Biodegradation Behavior of Starch in Simulated White Water System of Old Corrugated Cardboard Pulping Process

Considering the serious barriers/issues induced by the accumulated starch generated in white water system of old corrugated cardboard(OCC)pulping process,large amounts of accumulated starch in white water would be decomposed by microorganisms and could not be utilized,thereby resulting in severe resource wastage and environmental pollution.This study mainly explored the effects of biodegradation/hydrolysis conditions of the two types of starch substrates(native starch and enzymatically(α-amylase)hydrolyzed starch),which were treated via microorganism degradation within the simulated white water from OCC pulping system and their biodegradation products on the key properties were characterized via X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)technologies.The effects of system temperature,pH value,starch concentration,and biodegradation time on starch biodegradation ratio and the characteristics of obtained biodegradated products from the two types of starches were studied.In addition,the effect ofα-amylase dosage on the biodegradation ratio of enzymatically hydrolyzed starch and its properties was investigated.It was found that the native starch presented a maximal degradation ratio at a system temperature of 55℃and pH value range of 5-7,respectively,the corresponding starch concentration within simulated white water system was 200 mg/L.Whereas the enzymatically hydrolyzed starch exhibited a highest degradation ratio at a system temperature of 50℃and pH value of 5.5,respectively,and the corresponding starch concentration within simulated white water system was 100 mg/L.It was verified that native starch is more readily bio-hydrolyzed and biodegradation-susceptive by microorganisms in simulated white water system of OCC pulping process,while the enzymatically hydrolyzed starch exhibits better biodegradation/hydrolysis resistance to the microbial degradation than that of native starch.This study provides a practical and interesting approach to investigate the starch hydrolysis or biodegradation behaviors in white water system of OCC pulping process,which would greatly contribute to the full recycling and valorized application of starch as a versatile additive during paperboard production.

酶解-动态高压微射流制备纳米淀粉及对其结构性质的影响

为探究蜡质玉米淀粉(WMS)经普鲁兰酶协同动态超高压微射流技术(P-DHPM)制备纳米淀粉后对其结构及性质的变化规律,本文探讨了处理前后淀粉微观结构、结晶结构、分子结构、粒径、分子量及热性能的变化趋势。结果表明,随着酶解时间的增加,淀粉圆球形颗粒变碎片状、结晶结构逐渐消失、淀粉短程有序性增加、分子量显著(P<0.05)减小;同时,淀粉糊化峰值温度由71.23℃降低至55.81℃,糊化焓值(ΔH)显著(P<0.05)减小至4.68 J/g;酶解淀粉进一步经微射流处理后,粒径降低至纳米级,淀粉颗粒变成更加无规则的小碎片,糊化峰值温度(T_p)降低至55.37℃,糊化焓值(ΔH)增大至14.13 J/g。通过酶解-微射流技术处理WMS淀粉,可制备得到粒径可控且具有短程有序的纳米尺寸淀粉颗粒,提供了一种环境友好、操作简单的制备方法,同时为继续探讨其在淀粉纳米乳液及淀粉基活性包装材料中的应用奠定基础。

酶法水解桑叶多糖制备低聚糖及其抑菌活性研究

低聚糖被认为可能是多糖具有多种生物活性的关键结构,而酶法水解多糖制备低聚糖由于其反应条件温和、效率高等优点被广泛关注。以桑叶多糖为研究对象,通过生物酶法降解制备功能性桑叶低聚糖。首先,以桑叶低聚糖得率为指标,探究不同种类酶(纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木聚糖酶以及葡聚糖酶)对低聚糖得率的影响,选出最适合的水解酶(半纤维素酶);再在此基础上,通过单因素优化、Plackett-Burman试验和响应面优化确定酶促水解桑叶多糖制备低聚糖反应的最适酶添加量60 U/mL、底物浓度20 mg/mL、反应温度55℃、pH 47及时间8 h;在此条件下桑叶低聚糖得率为202%,与模型预测值207%接近。最后,桑叶低聚糖的抗菌活性测试结果表明,与桑叶多糖相比,桑叶低聚糖表现出显著的抑制大肠埃希菌(Esch-erichia coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)、痢疾杆菌(Shigella)和普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)生长的特性,说明桑叶低聚糖是一种优良的抗菌剂。研究结果为功能性桑叶低聚糖的制备及其应用提供了理论参考。

