China-Turkey Security Cooperation Under the Background of the ‘Belt and Road’ and the ‘Middle Corridor’ Initiatives

This article focuses on the security cooperation between China and Turkey and the impact of the‘Belt and Road’and the‘Middle Corridor’Initiatives on bilateral cooperation.The‘Belt and Road’Initiative and Turkey’s‘Middle Corridor’Initiative have promoted economic cooperation and enhanced communication and mutual understanding between the two countries.We examine this cooperation from a security perspective;with deep analysis on security cooperation between China and Turkey published by the governments,academia and social media,the impact of the‘Belt and Road’and‘Middle Corridor’Initiatives on the growing bilateral relationship has been clearly highlighted.Additionally,this article focuses on the challenges of bilateral security and counterterrorism cooperation,and the positive impact of security cooperation on Sino-Turkish relations in the wake of the‘Belt and Road’and the‘Middle Corridor’initiatives.This article shows that economic cooperation has a significant impact on security cooperation and the‘Belt and Road’and the‘Middle Corridor’Initiatives may build closer ties between the two countries.

China-Middle East Cooperation in the Field of Infrastructure under the Framework of the“Belt and Road”Initiative

Infrastructure is not only a priority of the“Belt and Road”Initiative,but also an important component of the productivity cooperation between China and Middle East.The Middle East was one of the regions that had been working with China in the early stage after China’s reform and opening up to the outside world,and since China was integrated into the world economic system and carried out international cooperation.China has a good foundation and experience in the cooperation with the Middle East in the field of infrastructure.Based on the analysis of basic problems of the Middle East infrastructure,this article sorts out the main mode of China’s cooperation with the Middle East in infrastructure,and points out the main problems in China’s expansion in the Middle East infrastructure market.According to the characteristics and future scale of infrastructure market in the Middle East countries,this articles puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions for future development of Chinese enterprises in the Middle East market in the field of infrastructure as well as the proposals to increase market share.

“Understanding between Peoples”of China and the Middle East Countries

The Middle East is a natural ally of China in the“One Belt and One Road”construction.The“understanding between the peoples”of China and the Middle East countries not only has the profound historical basis,but also has strong realistic motives.The great blueprint of the“One Belt and One Road”will link the pursuit of the Middle East people in peaceful development with Chinese people’s dream in national rejuvenation,bringing new opportunities and endowing new connotation for mutual“understanding between peoples”on both sides.However,there is a large gap between the actual demand of the“One Belt and One Road”construction and the existing state of affairs in the understanding between the Chinese and Middle Eastern people.There are not only a lot of problems,but also many interferences and blocking factors.In the context of the“One Belt and One Road”,to further promote the“understanding between peoples”of China and the Middle East countries is a huge and systematic civilizational project,which needs in-depth research and understanding.

树种组成对成都绕城高速路域不同人工林群落物种多样性的影响

【目的】探究乔木树种组成及林分因子对不同路域人工林群落物种多样性的影响,为成都路域人工林营造与管理提供参考。【方法】采用典型样地法对成都绕城高速路域现种植的5种不同树种组成人工林群落(Ⅰ,加杨纯林;Ⅱ,樟树、加杨混交林;Ⅲ,樟树纯林;Ⅳ,樟树、巨桉混交林;Ⅴ,巨桉纯林)的林分因子及林下植被物种多样性进行全面调查。【结果】(1)研究区共记录林下植物190种,隶属于71科131属。林下记录到植物科属种数量均为草本层多于灌木层,其中樟树纯林记录到的林下物种数最多。(2)构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)和葎草(Humulus scandens)重要值占比大,分别占据不同人工林群落灌木层与草本层的优势地位。(3)樟树纯林的灌木物种丰富度指数(D)显著高于其他群落(P<0.05);草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson指数(H')和D指数大小变化趋势一致,表现为群落Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ,其中樟树纯林的H指数显著高于樟树、巨桉混交林外其他群落(P<0.05)。(4)乔木层平均冠幅与灌木层的D指数和H指数、草本层的H指数、H'指数、D指数、Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与灌木层的H'指数和Jsw指数均呈显著负相关(P<0.01);乔木层平均枝下高与灌木层的H指数、H'指数、D指数、Jsw指数均呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】乔木层的树种组成、平均枝下高和平均冠幅显著影响路域人工林群落的物种多样性,因此,选择合适树种并定期修枝管理,有利于路域人工林乔灌草群落结构的形成和林下植被物种多样性维持。

