Identification of QTLs for Starch Content in Sweetpotato(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.)

Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.） breeding is challenging due to its genetic complexity. In the present study, interval mapping （IM） and multiple quantitative trait locus （QTL） model （MQM） analysis were used to identify QTLs for starch content with a mapping population consisting of 202 F1 individuals of a cross between Xushu 18, a cultivar susceptible to stem nematodes, with high yield and moderate starch, and Xu 781, which is resistant to stem nematodes, has low yield and high starch content. Six QTLs for starch content were mapped on six linkage groups of the Xu 781 map, explaining 9.1-38.8% of the variation. Especially, one of them, DMFN 4, accounted for 38.8% of starch content variation, which is the QTL that explains the highest phenotypic variation detected to date in sweetpotato. All of the six QTLs had a positive effect on the variation of the starch content, which indicated the inheritance derived from the parent Xu 781. Two QTLs for starch content were detected on two linkage groups of the Xushu 18 map, explaining 14.3 and 16.1% of the variation, respectively. They had a negative effect on the variation, indicating the inheritance derived from Xu 781. Seven of eight QTLs were co-localized with a single marker. This is the first report on the development of QTLs co-localized with a single marker in sweetpotato. These QTLs and their co-localized markers may be used in marker-assisted breeding for the starch content of sweetpotato.

Mapping QTL underlying tuber starch content and plant maturity in tetraploid potato

Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we developed a linkage map in a tetraploid population of 192 clones derived from the cross Longshu 8 × Zaodabai and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for tuber starch content and plant maturity using data collected in three diverse environments over two years. We detected eleven QTL for tuber starch content distributed on seven chromosomes, of which four, on chromosomes I, II, and VIII, were expressed in at least three environments. For plant maturity, we identified six QTL on chromosomes II, IV,V, VII, and XI, one of which, on chromosome V, showed LOD peaks ranging from 45.2 to 62.5 cM and explained 21.6%–26.6% of phenotypic variation was expressed in five of the six environments. Because the reproducible QTL for plant maturity and tuber starch content mapped to different chromosomes and neither overlapping QTL, nor any genetic interaction between QTL were detected, we infer that tuber starch content and plant maturity are controlled by independent genetic loci. This inference supports the prospect of breeding potato for both early maturity and high starch content.

Genome-wide association study for starch content and constitution in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench)

Starch is the most important component in endosperm of sorghum grain.Usually,two types of starch are present:amylose(AM)and amylopectin(AP).The levels of AM and AP contents play a significant role in the appearance,structure,and quality of sorghum grains and in marketing applications.In the present study,a panel of 634 sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)accessions were evaluated for starch,AM,and AP contents of grain,which included a mini core collection of 242 accessions from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT)in India,and 252 landraces and 140 cultivars from China.The average starch content was 67.64%and the average AM and AP contents were 20.19 and 79.81%,respectively.We developed a total of 260000 high-confidence single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers in the panel of 634 accessions of S.bicolor using specific locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq).We performed genome-wide association studies(GWAS)of starch,AM,and AM/AP of grain and SNP markers based on a mixed linear model(MLM).In total,70 significant association signals were detected for starch,AM,and AM/AP ratio of grain with P<4.452×10^-7,of which 10 SNPs were identified with significant starch,51 SNPs were associated with AM,and nine SNPs were associated with the AM/AP ratio.The Gene Ontology(GO)analysis identified 12 candidate genes at five QTLs associated with starch metabolism within the 200-kb intervals,located on chromosomes 1,5,6,and 9.Of these genes,Sobic.006G036500.1 encodes peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase CYP38 responsible for hexose monophosphate shunt(HMS)and Sobic.009G071800 encodes 6-phospho-fructokinase(PFK),which is involved in the embden-meyerhof pathway(EMP).Kompetitive allele specific PCR(KASP)markers were developed to validate the GWAS results.The C allele is correlated with a high starch content,while the T allele is linked with a low level of starch content,and provides reliable haplotypes for MAS in sorghum quality improvement.