褐藻胶的酶法降解及其产物的体外免疫活性

本研究以褐藻胶为底物,探究其在褐藻胶酶法降解过程中的分子质量变化以及酶法降解制备褐藻胶低聚糖的工艺参数,并在此基础上,评价了不同分子质量褐藻胶酶解产物的体外免疫活性。结果表明,褐藻胶经褐藻胶裂解酶降解后分子质量显著下降,通过乙醇分级分离可获得3种不同分子质量的降解产物,其重均分子质量分别为13.4、5.73kDa和3.85kDa。单因素试验优化获得酶法制备褐藻胶低聚糖的最适工艺参数为pH7.0、褐藻胶裂解酶用量15U/g(底物质量计)、酶解时间24h,此时,褐藻胶低聚糖得率为28.05%。利用小鼠巨噬细胞模型对褐藻胶及其3种分子质量降解产物的体外免疫活性进行评价,发现褐藻胶及其酶解产物均具有一定的免疫增强活性,且重均分子质量为5.73kDa的酶解组分免疫增强活性最好,优于褐藻胶低聚糖。同时,通过添加巨噬细胞受体蛋白Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)的阻断剂(TAK-242),验证了褐藻胶酶解产物通过诱导巨噬细胞TLR4的分泌,引起级联反应,增加NO、肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素6的分泌,从而调节巨噬细胞免疫活性。研究结果可为褐藻胶高值化利用提供理论依据。

总状蕨藻盾叶变种寡糖的酶解制备及其免疫调节活性的作用机制

将总状蕨藻盾叶变种多糖经乳糖酶酶解、膜过滤、透析和冻干制备获得总状蕨藻盾叶变种寡糖(Caulerpa racemosa var.peltate oligosaccharide,CRVO-G),测定CRVO-G的相对分子质量与单糖组成,评价CRVO-G的免疫调节活性,并对其作用机制展开研究。结果显示,CRVO-G主要是由相对分子质量分别为617.115、621.081和995.368的2种四糖和1种六糖组成的寡糖混合物,主要由半乳糖(51.0%)、甘露糖(21.3%)、葡萄糖(11.5%)、木糖(6.5%)、鼠李糖(2.3%)、葡萄糖醛酸(2.0%)、盐酸氨基葡萄糖(1.8%)、岩藻糖(0.8%)、盐酸氨基半乳糖(0.7%)、半乳糖醛酸(0.7%)、甘露糖醛酸(0.7%)和阿拉伯糖(0.6%)组成。此外,CRVO-G具有良好的免疫调节活性,能促进一氧化氮(NO)和免疫因子的释放,如白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α。代谢组学和蛋白免疫印迹结果表明,CRVO-G可以促进巨噬细胞花生四烯酸代谢通路中血栓素A2和15-酮前列腺素F2α的合成,提高环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和核因子κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)的磷酸化蛋白的表达水平。研究表明,在巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞中CRVO-G通过NF-κB/iNOS/COX-2途径发挥免疫调节作用。

聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉酶解产物的结构解析

该文通过考察不同淀粉酶对聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉还原糖含量的影响,得到最优组合酶解方法:异淀粉酶酶解10 h+普鲁兰酶酶解10 h+α-淀粉酶酶解10 h+β-淀粉酶酶解12 h。将组合酶解产物以环己烷提取,核磁共振氢谱结果表明,含有乳酸基团的碳水化合物能被有效提取富集,且与未取代的碳水化合物实现分离;质谱分析证明,聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉主要由乳酸酯和二聚乳酸酯所构成。该研究探索建立了有效的分离和解析方法,促进了对淀粉酯精细结构的科学认识。

超声波结合酶解对玉米淀粉多层级结构及其吸附性能的影响

为了探索一种有效改善玉米淀粉颗粒吸附性能的处理方法,采用低于淀粉糊化温度的不同温度(0、25、45、65℃)超声波预处理结合α-淀粉酶改性玉米淀粉。结果表明,超声预处理可使淀粉颗粒表面粗糙且出现凹槽;超声预处理后淀粉样品的摩尔质量、相对结晶度以及短程分子有序度显著降低(P<0.05);与单一酶处理相比,超声结合酶处理后淀粉样品的比表面积和总孔容积更大,进而使其吸附性能增强;且随着超声预处理温度从0℃升至65℃,超声结合酶处理后淀粉颗粒的吸水率和吸油率分别从114.71%和142.16%提高至144.77%和189.70%。因此,低于淀粉糊化温度的高温超声波结合α-淀粉酶法可作为制备绿色、高效淀粉基吸附剂的有效方法。本研究结果将有助于更好地理解超声波促进淀粉酶解的机理,并为开发高效淀粉基吸附剂提供理论依据。