松土抚育对闽楠林地土壤物理性质及林木生长的影响

为培育闽楠大径材,对闽楠中龄林分进行了3年的松土抚育试验,结果表明:疏松林地表层土壤容重下降,但随时间推移逐年增加;土壤毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙增加,但随时间推移逐年减少;土壤自然含水量和最大持水量增加,但随时间推移逐年减少;林木生长加快,胸径、树高、蓄积生长量均明显高于未松土的林分,且松土面积越大,生长越好。对于以培育大径材为目标的闽楠人工林,需要每3~5年进行一次松土抚育。

China’s New Silk Road Strategy and the Turkish Middle Corridor Vision

Turkey is one of the main regional powers in the Middle East,a member of OECD and NATO,a quasi-member of the European Union(EU),and an Islamic Turkic-speaking country with a close relationship with Central Asia.The article’s main argument is that China’s strategic partnership framework with Turkey is based on shared or mutual complementary economic and commercial interests,especially the integration of Turkey’s Middle Corridor vision into the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).However,the synergy between the two grand schemes largely depends on the quality of the bilateral relationship and the development of the Sino-Turkish relations to a comprehensive strategic partnership.As one of the leading powers in the Middle East,Ankara also has a vital part to play in China’s BRI which aims to build links between East Asia,Central Asia,West Asia,Africa,and Europe both overland and by sea.

The Strategic Docking between China and Middle East Countries under the“Belt and Road”Framework

The Middle East is the region bringing together the land and maritime Silk Road,coupled with its unique geographical location and diverse and complex humanitarian,religious and ethnic factors,notably with an increasingly significant role of the energy sector.As an energy-rich zone,it plays a decisive role in the position of international political and economic arena.In the process of building the“Belt and Road”,Chinese government should pay close attention to the role of the Middle East region.This region will also play its rightful role in security coordination,economic cooperation,and cultural exchanges under the“Belt and Road”framework,thus,achieving the strategic docking and win-win cooperation between China and Middle Eastern countries.

The Role of the EU and China in the Security Architecture of the Middle East

For decades,contradicting foreign policy principles,including state sovereignty,territorial integrity,and non-interference have hindered cooperation between the EU and China beyond the economic realm.However,since the establishment of the EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation(2013)we observe a shift towards cooperation.For instance,China and the EU have expressed the desire to collaborate on security issues in the Middle East.The paper argues that although EU and China follow different trajectories in the Middle East,they play complementary roles for the region’s security.It takes a role-theoretic perspective to assess the changing security roles of the EU and China in the Middle East,ascribed to them by external and internal expectations and shows in two exemplary cases the complementarity of the EU’s and China’s roles in the region.The analysis draws on policy documents,expert interviews and secondary literature.The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings against the backdrop of growing tensions between the EU and China.

The Turbulent Middle East: Analysing Security Issues facing China’s Belt and Road Initiative towards the Region

Since the announcement of the‘Belt and Road Initiative’(BRI)in 2013,China has yet to unveil the greatest challenge facing the implementation of this initiative.The Middle East offers both strategic as well as resource opportunities for China but the region remains fluid and unstable security wise.Shaky regional alliances,a dissatisfied labour force,pressures from non-state actors,gender discrimination and human rights abuses and sustained external intervention are just some of the security issues facing the Middle East.How would China navigate itself in such a volatile region without jeopardizing its interests and without breaking the principles of non-intervention and sovereignty?More importantly,what type of power does China want to project vis-a-vis the region?This paper argues that the Middle East region,among all the world’s regions,is the most critical for the success of the BRI.China’s ability to maximize gains amidst regional security challenges will determine the future of its global political and economic influences.The region is a test for China’s diplomacy and credibility,which are crucial for its status as a future global power.

