Simulation of pressure effects on hot isostatic pressing of stainless steel powder

To investigate the effects of pressure on the hot isostatic pressing(HIP) process of a stainless steel powder,density distribution and deformation of the powder at four different applied pressure levels were predicted and compared by using finite element method(FEM).Constitutive relations of porous compacts during HIP process were derived based on the yield criterion of porous metal materials.Thermo-mechanical coupling calculations were carried out by the MSC.Marc.Densification mechanisms were studied through evolutions of relative density,equivalent plastic strain and equivalent viscoplastic strain rate for compacts.The simulation results were also compared with experimental data.The results show that the densification rate and final density of compacts increase dramatically with the increase in the applied pressure level when it is below 100 MPa during HIP process,and the creep for compacts evolves into steady stage with the improvement of density.

Characterization of 17-4PH stainless steel powders produced by supersonic gas atomization

17-4PH stainless steel powders were prepared using a supersonic nozzle in a close-coupled gas atomization system. The characteristics of powder particles were carried out by means of a laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the X-ray diffraction （XRD） technique. The results show that the mass median particle diameter is about 19.15 prn. Three main types of surface microstructures are observed in the powders： well-developed dendrite, cellular, and cellular dendrite structure. The XRD measurements show that, as the particle size decreases, the amount of fcc phase gradually decreases and that of bcc phase increases. The cooling rate is inversely related to the particle size, i.e., it decreases with an increase in particle size.

Warm compacting behavior of stainless steel powders

The warm compacting behaviors of four different kinds of stainless steel powders,304L,316L,410L and 430L,were studied. The results show that warm compaction can be applied to stainless steel powders. The green densities and strengths of compacts obtained through warm compaction are generally higher than those obtai ned through cold compaction. The compacting behaviors in warm compaction and col d compaction are similar. Under the compacting pressure of 700 MPa,the warm co mpacted densities are 0.100.22 g/cm^3 higher than the cold compacted o nes,and the green strengths are 11.5%50% higher. The optimal warm compa cting temperature is 100110 ℃. In the die wall lubricated warm compact ion,the optimum internal lubricant content is 0.2%.

Preparation of high nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel by powder injection molding

High nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel has received much recognition worldwide because it can solve the problem of ＂nickel-allergy＂ and has outstanding mechanical and physical properties. In this article, 0Cr17Mn11Mo3N was prepared by powder injection molding （PIM） technique accompanied with solid-nitriding. The results show that the critical solid loading can achieve up to 64vol% by use of gas-atomized powders with the average size of 17.4 μm. The optimized sintefing conditions are determined to be 1300℃,2 h in flowing nitrogen atmosphere, at which the relative density reaches to 99% and the N content is as high as 0.78wt%. After solution annealing at 1150℃for 90 rain and water quench, the 0.2% yield strength, ultimate tensile strength （UTS）, elongation, reduction in area, and hardness can reach as high as 580 MPa, 885 MPa, 26.0%, 29.1%, and Hv 222, respectively.

Sintering Mechanism of Stainless Steel in Powder Injection Molding

Stainless steel samples were made by Powder injection Molding (PIM) process with-400 mesh powder in order to investigate the sintering mechanism in this system and develop the PIM of stainless steels. The process included mixing, injection molding, debin- ding and sintering. Neck growth model was used to analyze the sintering mechanism. The results show that lattice (volume) diffusion is the main mechanism in the sintering process, the products with higher density (>95%) and properties are obtained. At lower temperatures, grain boundary diffusion may play a role in the sintering densification.

TiC-Maraging stainless steel composite:microstructure, mechanical and wear properties

Particulate TiC reinforced 17-4PH and 465 maraging stainless steel matrix composites were processed by conventional powder metallurgy （P/M）. TiC-maraging stainless steel composites with theoretical density 〉97% were produced using conventional P/M. The microstructure, and mechanical and wear properties of the composites were evaluated. The microstructure of the composites consisted of （core-rim structure） spherical and semi-spherical TiC particles depending on the wettability of the matrix with TiC particles. In TiC-maraging stainless steel composites, 465 stainless steel binder phase showed good wettability with TiC particles. Some microcracks appeared in the composites, indicating the presence of tensile stresses in the composites produced during sintering. The typical properties, hardness, and bend strength were reported for the composites. After heat treatment and aging, an increase in hardness was observed. The increase in hardness was at- tributed to the aging reaction in maraging stainless steel. The specific wear behavior of the composites strongly depends on the content of TiC particles and their interparticle spacing, and on the heat treatment of the maraging stainless steel.