α-淀粉酶及其复合酶体系对淀粉酶解性能研究

研究了单一α-淀粉酶体系及α-淀粉酶与β-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶、糖化酶组成的二元、三元、四元复合酶体系,对3种造纸常用变性淀粉(氧化淀粉、酶解淀粉、阳离子淀粉)的酶解性能,探究不同α-淀粉酶用量对淀粉分解率和DE值的影响。结果表明,在单一α-淀粉酶体系中,淀粉分解率达到90%时,阳离子淀粉酶解所需α-淀粉酶用量约为其他2种淀粉的4倍;酶解淀粉加入柠檬酸抑制Zn2+后,其淀粉分解率最大可提高37.4%;二元复合酶体系中,α-淀粉酶/β-淀粉酶对阳离子淀粉的分解率比α-淀粉酶/糖化酶及α-淀粉酶/普鲁兰酶分别高5.3%和8.7%;三元复合酶体系中,α-淀粉酶/糖化酶/β-淀粉酶对阳离子淀粉的分解率比α-淀粉酶/糖化酶/普鲁兰酶高1.2%。在将α-淀粉酶/糖化酶/β-淀粉酶/普鲁兰酶的四元复合酶体系应用于阳离子淀粉、酶解淀粉、氧化淀粉的酶解反应时,达到淀粉分解率80%所需α-淀粉酶用量分别为单一α-淀粉酶体系的56%、38%和17%。

直链淀粉-香叶醇包合物的制备及其性质

为探究直链淀粉含量对直链淀粉-香叶醇包合作用的影响,以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,采用普鲁兰酶进行脱支处理,通过控制酶解条件制备不同直链淀粉含量的壁材,对香叶醇进行包合,以包埋率为指标评价制备的包合物对香叶醇的保护作用,并通过X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪和热重分析仪对包合物的形貌结构和稳定性进行表征。结果表明:直链淀粉含量与包埋率之间无线性关系,直链淀粉质量分数为5.86%时,包埋率最高,为9.05%。X-射线衍射结果表明,包合物形成后,衍射峰位置改变,包合作用改变了壁材晶型,由A型变为A+V型,同时提高了包合物稳定性。扫描电镜结果显示,壁材随直链淀粉含量的提高,表面越加凹陷,而包合物局部表面较为完整。红外光谱分析结果表明,随包埋率升高,特征峰发生蓝移,包合物中未出现香叶醇的特征峰。热焓特性分析表明,随着包埋率升高,相变焓及热重二阶段失重率均增高,进一步验证包合物的形成提高了香叶醇的稳定性。对蜡质玉米淀粉脱支处理后,基于形成的直链淀粉对香叶醇进行包合,能够使香叶醇稳定性提高,有望为直链淀粉包埋活性物质应用研究提供参考。

阳离子淀粉/苯丙共聚物乳液乳胶粒形成过程的研究

本文以淀粉水解产物为乳化剂制备了纳米阳离子苯丙乳液,探讨了淀粉水解条件对乳液乳胶粒形成过程的影响,结果表明:所制备的共聚物乳液乳胶粒平均粒径在60-110 nm之间,且呈均匀、规整、球状颗粒。

Impact of sourdough fermentation on nutrient transformations in cereal-based foods:Mechanisms,practical applications,and health implications

Sourdough is often considered a healthy choice and quality improver for use in cereal production due to its unique microbial composition and fermentation properties.During sourdough fermentation of cereals,biotransformation of nutrients occurs,resulting in notable changes to proteins,carbohydrates,fats,vitamins,and minerals.Each nutrient undergoes specific transformations,providing various advantages for human health.Proteins undergo hydrolysis to produce small molecular weight peptides and amino acids that are more easily digested and absorbed by the human body.Carbohydrates break down to improve the digestibility and absorption of cereals and lower the glycemic index.Fatty acids experience oxidation to produce new substances with health benefits.Additionally,the application of sourdough fermentation can enhance the texture,flavor,and nutritional value of cereal foods while also extending their shelf life and improving food safety.In conclusion,sourdough fermentation has a broad range of applications in cereal food processing.Further research is encouraged to investigate the mechanisms and processes of sourdough fermentation to develop even more nutritious,healthy,and flavorful cereal-based foods.