Effects of Bacterial Manure from Cassava Alcohol Fermentation Mash on Yield and Starch Content of Cassava

In order to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of cassava alcohol fermentation mash and the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of cassava,compound microbial inoculum was inoculated into the cassava alcohol fermentation mash to prepare bacterial manure,which was then applied to two cassava varieties,Nanzhi 199 and SC 205 to explore the optimum application amount,application method and application concentration. The results showed that when the inoculation amount of the compound microbial inoculum was 2‰ of the mass of the mash,the requirements of industrial production of liquid bacterial manure and agricultural application can be met,saving costs. After the emergence of cassava seedlings,if they were drenched with the bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash through roots once according to the amount of 67. 5 t/ha and irrigated with the bacterial manure once every 15 d under drought conditions,both the yield and quality of cassava can be improved significantly. The yield and starch content of Nanzhi 199 reached 26 196. 23 kg/ha and 30. 32%,36. 57% and4. 75 percentage points higher than those of CK. The yield and starch content of SC 205 reached 41 126. 06 kg/ha and 23. 74%,99. 25% and3. 19 percentage points higher than those of CK. Under the application modes of foliar spray,root irrigation and foliar spray + root irrigation,the fertilization effect was more obvious. When undiluted bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash was applied according to the amount of 52. 5 t/( ha·time),the fertilization effect of the application mode of foliar spray + root irrigation was the best. The bacterial manure from cassava alcohol fermentation mash can be directly applied without dilution,and the fertilizer efficiency will be reduced significantly after dilution.

A plastidic ATP/ADP transporter gene, IbAATP, increases starch and amylose contents and alters starch structure in transgenic sweetpotato

A plastidic adenosine triphosphate（ATP）/adenosine diphosphate（ADP） transporter（AATP） is responsible for importing ATP from the cytosol into plastids. In dicotyledonous plants, increasing ATP supply is a potential way to facilitate anabolic synthesis in heterotrophic plastids. In this study, a gene encoding the AATP protein, named Ib AATP, was isolated from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.）. Transcripts of Ib AATP were predominantly detected in the storage roots and leaves and were induced by exogenous sucrose and subjected to circadian rhythm. Transient expression of Ib AATP in tobacco and onion epidermal cells revealed the plastidic localization of Ib AATP. The overexpression of Ib AATP in sweetpotato significantly increased the starch and amylose contents and led to enlarged starch granules. The IbA ATP-overexpressing plants showed altered fine structure of amylopectin, which contained an increased proportion of chains with a degree of polymerization（DP） of 10–23 and a reduced number of chains with a DP of 5–9 and 24–40. In addition, starch from the transgenic plants exhibited different pasting properties. The transcript levels of starch biosynthetic genes, including Ib AGP, Ib GBSSI, Ib SSIIV, and Ib SBE, were differentially regulated in the transgenic plants. These results revealed the explicit role of Ib AATP in the starch biosynthesis of sweetpotato and indicated that this gene has the potential to be used to improve starch content and quality in sweetpotato and other plants.

Effects of RNAi Silencing of SSIII Gene on Phosphorus Content and Characteristics of Starch in Potato Tubers

The sense and antisense fragments of the soluble starch synthase （SSII1） gene and the intron fragment of somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase （SERK1） gene were cloned from potato using PCR techniques. The RNAi plant expression vectors pBI-SSIII-RNAi and pBIC-SSIII-RNAi were constructed which containing fusion fragment of ＂sense fragment-intron-antisense fragment＂ driven by the constitutive expression promoter CaMV 35S and the tuber-specific expression promoter CIPP, respectively. The putative transgenic plants of potato cultivars Kexin-1 and Kexin-4 were obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. PCR assay showed that the interference fragment of SSlll gene was integrated into potato genome. The RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of SSlll gene was repressed apparently on the transcription level. Starch granules of the transgenic potato plants were different in morphology and became cracked in starch granule centre compared with the non-transgenic control plants. The amylose content of starch was increased by 2.68-29.05%, amylopectin to amylose ratio of starch had declined significantly, and the phosphorus content of the starch of the transgenic plants was reduced 9.94-58.36% compared with control plants. The results could provide certain foundation for improvement of potato starch quality.