HIP diffusion bonding of P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti

The HIP diffusion bonding of P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti using pure Ni as intermediate layer was studied. Bonding joint with complex bonding interface was obtained by HIPing pre-alloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti in a vacuum canning. The joint strengths were examined and the characteristics of bonding joint were observed. The result shows that the maximized strength of HIP diffusion bonding between P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti can be up to 388 MPa and the microstructure of bonding joint is acceptable.

Effects of sintering atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical property of sintered 316L stainless steel

In the present work, N 2, N 2+H 2, Ar and Ar+H 2, were used as the sintering atmosphere of Metal Injection Molded 316L stainless steel respectively. The influences of the sintering atmospheres on C, O, N contents of the sintered specimens, sintered density, grain morphology and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that C, O, N contents of the sintered specimens can be controlled in permitted low values. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the specimen sintered in N 2+H 2 atmosphere are 765 MPa and 32% respectively. Using Ar and Ar+H 2 as the sintering atmosphere, the density of the sintered specimens is 98% of the theoretical density; the pores are uniformly distributed as small spherical shape and the grain size is about 50 μm. The mechanical properties of the specimen, i.e. ultimate tensile strength 630 MPa, yield strength 280 MPa, elongation 52%, HRB 71, are much better than those of the American Metal Powder Industries Federation(MPIF) 35 Standard after being sintered in Ar+H 2.

316L不锈钢掺杂SiC环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆层组织结构与性能

TIG熔覆是经济高效的表面修复方法,与传统的预置粉末法相比,同轴送粉法具有优良的适应性,但是试验研究相对较少.自主设计制造了环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆焊枪,与管状同轴送粉TIG熔覆焊枪相比,制造的熔覆层不存在熄弧位置凹坑、焊缝不够平直以及焊缝熔宽不一致等问题,而且具有更高的熔覆效率.结果表明,采用优化的焊接热输入、送粉量和SiC含量参数匹配,在316L不锈钢表面进行环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆,获得了外观优良的单层单道熔覆层、单层多道熔覆层.对熔覆层进行显微硬度测量、微观组织及元素成分分析、宏观电化学腐蚀试验、微区电化学腐蚀试验以及耐磨性能测试,并与母材进行了比对,环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆导入的SiC粉末有效地提升了熔覆层的耐蚀性与耐磨性.

不锈钢激光选区熔化单道成形表面介观模拟与实验验证

目的为了获得不锈钢激光选区熔化单道成形质量好的加工参数,提高成形质量。方法对于316L不锈钢材料的激光选区熔化(SLM)成形,采用离散元方法(DEM)构建颗粒随机分布的三维介观模型,采用流体体积法(VOF)动态追踪SLM成形过程熔池传热、流动和凝固等行为,该模拟考虑相变潜热、热物性参数随温度非线性变化、Marangoni效应,研究了温度梯度引起的表面张力和蒸汽反冲力等现象对熔池液态金属流动和凝固的影响,并对不同激光参数和扫描速度对熔池温度场和内部流动的影响规律进行了分析。结果当激光功率为150 W、扫描速度为400 mm/s时,激光能使不锈钢粉末充分熔化,凝固后的轨迹形貌连续光滑。通过提高激光扫描速度和降低激光功率使得热输入减小,熔道表面成形出现球化等缺陷。结论通过单道成形实验观察和分析熔池与熔道的三维尺寸与形貌,有效验证了数值模拟的正确性,较好地预测出SLM过程中的缺陷种类,为深入理解SLM过程中的复杂物理现象和优化工艺参数提供了参考。

FeAl-316SS接头的反应行为、显微组织与力学性能

采用热爆反应与粉末冶金相结合的工艺实现了FeAl金属间化合物与316不锈钢(316SS)的有效连接,研究了连接温度(700、800、900℃)对界面成分组成和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当加热到637℃时,FeAl反应层温度瞬间升高到1050℃,发生明显的热爆反应,并伴随持续约15 s的剧烈放热。随着温度从700℃提高到900℃,界面由Fe-316SS、316SS(Al)交替组成的形式转变为由FeAl-316SS(Al)-316SS组成。三种温度下均形成良好的冶金结合,当连接温度为800℃时,抗剪切强度可达75 MPa。