酶解耦合湿热处理对板栗淀粉消化性能与回生性能的影响

板栗淀粉的消化和回生性能制约着板栗食品产业发展,合理选择食品加工方法调控板栗淀粉的消化和回生性能对开发高品质营养健康的板栗食品具有重要意义。本文探究了普鲁兰酶酶解及耦合湿热处理对板栗淀粉的消化率、长期回生和多尺度结构的影响。结果显示,酶解处理增加了板栗淀粉的直链淀粉含量,改变了淀粉链长分布,提高了淀粉短程有序结构和结晶结构,从而降低了淀粉消化率;进一步的湿热处理促进淀粉链相互作用,提高了淀粉短程有序结构、结晶结构和纳米聚集体结构,导致了更低的淀粉消化率。在储存过程中,由于酶解导致更短的A链增加及易于重排的B1链降低,使得淀粉形成的结晶结构和纳米聚集体结构较少,从而降低了淀粉的回生程度;湿热处理促进了A链分子与其他分子的相互作用,加剧抑制淀粉分子重排程度,导致回生程度继续降低。因此,酶解耦合湿热处理可作为一种有效的调控淀粉消化和回生性能的方法,促进慢消化和低回生度板栗淀粉食品的开发。

超声辅助NaCl浸泡对熟化黑豆结构和消化特性的影响

为探究超声辅助NaCl浸泡对黑豆的结构和消化特性的影响规律,采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线衍射等分析NaCl对黑豆结构的作用机制,利用热特性、吸水率、膨胀率等明确黑豆熟化过程性质的变化,并分析淀粉体外消化特性。结果表明,超声辅助NaCl浸泡后的黑豆粉颗粒致密度降低,颗粒之间间隙变大,抑制了淀粉结晶区域损伤。随着NaCl浓度的升高,黑豆颗粒的膨胀率比清水浸泡升高了28%、48%、56%,硬度明显下降,糊化度升高至40%、43%、45%,黑豆淀粉水解率分别下降到19.05%、17.93%、17.48%。以上结果说明钠离子可抑制淀粉消化,本研究NaCl浸泡处理可为开发低GI黑豆食品奠定理论基础。

基于人工神经网络优化米酒糟淀粉水解条件研究

为解决米酒糟处理对环境的污染问题,提高米酒糟的利用价值,该研究基于人工神经网络分析对米酒糟的淀粉水解条件进行优化,并在此基础上探究其发酵生产生物丁醇的可行性。结果表明,米酒糟的最佳淀粉水解条件为水解温度64℃,水解时间101 min,水解pH 5.4,中温α-淀粉酶添加量32 U/g,糖化酶添加量170 U/g。在此优化条件下,米酒糟淀粉水解液的还原糖含量为40.49 g/L。以米酒糟淀粉水解液作为原料发酵生产丁醇,丁醇产量达到3.07 g/L。本研究结果为米酒糟的综合利用提供了参考。

玉米及其制品中淀粉糊化度测定方法的研究

本试验旨在建立一种操作简便、精确度高、重复性好的快速测定玉米及其制品淀粉糊化度的测定方法。试验将全糊化试样、待测试样及空白试样与糖化酶溶液混合,水解生成葡萄糖,使用3,5-二硝基水杨酸显色,以比色法测定各溶液吸光度,从而计算淀粉糊化度。本试验通过对影响淀粉糊化度检测结果的关键因素即糖化酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度及样品粒度的试验探究,确定了最佳条件:样品过60目分析筛,每0.3 g样品使用1000 U糖化酶,在40~45℃条件下酶解60 min。在此条件下测定玉米、玉米淀粉、膨胀玉米及膨化玉米的淀粉糊化度,结果与行业标准《NY/T4125-2022饲料中淀粉糊化度的测定》进行对比,P值均大于0.05,RSD均小于2%,表明本研究测定淀粉糊化度筛选出的试验条件准确度高、精密度高,并且简便易行,可降低试剂风险及成本,便于检测人员进行质量控制及测定。

The Crystalline Changes of Starch from Rhizoma Dioscorea by Acid Hydrolysis

The changes in crystalline properties of starch from Rhizoma Dioscorea by acid hydrolysis was characterized by X-Ray diffractometry （XRD）. The results revealed that the crystalline type of Rhizoma Dioscorea starch changed from C-type to A-type after 16 days of the acid hydrolysis. This phenomenon was different from that of other starches subjected to the acid hydrolysis. The results revealed that the B-polymorphs of C-type starch constituted the amorphous regions while the crystalline areas were mainly composed of A-polymorphs. The degree of crystallinity of the acid-thinned starch increased gradually with the time of acid hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis of Raw Corn Starch Granules by Glucoamylase and Product Inhibition During the Hydrolysis