Effect of Different Moisture Contents on Crystallized State of Microwave Modified Tapioca Starch

Effect of microwave modification on tapioca starch at different moisture contents was studied with polarized light microscope. It was observed that loss of birefringence was initiated at hilum of granule. The polarization cross of most granules had become somewhat unclear, and reduction in clarity of the polarization cross was proportioned with the moisture contents of native starch as modification by microwave. When the moisture contents reached to 35.0%, the polarization cross of most granules was lost, and the critical point of native starch was 30% in microwave modification.

Natural variation of an autophagy-family gene among rice subspecies affects grain size and weight

Elucidating the genetic basis of natural variation in grain size and weight among rice varieties can help breeders develop high-yielding varieties.We identified a novel gene,GW3a(Grain Weight 3a)(LOC_Os03g27350),that affects rice grain size and weight.gw3a mutants showed higher total starch content and dry matter accumulation than the wild type(WT),Nipponbare,suggesting that GW3a negatively regulates grain size and weight.Moreover,our study found that GW3a interacted with OsATG8 by cleaving it,suggesting that GW3a may be involved in the assembly of autophagosomes and starch degradation in plants.The haplotype analysis of GW3a showed functional differences between indica and japonica rice.Taken together,we conclude that GW3a is expressed in the autophagosome pathway regulating starch metabolism in rice,affecting yield-related traits,such as grain size,grain weight and thousand grain weight(TGW).Our findings also shed new light on autophagy-mediated yield trait regulation,proposing a possible strategy for the genetic improvement of high-yield germplasm in rice.

9个不同使用类型木薯品系在合浦县的适应性研究

为筛选适宜在合浦县推广的木薯品系,本研究以主栽品种‘南植199’为对照,对9个木薯新品系的生物学特性进行了观察,并测定其农艺性状和经济性状,同时进行相关性分析。结果表明,9个品系分枝角度小、块根长度适中和主茎高度中等以上;‘RC4’的块根产量显著高于对照,其余8个品系与对照差异不显著;‘RC4’等8个品系的淀粉产量高于对照;9个品系的淀粉含量高于对照,其中‘RC3’等5个品系的淀粉含量显著或极显著高于对照;9个木薯品系的直链淀粉含量显著或极显著低于对照‘;RC6’等6个品系的氢氰酸含量低于50 mg/kg。相关性分析结果表明:块根产量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、块根直径呈极显著正相关,与茎粗呈显著正相关;淀粉含量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、茎粗呈显著正相关;淀粉产量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、茎粗、块根直径、块根产量呈极显著正相关,与淀粉含量呈显著正相关。综合来看,这9个木薯新品系的综合表现良好,适合在合浦县进行推广。其中‘,RC3’、‘RC4’和‘RC7’可作为加工型品系;‘RC5’和‘RC10’可作为食用品系;‘RC2’、‘RC6’、‘RC11’和‘RC12’可作为鲜食加工兼用品系;‘RC2’和‘RC5’作为食用品系具有很好的推广前景。

甘薯抗性淀粉研究进展

甘薯是重要的淀粉作物,其块根中抗性淀粉(RS)含量较高,具备良好的产品开发潜力。要进一步促进甘薯RS的应用和推广,不仅需要筛选或培育出RS含量更高的甘薯品种,还需要加大开发甘薯深加工淀粉产品。除调控淀粉合成相关基因的表达外,生产实际中还可通过调整栽培措施等方式提高甘薯RS的含量。通过化学修饰法、物理法和酶解法等方法可制备甘薯RS产品,也能提高产品中RS的含量。本文系统综述了近年来甘薯淀粉的保健效果、RS含量的测定方法、影响甘薯淀粉中RS含量的因素、RS的制备方法及其特性等方面的进展,为未来甘薯中RS的制备、产量提高、产品开发和推广提供参考。

