Application and Development Trends of Spectral Analysis in Draft of Non-Ferrous Metal Standards in China

Spectral analysis was a method of identifying substances, determining their chemical composition and calculating their content based on their spectral characteristics. This paper mainly discussed the application of various spectroscopic techniques, mainly including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) direct reading spectroscopy (OES) glow discharge emission spectroscopy (GD-OSE) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), in the formulation of non-ferrous metal standards in China. The AAS method was the most widely used single-element microanalysis method among the non-ferrous metal standards. The ICP-AES method was good at significant advantages in the simultaneous detection of multiple elements. The XRF method was increasingly used in the determination of primary and secondary trace elements due to its simple sample preparation and high efficiency. The AFS was mostly detected by single-element trace analysis. OES GD-OES and LIBS were playing an increasingly important role in the new demand area for non-ferrous metals. This paper discussed matrix elimination, sample digestion, sample preparation, instrument categories and other aspects of some standards, and summarized the advantages of spectral analysis and traditional chemical analysis methods. The new methods of future spectroscopic technology had been illustrated in the process of developing non-ferrous metal standards.

Improved EEMD-based standardization method for developing long tree-ring chronologies

Long tree-ring chronologies can be developed by overlapping data from living trees with data from fossil trees through cross-dating.However,low-frequency climate signals are lost when standardizing tree-ring series due to the"segment length curse".To alleviate the segment length curse and thus improve the standardization method for developing long tree-ring chronologies,here we first calculated a mean value for all the tree ring series by overlapping all of the tree ring series.The growth trend of the mean tree ring width(i.e.,cumulated average growth trend of all the series)was determined using ensemble empirical mode decomposition.Then the chronology was developed by dividing the mean value by the growth trend of the mean value.Our improved method alleviated the problem of trend distortion.Long-term signals were better preserved using the improved method than in previous detrending methods.The chronologies developed using the improved method were better correlated with climate than those developed using conservative methods.The improved standardization method alleviates trend distortion and retains more of the low-frequency climate signals.

Smart Society and Artificial Intelligence:Big Data Scheduling and the Global Standard Method Applied to Smart Maintenance

The implementation of artificial intelligence(AI)in a smart society,in which the analysis of human habits is mandatory,requires automated data scheduling and analysis using smart applications,a smart infrastructure,smart systems,and a smart network.In this context,which is characterized by a large gap between training and operative processes,a dedicated method is required to manage and extract the massive amount of data and the related information mining.The method presented in this work aims to reduce this gap with near-zero-failure advanced diagnostics(AD)for smart management,which is exploitable in any context of Society 5.0,thus reducing the risk factors at all management levels and ensuring quality and sustainability.We have also developed innovative applications for a humancentered management system to support scheduling in the maintenance of operative processes,for reducing training costs,for improving production yield,and for creating a human–machine cyberspace for smart infrastructure design.The results obtained in 12 international companies demonstrate a possible global standardization of operative processes,leading to the design of a near-zero-failure intelligent system that is able to learn and upgrade itself.Our new method provides guidance for selecting the new generation of intelligent manufacturing and smart systems in order to optimize human–machine interactions,with the related smart maintenance and education.

MULTI-PARAMETER ACCELERATED MODIFIED NEWTON-RAPHSON METHODS FOR RIGIDPLASTIC FE ANALYSIS

Applications of certain multi-parameter acceleration techniques used with themodified New-ton-Raphson (mN-R) methods to solve the nonlinear equations arising from rigid-plasticfinite element analysis are investigated. New modified multi-parameter techniques, developed fromCrisfield's multi-parameter methods, are utilized to solve these nonlinear equations. The numericalperformance of these techniques is compared with the standard Newton-Raphson method (sN-R),Crisfield's single parameter method (C1), Crisfield's two parameter method (C2) and Crisfield'sthree parameter method (C3). The new techniques do not involve additional residual force calculationand require little extra computational effort. In addition, they are more robust and efficient thanother existing acceleration techniques.