20Cr13不锈钢表面激光熔覆M2涂层性能分析

采用激光熔覆技术在20Cr13基体表面制备M2涂层,利用超景深显微镜、光学显微镜、XRD以及维氏硬度仪对M2涂层的宏观形貌、微观组织、物相组成和显微硬度进行分析,利用电化学工作站测量M2涂层和20Cr13基体的Tafel曲线以及腐蚀形式。研究结果表明:涂层的主相是α-Fe和碳化物硬质相(M_(23)C_(6)和M_(7)C_(3)),与基体形成良好冶金结合。涂层的硬度均值在729.5 HV,是基体硬度均值的3.8倍。基体的自腐蚀电位最大,自腐蚀电流密度最小,涂层的耐腐蚀性比基体的差;涂层的腐蚀形式以点蚀和晶间腐蚀为主,基体以孔蚀和晶间腐蚀为主。

三元地质聚合物力学性能和微观结构研究

使用粉煤灰、矿粉和不锈钢渣粉制备三元地质聚合物,开展了原料配比、碱激发剂含量以及水玻璃模数对地质聚合物力学性能的影响,并利用SEM、EDS和XRD对试样进行了微观结构和物相成分分析。结果表明:在粉煤灰基础上,矿粉和不锈钢渣粉的添加降低了惰性晶体峰的强度,提高了试样的Si/Al,宏观表现为力学性能提高,当粉煤灰、矿粉和不锈钢渣粉占比为80%、60%、40%时,试样28 d抗压强度达到70.1 MPa;三元地质聚合物的抗压强度随着碱激发剂含量和模数的增加先提高后降低,同时抗压强度的提高会导致抗折强度降低试样变脆,且易出现收缩裂纹;与水泥相比,三元地质聚合物晶相主要为原料中未反应的惰性物质以及新生成的钠沸石和钙沸石,非晶相主要为C-S-H和N(C)-A-S-H共存产物。

羟基磷灰石混粉电火花铣削加工316L的效果研究

316L不锈钢是一种制作人体植入物的重要材料。经过调研提出一种羟基磷灰石混粉电火花铣削加工方式,通过因素和水平的变化探究羟基磷灰石混粉电火花铣削加工与混粉电火花成形加工两种加工工艺蚀除316L不锈钢的趋势与不同。试验结果发现,混粉电火花铣削加工能够提高材料去除率,降低电极损耗率、表面粗糙度和表面接触角。证明了该加工方式具有研究意义,并通过单因素试验进一步探究该加工方式正负极性下所呈现的不同加工特性及形成原因。极性试验结果显示,正极性加工能够实现更高的材料去除率,负极性加工则呈现更低的电极损耗率、表面粗糙度和表面接触角。

N/H气氛下烧结温度对430L不锈钢块体的性能影响

为系统研究N/H气氛下不同烧结温度对430不锈钢粉末冶金件微观结构、密度、力学性能的影响规律和作用机理,用模压成型-脱脂-气氛烧结工艺,在1100~1330℃烧结不锈钢粉末。结果表明:随温度升高,块体致密度显著提升,但晶粒粗化严重,导致性能衰减。1290℃时制备的不锈钢块的综合性能优异,抗拉强度为454 MPa,伸长率为7%,冲击功为58 J/cm^(2)。在N_(2)-H_(2)气氛下高温烧结块体表层生成了梯度分布的Cr_(2)N相,不锈钢硬度高达100.5HRB。这是因为基体组织均匀、具有梯度结构的Cr_(2)N富集层及弥散分布的平均粒径为2.27μm的Si颗粒钉扎效应协同作用的结果。该工艺流程短、能耗低,无需后续处理即可制备出满足要求的粉末冶金件。

核主泵口环含硼马氏体不锈钢激光熔覆涂层的组织和硬度研究

核主泵口环服役条件恶劣,口环表面的损伤将影响主泵内部的流场,进而影响主泵的性能,为强化口环表面的性能,本研究采用高速激光熔覆和重力送粉熔覆工艺在核主泵口环表面制备了含硼马氏体不锈钢涂层.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了不锈钢涂层的显微组织,利用显微硬度机测定了涂层的显微硬度.研究结果表明:含硼马氏体不锈钢涂层在冷却过程中δ-Fe相首先从液相中析出,当温度降低到约1 220℃时,δ-Fe相转变为块状奥氏体,剩余液相共晶转变为层状Cr2B和奥氏体,当温度达到过冷奥氏体的马氏体相变起始温度时,块状奥氏体转变为马氏体,涂层的最终组织为马氏体组织和共晶组织.高速激光熔覆工艺的温度梯度大,晶粒生长速度快,其涂层的晶粒较重力送粉熔覆涂层更细小,枝晶间距仅约为3μm.高速激光熔覆涂层细小的晶粒和更高的位错密度有着更好的强化效果,这使得高速激光熔覆涂层的硬度达到了750 HV,超过了重力送粉熔覆涂层的650 HV.