不同温度对羊肚菌淀粉代谢的调控研究

研究了不同温度对淀粉培养基中羊肚菌菌丝生长、淀粉酶活[腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、淀粉分支酶(DBE)、淀粉脱分支酶(SBE)]、淀粉含量(直链淀粉、支链淀粉)和淀粉相关酶基因表达的影响。结果表明:在10—25℃温度条件下,随着温度的增加,淀粉培养基上菌丝生长速度加快,菌丝浓密度和菌丝尖端分叉增加;AGPase、DBE、α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶在20℃下活性最高,SBE则在10℃下活性最高。直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉剩余含量在10℃下最高。相关性分析结果显示,温度与α-淀粉酶活性和SBE活性相关性不显著,与β-淀粉酶活性、AGPase活性、DBE活性呈显著负相关,与直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。综上,在15—20℃温度条件下,羊肚菌对培养基中的淀粉代谢能力最强,10℃低温或者25℃高温都不利于羊肚菌对培养基质中淀粉的利用。研究可为羊肚菌的菌种制作和人工种植提供理论支撑。

中高温大曲发酵中小麦籽粒营养组分的动态变化分析

该研究利用离子色谱和高效液相色谱等方法,研究了中高温大曲不同发酵时期小麦营养成分的变化及其与微生物群落演替间关系。结果表明,曲皮和曲心分别消耗了直链淀粉含量的39.08%和49.12%,支链淀粉含量的84.43%和81.35%,A型淀粉粒的6.41%和26.92%,B型淀粉粒的66.67%和83.33%。麦谷蛋白含量从8 mg/g降为4.73 mg/g(曲皮)和3.53 mg/g(曲心)。黄酮含量从0.08 mg/g增加到0.12 mg/g(曲皮)和0.29 mg/g(曲心)。纤维素含量总体呈下降趋势,但曲心后期有平缓上升;阿拉伯糖和蔗糖含量增加,葡萄糖含量降低。曲心游离氨基酸含量增加幅度高于曲皮,其中谷氨酸含量最高。冗余分析表明18个品质指标与9个细菌属和11个真菌属的相对丰度显著相关(P<0.05),其中直链淀粉含量与叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium),葡萄糖、果糖、支链淀粉含量与醋酸单胞菌属(Acetobacter)、双杆菌属(Undibacterium)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)均显著正相关。因此,具有高支链淀粉和高葡萄糖含量的小麦品种可能更适用于制曲。该研究结果为探究大曲质量控制、小麦品质与大曲品质间关系,以及选育专用型原料(小麦)品种提供参考。

Effects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage

Dynamic changes of starch, amylose, sucrose contents and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes under shading treatments alter flowering were studied using two rice varieties IR72 （indica） and Nipponbare （japonica） as materials. Under shading treatments, the starch, amylose and sucrose contents decreased, while ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （ADPGPPase） activity only changed a little, soluble starch synthase activity and granule bound starch synthase activity decreased, soluble starch branching enzyme （SSBE, Q-enzyme） activity and granule bound starch branching enzyme （GBSBE, Q-enzyme） activity increased, and starch debranching enzyme （DBE, R-enzyme） activity varied with varieties. Correlation analyses showed that the changes of starch content were positively and significantly correlated with the changes of sucrose content in the weak light. Both ADPGPPase activity and SSBE activity were positively and significantly correlated with starch accumulation rate. It was implied that the decline of starch synthase activities was related to the decrease of starch content and the increase of the activity of starch branching enzyme played an important role in the decrease of the ratio of amylose to the total starch under the weak light.

