A comprehensive overview of standardized testing system for ESL （English as a Second Language） students in U.S kindergarten thru grade 12 public school system is reviewed within the context of basis on federal and s...A comprehensive overview of standardized testing system for ESL （English as a Second Language） students in U.S kindergarten thru grade 12 public school system is reviewed within the context of basis on federal and state laws, as well as instructional basis. Identification process of LEP （Limited English Proficient） students via nomination, testing and testing criteria to be identified as LEP, hence ESL if placed in the program is defined in detail Standardized testing process of these students based on the federal AYP （Adequate Yearly Progress） measures through regular state standardized tests depending on three types of instructional program that LEP student is placed in the school that are Bilingual Education Program, ESL Program, and Two-Way Immersion Dual Language Programs are described. Standardized testing process of these students based on the federal AYP measures through other means if exempted from regular state standardized tests such as LAT （Linguistically Accommodated Testing） and the conditions to be exempted are discussed in detail. Holistically rated English Language Proficiency Assessments that are implemented to fulfill federal AMAOs （Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives） measures are defined briefly. Physical features of LAT test as well as direct and indirect accommodations for LAT reading, mathematics and science tests are defined via the accommodation needed and the type of assistance provided. Lastly, testing criteria to exit LEP status and other issues concerning exiting LEP status are reviewed展开更多
目的近年来,临床规范化培训中住培医师职业倦怠度及其影响因素受到广泛关注,而其与心理弹性的关联仍缺乏正式研究;因此,该研究旨在调查骨科住培医师心理弹性和职业倦怠的关联性以及探究改善职业倦怠的方法。方法2021年6月—2022年1月,...目的近年来,临床规范化培训中住培医师职业倦怠度及其影响因素受到广泛关注,而其与心理弹性的关联仍缺乏正式研究;因此,该研究旨在调查骨科住培医师心理弹性和职业倦怠的关联性以及探究改善职业倦怠的方法。方法2021年6月—2022年1月,采用中国成年人心理弹性量表(resilient trait scale for Chinese adults,RTSCA)和马斯拉奇职业倦怠综合量表(Maslach burnout inventory general survey,MBI-GS)分别用于评估华东地区3所医院(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院、上海交通大学附属第六人民医院和苏州大学附属第一医院)总计400名骨科住培医师的心理弹性和职业倦怠水平。结果本次调查共完成322份在线和纸质调查,其中纸质调查回应率为42.0%(168/400)。心理内控性是情绪衰竭和人格障碍的重要预测因子(P<0.001);与男性相比,女性更容易体验情绪衰竭(P<0.001),可能与应对问题的方式不同有关(P<0.05);善于接受和运用社会支持以及良好的心理接纳性有助于防止人格障碍的发生(P<0.001);而注重问题解决的应对和乐观性能够提升个人成就感(P<0.001)。结论该研究揭示了骨科住培医师心理弹性和职业倦怠度现状以及二者之间的关系,以期为提高医生心理弹性、改善临床医生职业倦怠水平提供必要的建议和理论支持。展开更多
文摘A comprehensive overview of standardized testing system for ESL （English as a Second Language） students in U.S kindergarten thru grade 12 public school system is reviewed within the context of basis on federal and state laws, as well as instructional basis. Identification process of LEP （Limited English Proficient） students via nomination, testing and testing criteria to be identified as LEP, hence ESL if placed in the program is defined in detail Standardized testing process of these students based on the federal AYP （Adequate Yearly Progress） measures through regular state standardized tests depending on three types of instructional program that LEP student is placed in the school that are Bilingual Education Program, ESL Program, and Two-Way Immersion Dual Language Programs are described. Standardized testing process of these students based on the federal AYP measures through other means if exempted from regular state standardized tests such as LAT （Linguistically Accommodated Testing） and the conditions to be exempted are discussed in detail. Holistically rated English Language Proficiency Assessments that are implemented to fulfill federal AMAOs （Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives） measures are defined briefly. Physical features of LAT test as well as direct and indirect accommodations for LAT reading, mathematics and science tests are defined via the accommodation needed and the type of assistance provided. Lastly, testing criteria to exit LEP status and other issues concerning exiting LEP status are reviewed
文摘目的近年来,临床规范化培训中住培医师职业倦怠度及其影响因素受到广泛关注,而其与心理弹性的关联仍缺乏正式研究;因此,该研究旨在调查骨科住培医师心理弹性和职业倦怠的关联性以及探究改善职业倦怠的方法。方法2021年6月—2022年1月,采用中国成年人心理弹性量表(resilient trait scale for Chinese adults,RTSCA)和马斯拉奇职业倦怠综合量表(Maslach burnout inventory general survey,MBI-GS)分别用于评估华东地区3所医院(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院、上海交通大学附属第六人民医院和苏州大学附属第一医院)总计400名骨科住培医师的心理弹性和职业倦怠水平。结果本次调查共完成322份在线和纸质调查,其中纸质调查回应率为42.0%(168/400)。心理内控性是情绪衰竭和人格障碍的重要预测因子(P<0.001);与男性相比,女性更容易体验情绪衰竭(P<0.001),可能与应对问题的方式不同有关(P<0.05);善于接受和运用社会支持以及良好的心理接纳性有助于防止人格障碍的发生(P<0.001);而注重问题解决的应对和乐观性能够提升个人成就感(P<0.001)。结论该研究揭示了骨科住培医师心理弹性和职业倦怠度现状以及二者之间的关系,以期为提高医生心理弹性、改善临床医生职业倦怠水平提供必要的建议和理论支持。
