栖动物物种多样性,揭示梯形透空丁坝局部冲淤演变对底栖动物群落的影响机制。结果表明:床面泥沙在梯形透空丁坝坝前淤积,以中值粒径0~0.25 mm的沙质底质为主,有利于双壳类、寡毛类等底栖动物的穴居;坝内空腔和坝后床面相对稳定,以中值粒径0~0.1 mm的浮泥底质为主,为摇蚊类、寡毛类等底栖动物营造了适宜的索饵场和缓流生境;梯形透空丁坝局部底栖动物群落组成相对稳定且多样,梯形透空丁坝能为不同的底栖动物提供栖息场所,并为鱼类等水生生物提供丰富的饵料和适宜的栖息场所。

滦河下游腰庄段丁坝群水流特性及局部冲刷三维数值模拟

为探究滦河下游丁坝群对水流特性影响及坝头冲刷变化情况,利用Flow 3D建立了滦河下游腰庄段丁坝群三维水沙模型,采用2015年实测数据对模型进行了验证。模拟了5 a一遇和10 a一遇恒定流与非恒定流工况下丁坝群坝头流速分布及局部冲刷。结果表明,丁坝群能够有效减缓水流流速,改善水流对河岸的侵蚀,对滦河下游腰庄河岸起到保护作用。在恒定流条件下,10 a一遇工况较5 a一遇主流最大流速区逐渐偏向右岸,同时受主流冲击的丁坝流速增加约1.7 m/s,其余丁坝流速增加约0.9 m/s。在行洪过程中,受主流冲击的典型丁坝坝头产生了明显的冲刷坑,其中丁坝冲刷坑形态呈沿水流方向的狭长带状。随着重现期的增加,典型丁坝坝头冲刷坑深度增加约1 m,同时丁坝坝头冲刷带开始向上游延伸。研究成果可为丁坝局部冲刷安全分析提供参考。

黄河下游透水丁坝瞬溃后水力及冲淤特性研究

溃坝是一种瞬时带有巨大破坏作用的灾害性过程,可引起河床的骤冲、骤淤以及下游岸滩失稳坍塌。基于MIKE21 FM软件构建二维水动力数值模型,模拟了黄河下游老君堂河段拟建透水丁坝群中首排丁坝瞬时全溃后所诱发的水流泥沙运动过程,分析了溃坝后床面剪切力的分布变化,阐明了坝群附近河床的冲淤特点。研究表明:首排坝瞬溃后,溃坝波受下游丁坝群的影响而改变了其传播演进过程线;溃坝对主槽的输沙能力影响较弱,但却显著地影响了坝区泥沙的起动和沉降;首排坝的坝体和次排坝的坝头是受损最严重的区域,因此建议采用实体丁坝与透水丁坝相结合的复合式配置方式,即首排坝和次排坝采用实体丁坝、其余位置采用透水丁坝,以加强各工况丁坝群运行的稳定性。

间距对错口插板透水丁坝缓流效果的影响

探究间距对错口插板透水丁坝缓流效果的影响,可为现代护岸工程的设计提供理论依据。使用CCHE2D软件对塔里木河新其满河段实体水槽模型进行二维数值模拟研究,分析了不同间距错口插板透水丁坝对上游透水丁坝作用区水面线、流速、河床切应力分布的影响规律。结果表明,当相对坝长比b/B=0.21,且在来流量、坝长等因素不变的情况下,透水丁坝间距越大,上游插板透水丁坝坝后缓流及流速均匀性越好,水位雍高值逐渐减小且河床切应力呈减小趋势。当间距为5倍有效坝长时,上游插板透水丁坝坝后流速、水位及河床切应力均趋于稳定。研究结果可完善插板透水丁坝作用区缓流效果理论。

广阳坝河段连续浅滩-深潭式仿自然生境修复技术研究

以长江上游广阳坝河段为例,通过构建物理模型分析连续浅滩—深潭式仿自然生境修复技术方案实施前后相应河段水深、流场的变化,讨论生境修复方案对鱼类产卵场、栖息地、越冬活动及航道的影响。研究表明,生境修复方案实施后,试验范围段缓流区的面积大幅增加,且在丁坝群之间形成了局部缓流,有利于鱼类的产卵与栖息;方案的实施对河段航道内船舶通行未造成不利影响。

双丁坝流场及回流特性数值研究

双丁坝是常见的丁坝布置形式,不同的布置形式和丁坝长度会对河道流态、水位以及整流、护岸效果产生影响。以探究双丁坝对河道的影响为目的,利用RANS方程作为基础,同时结合Realizable k-ε湍流模型,对双丁坝流场及回流特性进行数值模拟。首先,数值模拟丁坝的水动力特性,并与试验数据相比较,以此证明数值模拟的合理性;然后,研究丁坝长度(河宽缩窄率)以及丁坝坝距对航道水位变化、流速变化、回流区变化的影响。研究结果表明:当坝距一定时,随着河宽缩窄率的增加,丁坝上游壅水高度及范围增大,挑流作用增强,主流收缩断面减小,流速增大,航道受到的保护范围增大;随着河宽缩窄率的增加,坝间回流长度及宽度与坝长的比值减小,其与坝后的比值增大。当坝长一定时,随着坝距增大,水位的凹陷区从丁坝下游收缩至两丁坝之间,当坝长为5 m、坝距为10 m时丁坝下游产生振荡现象,水面形成的波浪向下游传;随着坝距的增加,坝间回流长度及宽度与坝长的比值增大,坝后回流长度及宽度与坝长的比值减小,坝长为5 m、坝距为10 m时水流逆流回两坝间形成逆时针漩涡。研究结果可为航道护岸建设提供参考。

多级丁坝影响下弯道水流运动三维数值模拟研究

多级丁坝在航道整治工程中应用广泛,为了研究其水流结构,在U形弯道内布设多级丁坝进行系列水槽试验,采用粒子图像测速(PIV)仪和超声波水位计测量了多级丁坝附近的流速及水位,同时利用商用软件Fluent,基于有限体积法,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对丁坝附近水流的流态进行三维数值模拟,并将水槽试验结果与数值模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,两者吻合较好。模拟结果表明:相同过流面积下,丁坝级数增加,丁坝下游回流范围增大,坝头处高流速区流速值减小;在水流近底处和中截面处,紊动能k最大值随着丁坝级数的增加逐渐减小,在自由水面处则先增大后减小。