不同微生物菌剂浸种对马铃薯生长发育及薯田土壤养分的影响

【目的】探究不同微生物菌剂浸种对马铃薯生长发育及薯田土壤养分的影响,为内蒙古自治区马铃薯绿色、可持续种植提供参考。【方法】以马铃薯品种V7为试验材料,分别采用蒸馏水(CK)、Bacillus sp.188菌剂(T1)、Pseudomonas sp.BP16菌剂(T2)和Streptomyces rochei D74菌剂(T3)浸种30 min,测定马铃薯种植后不同生长时期产量、块茎淀粉含量、各器官干物质量、单株养分积累量,叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性以及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。【结果】马铃薯种植后110 d,与CK相比,T2、T3处理马铃薯产量显著提高7.14%、9.16%(P<0.05),块茎淀粉含量显著提高11.84%、16.38%(P<0.05);T3处理马铃薯根、茎、叶、块茎干物质量显著增加26.87%、16.92%、11.77%、13.59%(P<0.05),氮素、磷素、钾素积累量显著提高28.86%、32.78%、30.81%(P<0.05)。种植后70 d,T3处理马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量最高[4.29 mg/(g·FW)],叶片硝酸还原酶活性较CK显著提高15.29%(P<0.05)。马铃薯种植后50 d,T3处理土壤硝态氮含量达到最大值(42.32 mg/kg),速效磷含量较CK显著提高26.17%,(P<0.05),T1、T3处理速效钾含量分别较CK显著提高24.95%、21.65%(P<0.05);种植后70 d,T2处理土壤铵态氮含量较CK显著提高47.03%(P<0.05)。【结论】Streptomyces rochei D74菌剂浸种可提高成熟期马铃薯产量、块茎淀粉含量、各器官干物质量和植株氮素、磷素、钾素积累量以及块茎形成期叶片叶绿素含量,生育前期土壤硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,块茎形成期土壤铵态氮含量,可作为内蒙古自治区马铃薯栽培较适宜施入的微生物菌剂。

7种不同品种小麦的制曲理化品质评价

为了选择优质的曲麦品种,以绵麦902为对照,通过测定多种理化指标,进行相关性和聚类分析来比较四川地区7种不同品种小麦制曲方面的理化品质。结果表明,7种品种小麦各指标均达到国家标准。其中,与对照小麦绵麦902相比,绵麦905、绵麦161、绵麦907的粗脂肪含量、直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量等指标无显著性差异(P>0.05)。此外,聚类分析结果表明,绵麦905、绵麦161、绵麦907和绵麦902归为一类,相较于绵麦916、绵麦903和MR1101更具有制曲优势。综上所述,基于对四川地区7种不同品种小麦制曲性能的分析和比较,认定绵麦905、绵麦161和绵麦907是制曲方面有应用前景的候选品种。

不同马铃薯品种产量和淀粉含量对比研究

优良品种的更新换代可保障国家粮食安全。开展新品种比较试验,筛选适宜呼伦贝尔市马铃薯新品种,对该地区马铃薯产业发展具有重要意义。2022—2023年以‘克新13号’作对照,调查11个马铃薯品种的物候期和块茎性状,对其产量和淀粉含量的表现及其稳定性进行鉴定和评价。‘龙薯22号’‘北方002’和‘北方001’平均产量较高,分别为3602、3470和3291 kg/667m^(2),显著高于‘克新13号’,稳定性较好,可作为鲜食品种在呼伦贝尔市推广。‘中薯早39’淀粉含量最高(19.09%)且稳定性好,显著高于‘克新13号’,产量高于‘克新13号’,但差异不显著,稳定性一般,可作为早熟高淀粉品种在呼伦贝尔市推广,但应配套相应栽培技术,保证该品种产量。