Quantitative Determination of Tetrachlorantraniliprole by(1)^H NMR Spectroscopy with Internal Standard Method

[Objective]This study was to establish a rapid,specific and simple method for quantitative determination of tetrachlorantraniliprole by 1H NMR.[Method]1H NMR spectroscopy was acquired with deuterium DMSO as the solvent and maleic acid as internal standard under the conditions of temperature 25℃,pulses width 8.0μs,delay time 5 s,and scanning times 8.[Result]The hydrogen proton peaks of tetrachlorantraniliprole(δ=10.55)and maleic acid(δ=6.27)were taken as quantitative peaks.The peak area ratio y(As/Ar)and mass ratio x(ms/mr)were linearly regressed,and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999.The RSD value of repeatability test was 0.38%,and the RSD value of stability test was 0.77%.The content of tetrachlorantraniliprole was determined as 99.6%.[Conclusion]1H NMR spectroscopy can be used for quantitative determination of tetrachlorantraniliprole without standard reference,which is rapid,accurate and simple.

Asymptotic analysis on weakly forced vibration of axially moving viscoelastic beam constituted by standard linear solid model

The weakly forced vibration of an axially moving viscoelastic beam is inves- tigated. The viscoelastic material of the beam is constituted by the standard linear solid model with the material time derivative involved. The nonlinear equations governing the transverse vibration are derived from the dynamical, constitutive, and geometrical relations. The method of multiple scales is used to determine the steady-state response. The modulation equation is derived from the solvability condition of eliminating secular terms. Closed-form expressions of the amplitude and existence condition of nontrivial steady-state response are derived from the modulation equation. The stability of non- trivial steady-state response is examined via the Routh-Hurwitz criterion.

A HPLC Method for the Determination of Salmon Calcitonin in Injection by Gradient Elution

It was concluded that the described HPLC method could be used for the assayof salmon calcitonin in injection, as it offers qualified selectivity, accuracy and precision ofanalysis.

The Latest Status and Progress of Domestic and Foreign Regulations on Cosmetic Efficacy Claims

The supervision and administration of cosmetics and its two supporting documents related to efficacy,cosmetics classification rules and classification catalogue and evaluation standard of cosmetic efficacy claims,have been successively introduced and implemented,making China’s cosmetics industry officially enter the era of efficacy evaluation.In the time window when the new era is coming,the definitions of cosmetics in China and other countries are compared.The latest status and progress of regulations on cosmetic efficacy claims in China and other countries are summarized,and the standard methods or guidance of cosmetic efficacy evaluation at home and abroad are introduced.The enlightenment from the supervision systems of cosmetic efficacy in other cosmetic consumer markets around the world are discussed.In addition,the opportunities and challenges for cosmetic enterprises under the background of cosmetic law reform in China are also prospected.

Quantification of trace amounts of impurities in high purity cobalt by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A An analytical method using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （HR-ICP-MS） for rapid simultaneous determination of 24 elements （Be, Mg, A1, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn Sb, Ba, Pt, Au, and Pb） in high purity cobalt was described. Sample digestions were performed in closed microwave vessels using HNO3 and HCI. The matrix effects because of the presence of excess HCI and Co were evaluated. The usefulness of high mass resolution for overcoming some spectral interference was demonstrated. The optimum conditions for the determination were tested and discussed. The standard addition method was employed for quantitative analysis. The detection limits were 0.016-1.50 ].tg·g^-1, the recovery ratios were 92.2%-111.2%, and the RSD was less than 3.6%. The method was accurate, quick, and convenient. It was applied to the determination of trace impurities in high purity cobalt with satisfactory results.

Quantitative Analysis Using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry and Correlation between Mass Spectrometry Data and Sulfur Content of Crude Oils

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS) has become a powerful tool for analyzing the detailed composition of petroleum samples. However, the correlation between the numerous peaks obtained by FT-ICR MS and bulk properties of petroleum samples is still a challenge. In this study, the internal standard method was applied for the quantitative analysis of four straight-run vacuum gas oils(VGO) by atmospheric pressure photoionization(APPI) FT-ICR MS. The heteroatom class distribution of these VGO samples turned to be different when the concentration changed. Linear relationship between the normalized abundance and the concentration of VGO samples was identified for the total aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, S1 and N1 species. The differences of the response factors were also discussed. The sulfur contents of a series of crude oils were proved to be linear with the FT-ICR MS data calibrated by the response factor of S1 species. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the internal standard method in quantitative analysis with APPI FT-ICR MS, and the bulk properties of petroleum samples could be correlated directly with the FT-ICR MS data.