Raw corn starch granules were hydrolysized by glucoamylase in a chemostat. The hydro- lysis of three different-sized granules shows that smaller granules undergo more hydrolyzation than larger ones. After 78 h, 9700 of the granules was hydrolysized with diameter between 0.15 mm and 0.3 mm at 50 ℃. When corn starch concentration increased from 100 g/L to 250 g/L, the amount of reducing sugar produced was proportional to the initial substrate concentration and no substrate inhibition phenomenon appeared. In order to study the product inhibition exactly, the product from hydrolysis reaction itself was added into the hydrolysis system at the beginning of starch hydrolysis. Product inhibition with different quantities of product added were studied in the initial several hours, during which period enzyme inactivation could be neglected and product inhibition could be studied separately. The experiments indicate that product inhibition happens when the additional quantity exceeds 9.56 g/L.

Study on Process Conditions of Preparation of Microporous Potatoes Starch by Complex Enzyme Method

[Objective] The technology of using c-amylase and glucoamylase to prepare microporeus potato starch was studied.[ Method ] Taking potato starch as raw materials, starch hydrolysis rate and the oil absorption as a measure of index, the influences of the reaction temperature, two enzymes proportion, the quantity of enzyme, the chroma of substrate, buffer solution pH and reaction time on microporous potato starch were inves- tigated. [ Result] The experimental results showed that the best technological conditions were reaction temperature 45 ℃, enzyme ratio （ glucoamy- lase/α-amylase）6, the quantity of enzyme （amount of enzyme and starch quality than） is 1.0%, the substrate quantity chroma of 0.14 g/ml, buffer solution pH 4, the reaction time 8 h. In such process condition, the oil adsorption rate of hydrolyzed potato starch was as high as 70.2%, starch hydrolytic ratio was 34.16%. [ Condmion] The study provided a basis for the development and utilization of microporous starch. Key words Microporous starch; Hydrolysis rate; Oil absorption rate; Preparation; Complex enzyme method; China

Utilization Starch of Avocado Seed （Persea Americana Mill.） as a Raw Material for Dextrin

Starch ofavocado seeds can be used as an alternative source of starch because it contains 80.1% starch. Natural starch can be made into a modified starch, for example dextrin. Dextrin can be made by using acid or enzyme hydrolysis. The purposes of this research were determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid （HCl）, the temperature and heating timein the optimum process of hydrolysis of starch into dextrin and to determine the quality of the resulting product dextrin terms of Indonesian National Standard 01-2593-1992. The methode was used in this research is hydrolisis with hydrochloric acid （HCl）. The results processing into starch avocado seed yield is 23.15%. HCl concentration, temperature and heating time significantly affect the value of dextrose equivalent （DE）, viscosity and part soluble in cold water. There is interaction between HCl concentration, temperature and heating time on the value of DE, viscosity and part soluble in cold water. Optimum conditions of process was obtained at a concentration of 0.15 N HCl, 30 minutes heating time and heating temperature of 90 ℃. Dextrose equivalent （DE） value is 19.61%. The value of solubility in cold water is 90.19%. Viscosity value is 1.61 ° E. Dextrin is not accordance with the standards of quality parameters Indonesian National Standard 01-2593-1992. Dextrin produced should be applied to non-food industry.

功能性碳水化合物研究进展

碳水化合物在自然界中广泛存在,主要来源于植物、动物、微生物。碳水化合物一般被分为4类:单糖、双糖、寡糖和多糖。碳水化合物是人体必需的三大营养素之一,最基本的生理功能是为人体的生命活动提供能量。但是,随着近年来全球社会经济的快速发展,人们健康意识逐渐增强。大家对碳水化合物摄入有了新的需求,具备各种功能的碳水化合物成为人们研究的热点。同时,越来越多的功能性碳水化合物被人类发现并应用在食品中。功能性碳水化合物主要分为膳食纤维、抗性淀粉、抗性糊精、活性多糖、功能性低聚糖、糖醇等代糖。功能性碳水化合物具有与人体健康密切相关的多种生理功能,在提供能量、构成机体成分、调节蛋白质代谢、抗生酮、保护肝脏以及调节肠道菌群等方面发挥着重要的作用。阐述了碳水化合物的生理功能及常见功能性碳水化合物的研究进展,并展望了功能性碳水化合物的未来发展趋势。希望可以以此丰富人们对功能性碳水化合物的科学认识,为功能性碳水化合物的深入研究及相关食品开发提供理论参考。