The Economic Adjustment of Saudi Arabia and the Docking of Bilateral Economy and Trade between China and Saudi Arabia under the“One Belt and One Road”Initiative

The fall in international oil prices,which began in the second half of 2014,had a severe impact on the economy of Saudi Arabia,and the country began to adjust its economic development policy.The main contents include:changes in the allocation of resources from reliance on government intervention to reliance on the dominance of market;government revenue shifts from dependence on oil revenues to expansion of non-oil revenues;industrial structural changes from excessive dependence on oil economy to diversification in the field of new energy and mining;enterprise ownership structure changes from nationalization to privatization;source of investment funds shifting from basically relying on domestic investment to paying attention to foreign investment;labor and employment change from relying on foreign workers to a trend of localization in Saudi Arabia.Combining priorities in the economic development if Saudi Arabia with the key areas of the“One Belt and One Road”Initiative,energy security,cooperation capacity,infrastructure and finance are the most promising fields in bilateral economic cooperation.

The Multiple Roles of Egypt in China’s‘Belt and Road’Initiative

Egypt was the first country in Africa and the Arab World to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China.In 2016,the official visit of President Xi Jinping to Egypt began a new chapter in the two countries’relations and will open a brand-new page in their foreign affairs.This paper,based on the changes that have taken place in Egypt’s diplomacy,highlights the core concepts of Egypt’s diplomatic strategy towards China and focuses on how these outlooks can be compatible with China’s‘Belt and Road’Initiative(BRI).Egypt boasts many important features:a unique geographic location which makes Egypt the meeting point of the Arab World,Africa,Asia,and Europe through the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea;a unique civilisation and culture,with a longstanding history and interactions throughout millennia with the empires of Greece,Persia,Rome,Turkey,and more.Egypt is also considered a converging point of Islam and Christianity,boasting a relatively stable political and social order,and a fully-fledged economic system.All these features help Egypt to have global outreach;it contributes great value to China’s BRI and enables Egypt to play a key role in the world with China as a strategic partner.This paper also analyses the characteristics of Egypt’s new diplomacy and how they lay a solid foundation for the development of Sino-Egyptian relations.The strategic vision between Egypt and China is not limited to trade and investments,but there are still missing pieces to fill in which depend on the regional and global arenas,such as the Palestinian-Israeli conflict,Middle East security governance,national defense,and counterterrorism.

The New Development of China-Middle East Relations since the Arab Upheaval

Since the upheaval,the Middle East region has been suffering from persisting conflicts and rising tension.China is facing a changing situation in the Middle East,along with increasingly mutual strategic reliance between China and the Middle East countries:on the one hand,the presence of Chinese interests in the Middle East is continuing to expand;on the other hand,since the 9/11,Middle Eastern countries have been generally in discord with the United States.As a result,Israel,Saudi Arabia and other countries are becoming increasingly willing to enhance relations with China,and significantly level up their expectation towards China accordingly.Within this context,China has actively promoted relations with Middle Eastern countries,with an image of a responsible,positive,and fair-minded actor in Middle East affairs.Accordingly,China’s interaction with the Middle East countries has stepped into a new stage.

Analysis on the Potential of Strategic Cooperation between China and OIC under the“Silk Road Strategy”Framework

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation has a unique influence in the global governance,such as Middle East issues and International Islamic development,and has become the most active international multilateral platform for Islam.Based on the context of the establishment of the organization and its development process,particularly,the agenda items and resolutions of the organization since 2000,this study clarifies the path of the OIC to advance agenda items and exert political influence on Islamic countries;this study also tracks the history of both official and civil exchanges between China and the OIC,proposes to seize the historic opportunity of the“Silk Road strategy”,and build a model of cooperation between China and the Arab-Islamic countries as the“natural partners of the Silk Road”and the“Silk Road Community”.