南瓜淀粉组分高效检测体系建立及应用

旨在建立高效的南瓜淀粉组分检测技术,以期提高定向育种和合理开发南瓜新品种的效率。根据双波长比色原理,利用提纯的南瓜直链淀粉和支链淀粉,通过等吸收点作图法,确定南瓜淀粉组分测定波长和参比波长。通过单因素比较试验,确定双波长测定南瓜淀粉组分的200μL反应体系。最后比较不同类型的南瓜淀粉组分含量,筛选极端材料。结果表明,直链淀粉的测定波长为616 nm、参比波长为472 nm,南瓜支链淀粉的测定波长为545 nm、参比波长为725 nm。建立南瓜直链淀粉和支链淀粉回归方程,直链淀粉浓度在0.0125~1 mg/mL、支链淀粉浓度在0.025~2 mg/mL范围内,线性关系良好(R2>0.9900)。96孔板200μL反应体系为待测液20μL、醋酸盐缓冲反应液(pH 3.5)90μL、12倍碘液稀释液90μL。供试23份南瓜材料的直链淀粉含量在0.52~26.68 mg/g果肉鲜重,支链淀粉含量在0.03~76.13 mg/g果肉鲜重,淀粉总量在0.55~101.61 mg/g果肉鲜重。以10和15 mg/g果肉鲜重、35和45 mg/g果肉鲜重、55和65 mg/g果肉鲜重,可以分别初步评价供试南瓜直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量低、中、高的情况。中印南瓜自交系比供试中国南瓜和印度南瓜的淀粉组分含量均高,最终筛选到7个中印南瓜自交系,用以淀粉定向育种潜力大。该试验获得的南瓜淀粉组分高效检测体系,对提高南瓜淀粉育种效率,行之有效。

水稻糯性突变体r162的鉴定与基因定位

直链淀粉是影响稻米食味品质和外观品质的重要因素,主要由Waxy(Wx)基因编码的颗粒结合淀粉合酶Ⅰ(granule-bound starch synthaseⅠ, GBSSⅠ)介导合成。本研究从宁粳2号的甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methanesulfonate,EMS)诱变材料中筛选到了一个糯性突变体r162,与野生型相比,其籽粒外观呈不透明的云雾状,种子和糙米的粒长、粒宽以及千粒重显著下降。通过扫描电镜对淀粉形态进行观察,发现突变体的淀粉颗粒上存在孔洞。半薄切片碘染结果表明,突变体r162发育时期胚乳的造粉体排列结构与野生型相似,但碘染后颜色更浅。理化性质分析发现,突变体r162的总淀粉、总蛋白质和总脂肪含量与野生型相比无显著差异,但是表观直链淀粉含量极显著下降、胶稠度极显著增加,糊化特性发生明显改变,并且淀粉的崩解值、回生值、回复值以及米粉在尿素中的膨胀体积均小于野生型。通过基因定位和测序发现,突变基因Wx位于第6号染色体短臂上,Wx基因第7个内含子的第1个碱基(Int7-1)由鸟嘌呤(G)替换为腺嘌呤(A),造成Wx基因的编码区存在10个碱基的缺失,导致其编码的GBSSⅠ蛋白自第256位氨基酸起出现错误翻译,使蛋白质翻译提前终止,因此将该等位变异命名为Wx-r162。进一步通过蛋白质印迹法检测发现,突变体中的GBSSⅠ蛋白水平极显著下降。酶活性测定也证实,突变体r162中GBSSⅠ活性明显降低。综上所述,Wx-r162基因被视为一个新的等位变异,这种突变导致GBSSⅠ活性下降,进而造成突变体r162表观直链淀粉含量降低和籽粒表现出不透明的表型。

香肠制品中淀粉含量测定方法研究

淀粉常被用作增稠剂添加到香肠制品中,应严格控制增稠剂用量以保障产品质量。本文对5种香肠中淀粉含量进行了分析,进一步探索了国家标准检测方法的实践意义,并对实验条件和方法进行了优化。结果发现搅碎方式更有利于淀粉含量的准确测定;淀粉分离时间应控制在1.5 h;应根据香肠中的淀粉含量确定样品的取样量,优级肠取样量控制在25 g左右,普通肠取样量控制在12 g左右。