Determination of the gas compositions for direct coal liquefaction by gas chromatography

Via multi-dimensional gas chromatography, configured with parallel dual-channel, double detectors, valves switching and back flushing, rapid analysis of the gas compositions consisting of C1-C5 hydrocarbons and permanent gases, such as CO2, H2S, H2, and CO, for direct coal liquefaction has been realized. With four packed chromatographic columns, which are Hayesep-Q pre-column, Hayesep-Q column, molecular sieve 5A column and one PLOT A1203 S capillary column, the gas compositions for direct coal liquefaction are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by the external standard method. The determination method has such advantages as excellent separation, simple operation, rapid analysis and accurate results.

Determination of total sulfur in geothermal water by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

Sulfur speciation and concentration in geothermal water are of great significance for the research and utilization of the water resources.In most situations,it is necessary to determine the total sulfur in geothermal water.In this study,the method was established for the determination of determining total sulfur content-the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),with the wavelength of 182.034 nm selected in spectral line of sulfur.It was identified that the optimal working conditions of the ICP-AES instrument were 1200 W for high frequency generator power 9 mm for vertical observation height,0.30 MPa atomizer pressure,and 50 r/min analytical pump speed.The matrix interference of the method was eliminated by the matrix matching method.Using this method,sulfur detection limit and minimum quantitative detection limit were 0.028 mg/L and 0.110 mg/L,respectively,whilst the linear range was 0.0-100.0 mg/L.The recovery rate of sample was between 90.67%and 108.7%,and the relative standard deviation(RSD)was between 0.36%and 2.14%.The method was used to analyze the actual samples and the results were basically consistent with the industry standard method.With high analysis efficiency,the method has low detection limit and minimum quantitative detection limit,wide linear range,good precision and accuracy,and provides an important detection method for the determination of total sulfur in geothermal water.

Analysis of normal human retinal vascular network architecture using multifractal geometry

AIM：To apply the multifractal analysis method as a quantitative approach to a comprehensive description of the microvascular network architecture of the normal human retina.METHODS：Fifty volunteers were enrolled in this study in the Ophthalmological Clinic of Cluj-Napoca,Romania,between January 2012 and January 2014. A set of 100 segmented and skeletonised human retinal images,corresponding to normal states of the retina were studied. An automatic unsupervised method for retinal vessel segmentation was applied before multifractal analysis. The multifractal analysis of digital retinal images was made with computer algorithms,applying the standard boxcounting method. Statistical analyses were performed using the Graph Pad In Stat software.RESULTS：The architecture of normal human retinal microvascular network was able to be described using the multifractal geometry. The average of generalized dimensions（D_q）for q=0,1,2,the width of the multifractal spectrum（Δα=α_（max）-α_（min））and the spectrum arms＇ heights difference（│Δf│）of the normal images were expressed as mean±standard deviation（SD）：for segmented versions,D_0=1.7014±0.0057; D_1=1.6507±0.0058; D_2=1.5772±0.0059; Δα=0.92441±0.0085; │Δf│= 0.1453±0.0051; for skeletonised versions,D_0=1.6303±0.0051; D_1=1.6012±0.0059; D_2=1.5531± 0.0058; Δα=0.65032±0.0162; │Δf│= 0.0238±0.0161. The average of generalized dimensions（D_q）for q=0,1,2,the width of the multifractal spectrum（Δα）and the spectrum arms＇ heights difference（│Δf│）of the segmented versions was slightly greater than the skeletonised versions.CONCLUSION：The multifractal analysis of fundus photographs may be used as a quantitative parameter for the evaluation of the complex three-dimensional structure of the retinal microvasculature as a potential marker for early detection of topological changes associated with retinal diseases.

Effect of Different Conditions on the Structural Color of Konjac Glucomannan Particles

In this paper,molecular dynamics simulation was applied to synthesize a layered structural color from Konjac glucomannan（KGM） and the effect of particle diameter and temperature were investigated. A series of methods such as high voltage electric field treatment,the transfer matrix method and the CIE standard colorimetric system were simulated to obtain the chromaticity coordinates and to analyze the color changes of KGM particles. The results revealed that as the particle diameter increases,the structural color of KGM particles deflects towards the yellow wavelength within the visible spectrum; and as the reaction temperature rises,the structural color deflects towards the blue and violet wavelengths within the visible spectrum.