渤海湾盆地渤中26-6变质岩潜山大油田发现与认识创新

渤海湾盆地渤南低凸起西段历经40余年勘探,仅在浅层发现渤中26-2小型油田,潜山长期未能实现勘探突破。针对成山机制及圈闭特征、控储要素和储层预测、油藏分隔与成藏规律这三方面,通过精细构造演化、油藏分隔机制和油气富集规律等研究,取得了新认识。研究认为:①多期次构造演化形成大规模潜山圈闭奠定了渤中26-6潜山勘探的基础;②“构造主控,差异溶蚀”控制研究区潜山优质储层发育,基于微古地貌约束的潜山裂缝-孔隙双重介质储层预测技术可以有效刻画优质储层的分布;③潜山内幕断层糜棱岩化作用有效分隔潜山油藏,太古界潜山是油气勘探有利层系。新认识指导勘探实践,2022年在渤南低凸起西段发现了渤中26-6大型整装油田,实现了渤海海域中位潜山勘探领域性突破,进一步拓宽渤海海域太古界潜山带的勘探空间。

市井叙事与城市意象:小说《歧路灯》中的清中期开封城市典型公共空间初探

小说中市井生活的描写,既是真实城市景观和城市空间的写照,又是作者经过“观念”加工后的特定时期和人群的景观建构的产物,其中所表现的是一个文学及市民视角下的城市意象。文章研究清乾隆时期李绿园长篇小说《歧路灯》中的市井叙事,分析其中城市典型公共空间所构成的清中期开封城市意象,与清代乾隆四年的《祥符县志》和咸丰十年的《汴城筹防备览》中的历史图像、历史文献进行对比,以期更加全面地揭示清中期开封城市意象的基本特征。

China and the Middle East:A Global Strategy Where the Middle East has a Significant but Limited Place

China’s growing importance in the global order,and the increasing assertiveness with which it pursues its global objectives,raise questions as to how the Middle East fits within China’s global strategy.There has been much speculation,in particular,as to whether China is seeking to replace the United States as a key guarantor of security for some Middle Eastern states and regimes.This no doubt is partly dependent on whether the United States will draw back its commitment to the region,and whether Middle Eastern states will seek an alternative guarantor.But it also depends critically on whether China has any interest in playing,and capacity to play,such a role.An understanding of the dynamics of China’s global strategy,and of how the Middle East relates to the parameters around which the strategy is conceived,needs to be the starting point in such an assessment.The aim of this article is to provide a realistic appraisal of the strategy,and then to draw conclusions relative to the present and future role of China in the Middle Eastern region.The analysis concludes that the relationship with Middle Eastern countries is indeed significant to China,but is nonetheless secondary to the interests which are most critical for the Chinese state.

China and the Middle East:Venturing into the Maelstrom

China’s increasingly significant economic and security interests in the Middle East have several impacts.It affects not only its energy security but also its regional posture,relations with regional powers as well as the US,and efforts to pacify its north-western region of Xinjiang.Those interests are considerably enhanced by China’s“One Belt,One Road Initiative”that seeks to patch together a Eurasian land mass through inter-linked infrastructure,investment and expanded trade relations.Protecting its mushrooming interests is forcing China to realign its policies and relationships in the region.

Opportunities and Challenges of China-Middle East Countries’Production Capacity Cooperation

The Middle East is a region where China has more advantages in production capacity cooperation.China started early and has a good reputation in the area of engineering contracting,which has laid good foundations.At present,the Middle East countries are in an important stage of economic transformation.In order to accelerate industrialization,they have developed long-term economic development plan,which provides an important historical opportunity for Chinese enterprises to establish business there.The production capacity cooperation between China and the Middle East countries will utilize the complementary advantages and adhere to mutually beneficial and win-win spirit,and thus has been welcomed by the Middle East countries.At present,the two sides are carrying out fruitful cooperation in infrastructure,high technology and labor-intensive industries,and have achieved significant results.The production capacity cooperation between China and the Middle East countries are facing both opportunities and challenges.We should make good use of opportunities,prevent and resolve risks,and effectively do a good job in production capacity cooperation between China and the Middle East countries.

Belt and Road Initiative:China’s Diplomatic-Security Tool in the Gulf?

The focus of the first five years of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)was on the economic dimensions,laced with a tinge of politics.It is likely that the next five years of this ambitious project-whilst making headway in the economic domain and acquiring a greater political flavour-would also attain a security dynamic that could become the basis of a future global security system,with ramifications for the Gulf region.This paper focuses on two interconnected issues:one,the already-evident traces of the BRI’s economic-political-security linkages;and two,how this security feature expands to fit into China’s wider diplomatic and defence policy,which includes a naval plan extending into the Indian Ocean,and how this could impact Gulf security.