NdFeB/316L不锈钢双极板对PEMFC性能的影响

在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中,双极板起到分配隔离氢气和氧气、支撑膜电极组件(MEA)、收集电子和传递热量的作用。把316L不锈钢粉末与钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁粉均匀掺杂,通过三维(3D)打印制成燃料电池复合金属双极板,钕铁硼磁粉掺杂的质量分数分别为0、20%、35%和50%。通过设置不同励磁强度和温度条件,研究在磁场作用与无磁场作用下PEMFC的工作性能差异。磁场可以优化PEMFC的工作性能。钕铁硼质量分数为50%的316L不锈钢极板燃料电池,工作性能表现较好,相比于未掺杂钕铁硼的316L不锈钢极板燃料电池,最高输出功率密度提高14.03%,极限电流密度提高12.54%。在相同的磁场强度下,钕铁硼质量分数为50%的316L不锈钢极板燃料电池在60℃下的工作性能提升最明显,70℃下的工作性能最高。

固溶处理对注射成形含氮双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

将316L奥氏体不锈钢粉末和430铁素体不锈钢粉末制得的含氮双相不锈钢作为研究对象,在流动氩气保护下对含氮双相不锈钢进行固溶处理,固溶温度分别为1300、1320、1340℃。通过极化曲线和交流阻抗谱的检测,研究固溶处理温度对含氮双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:在流动氩气保护下1320℃固溶处理后,含氮双相不锈钢的耐点蚀性能比316L、430不锈钢好,自腐蚀电流密度、点蚀电位、电荷转移电阻分别为1.67×10^(-6)A·cm^(-2)、0.219 V、2.84×10^(3)Ω·cm^(2)。

Healing Behavior of Micropores in Powder Metallurgy 316L Stainless Steel during Hot Forging and Heat Treatment

The healing behavior of micropores in powder metallurgy （P/M） 316L stainless steel during hot forging and subsequent heat treatment was studied. The results showed that hot forging can improve the homogeneity of the pore size and enhance the relative density of material in varying degree due to different forging temperatures. As a re- sult of deformation and diffusion bonding at high temperature, the irregular pores were spheroidized and finally turned into stable inner grain pores. The comparison of compression behavior between P/M and wrought dense mate rials has shown that the pores can either be the obstacles of dislocation movement or be the nucleation sites accelera- ting the reerystallization according to the difference of deformation temperatures.

Grain boundary and microstructure engineering of Inconel 690 cladding on stainless-steel 316L using electron-beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

This research explores the prospect of fabricating a face-centered cubic(fcc) Ni-base alloy cladding(Inconel 690) on an fcc Fe-base alloy(316 L stainless-steel) having improved mechanical properties and reduced sensitivity to corrosion through grain boundary and microstructure engineering concepts enabled by additive manufacturing(AM) utilizing electron-beam powder bed fusion(EPBF). The unique solidification and associated constitutional supercooling phenomena characteristic of EPBF promotes[100] textured and extended columnar grains having lower energy grain boundaries as opposed to random, high-angle grain boundaries, but no coherent {111} twin boundaries characteristic of conventional thermo-mechanically processed fcc metals and alloys, including Inconel 690 and 316 L stainless-steel.In addition to [100] textured grains, columnar grains were produced by EPBF fabrication of Inconel 690 claddings on 316 L stainless-steel substrates. Also, irregular 2–3 μm diameter, low energy subgrains were formed along with dislocation densities varying from 108 to 109 cm^2, and a homogeneous distribution of Cr_(23)C_6 precipitates. Precipitates were formed within the grains(with ~3 μm interparticle spacing),but not in the subgrain or columnar grain boundaries. These inclusive, hierarchical microstructures produced a tensile yield strength of 0.527 GPa, elongation of 21%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 2.33 GPa for the Inconel 690 cladding in contrast to a tensile yield strength of 0.327 GPa, elongation of 53%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 1.78 GPa, respectively for the wrought 316 L stainlesssteel substrate. Aging of both the Inconel 690 cladding and the 316 L stainless-steel substrate at 685?C for50 h precipitated Cr_(23)C_6 carbides in the Inconel 690 columnar grain boundaries, but not in the low-angle(and low energy) subgrain boundaries. In contrast, Cr_(23)C_6 carbides precipitated in the 316 L stainless-steel grain boundaries, but not in the low energy coherent {111} twin boundaries. Consequently, the Inconel690 subgrain boundaries essentially serve as surrogates for coherent twin boundaries with regard to avoiding carbide precipitation and corrosion sensitization.