Seismic hazard analysis for central-western Argentina

In this study, we present a PSHA（Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis） for the city of San Juan, which is located in the central-western region of Argentina（30°S-35.5°S; 66.5°W-71°W）. In addition to crustal earthquakes provided by catalogues, recent paleoseismological and neotectonic investigations have permitted to consider events which occurred during the last 400 years.Four seismogenic sources that could cause damages to the studied site corresponding to Precordillera,Western Sierras Pampeanas, Basement of the Cuyana Basin and Cordillera Principal were identified.Based on the evaluation of the contribution of these sources,maximum moment magnitudes above 7.5（Mw） are expected.High values of SA（spectral acceleration）（0.2 and 1 s periods） and PGA（peak ground acceleration） were found in the city of San Juan, which suggests that it is located in a zone of high seismic hazard.Finally, the obtained SA spectra were compared with the seismic-resistant construction standards of Argentina INPRES-CIRSOC 103 [1]. Results suggest that for the city of San Juan and for a return period of475 years, it covers the seismic requirements of the structures.

In-vitro vs in-vivo Inoculation: Screening for Resistance of Australian Rice Genotypes Against Blast Fungus

To assist with rapid screening for rice blast resistance as a precursor in a breeding program, the susceptibility to rice blast of 13 rice genotypes from Australia was evaluated in May to June 2013 using three distinct inoculation methods（spot, filter paper and standard methods） at seedling, vegetative and reproductive stages. The results revealed that the spot and filter paper inoculation methods were successful in discerning susceptibility to the rice blast disease（P ≤ 0.05）. Disease susceptibility declined significantly from the vegetative to reproductive stages. The standard method was conducted at three different stages for pot plants grown inside the mist house. However, low temperatures did not produce disease symptoms except in a few genotypes. Among the 13 rice genotypes screened, AAT9 expressed a highly resistant response, and AAT4, AAT6, AAT10, AAT11, AAT13, AAT17 and AAT18 expressed resistance at various stages. The results will be useful for selecting elite genotypes for disease tolerance where rice blast is prevalent. In addition, the resistant genotypes can serve as a gene pool used in breeding programmes to develop new resistant genotypes.

NONCONFORMING FINITE ELEMENT PENALTY METHOD FOR STOKES EQUATION

a special penalty method is presented to improve the accuracy of the standard penalty method for solving Stokes equation with nonconforming finite element.It is shown that this method with a larger penalty parameter can achieve the same accuracy as the standard method with a smaller penalty parameter. The convergence rate of the standard method is just half order of this penalty method when using the same penalty parameter, while the extrapolation method proposed by Faik et al can not yield so high accuracy of convergence.At last, we also get the super convergence estimates for total flux. Received October 14, 1996 1991 MR Subject Classification: 65N30.

Experimental Study on Dispersion of Unconfined Aquifer in a Site of Jilin City

Dispersion parameter is an important parameter for the establishment of groundwater solute transport model.The dispersion test uses sodium chloride as a tracer,which was conducted in a site in Jilin City.The standard curve comparison method was used to solve the dispersion parameters of the aquifer under the natural flow field.The test results show that under the natural flow field,the longitudinal dispersion of unconfined aquifer in Jilin City is 0.400m,and the transverse dispersion is 1.933×10-5~6.557×10-3m;while the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is 0.246m2/d,the transverse dispersion coefficient is 1.191×10-5~4.039×10-3m2/d.The above results can provide an important parameter basis for the establishment of groundwater solute transport model,the accurate prediction of temporal and spatial variation of pollutant concentration in groundwater and the formulation of groundwater pollution prevention and control scheme.

Establishment of an Assets Appraisal Approach in Investment Decision Making

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mistakes that are typically made in the choosing of current appraisal assessment methods for investment decisions. Aider research and comparison of three assessment methods, the relationships among the objectives of valuation, valuation standards and appraisal means are established. Furthermore, the effects of the appraisal measures chosen are empirically analyzed.

Fast Determination of Phenanthrene in Soil by Gas Chroma- tography-Mass Spectrometry Using Chemometric Resolution and Standard Addition Method

A method for fast determination of the component in complex samples by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was developed and used for quantitative analysis of phenanthrene in soils. In the method, window independent component analysis （WICA） was used for resolving the mass spectrum and non-negative im- mune algorithm （NNIA） was employed for obtaining the chromatographic profile. Therefore, spectral and chroma- tographic information of a specific component can be obtained from the measured GC-MS data of overlapping and high background. Six soil samples collected from different places were analyzed. The tedious pretreatments in pre- paring the samples and the elution in the separation were simplified for speeding up the analysis. Due to the com- plexity of the matrix, standard addition method was adopted for the final quantification. The applicability of the method was validated with a spiked sample and the results of the six samples are reasonable.