Characteristics of Starch synthesis,Yield and Quality Provide Insights into Rice-Tartary Buckwheat Utilization and Improvement

[Objectives] Rice-Tartary buckwheat is a special type of Tartary buckwheat with easy hulling thin shell.This study was conducted to characterize the carbohydrate metabolism,quality and yield and provide a basis for food processing and breeding of rice-Tartary buckwheat.[Methods]The local rice-Tartary buckwheat‘cv.Xiaomiqiao’(XMQ) was used to explore the characteristics of photosynthesis,starch synthesis enzyme activities,traits of yield and quality,as compared to Tartary buckwheat‘cv.Jinqiao 2’(JQ2).[Results]XMQ showed significantly lower values of net photosynthetic rate,ADPGase activity and starch synthase activity at one or more periods during grain filling than JQ2.The effective branch number and grain number per plant of XMQ were similar to that of JQ2 regardless of different years,but the 1 000-grain weight was significantly lighter that resulted in the significantly lower yield.XMQ accumulated similar contents of starch(amylose,amylopectin) and protein(glutelin,albumin,prolamin,globulin) to those of JQ2,but exhibited significantly lower flavonoid content.The values of peak viscosity and hot paste viscosity in XMQ were similar to those of JQ2,but the values of cool paste viscosity,breakdown and setback were significantly lower.In conclusion,XMQ showed low yield due to the insufficient of photosynthesis and starch synthesis.XMQ exhibited high nutritional quality as well as normal Tartary buckwheat and stored 18.88 mg/g of flavonoid,that might be consumed as daily diet.[Conclusions]The present results will provide a basis for utilization and improvement of rice-Tartary buckwheat.

Effects of Bacterial Manure from Cassava Alcohol Fermentation Mash on Yield and Starch Content of Cassava

In order to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of cassava alcohol fermentation mash and the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of cassava,compound microbial inoculum was inoculated into the cassava alcohol fermentation mash to prepare bacterial manure,which was then applied to two cassava varieties,Nanzhi 199 and SC 205 to explore the optimum application amount,application method and application concentration. The results showed that when the inoculation amount of the compound microbial inoculum was 2‰ of the mass of the mash,the requirements of industrial production of liquid bacterial manure and agricultural application can be met,saving costs. After the emergence of cassava seedlings,if they were drenched with the bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash through roots once according to the amount of 67. 5 t/ha and irrigated with the bacterial manure once every 15 d under drought conditions,both the yield and quality of cassava can be improved significantly. The yield and starch content of Nanzhi 199 reached 26 196. 23 kg/ha and 30. 32%,36. 57% and4. 75 percentage points higher than those of CK. The yield and starch content of SC 205 reached 41 126. 06 kg/ha and 23. 74%,99. 25% and3. 19 percentage points higher than those of CK. Under the application modes of foliar spray,root irrigation and foliar spray + root irrigation,the fertilization effect was more obvious. When undiluted bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash was applied according to the amount of 52. 5 t/( ha·time),the fertilization effect of the application mode of foliar spray + root irrigation was the best. The bacterial manure from cassava alcohol fermentation mash can be directly applied without dilution,and the fertilizer efficiency will be reduced significantly after dilution.

长期养分亏缺对木薯农艺性状、产量及淀粉含量的影响

通过研究长期养分亏缺对木薯农艺性状及产量、淀粉含量的影响,为木薯连作科学施肥提供理论依据。在长期定位田间试验时间轴上,选取2019-2021年(连作28~30年)的试验材料,对CK(施氮磷钾肥)、–N(不施氮肥)、–P(不施磷肥)和–K(不施钾肥)4个处理,测定木薯品种SC205和SC124的农艺性状及产量、淀粉含量。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,–N、–K均显著降低木薯的株高,–N、–P和–K显著降低木薯的茎径,–K显著降低叶片SPAD值;主体间效应检验表明,品种和施肥对各农艺性状均有显著影响,但二者的交互作用影响不显著。(2)与CK相比,–N显著提高2021年的鲜薯淀粉含量;–K显著降低鲜薯淀粉含量,3年平均降幅为14.2%。(3)–N、–P、–K较CK均显著降低鲜薯产量、淀粉产量、单株结薯数和单条薯重,各养分亏缺处理鲜薯产量的3年平均降幅均大于40.0%,各养分亏缺处理间的产量效应差异不显著;–K淀粉产量的3年平均降幅为53.3%,降幅显著高于–N、–P。(4)相关性分析结果表明,鲜薯产量、淀粉产量均与单株结薯数呈极显著正相关,与单条薯重呈显著正相关。综合分析结果显示,氮、磷、钾亏缺均显著抑制木薯生长,连作前期氮是木薯产量的首要限制因素,钾其次,磷效应不明显,随连作年限延长,钾、磷效应逐渐显著,氮、钾上升为最主要的限制因素,而后,氮、磷、钾肥间的鲜薯产量效应无显著差异,三者均同等重要。

高光效甘薯品种浙薯86的选育、产量与品质特征

塑造理想株型是实现作物产量突破和高光效育种的基础和重要途径。采用半直立、优质双亲——淀粉型品种浙薯20和食用型地方品种岳冬进行杂交选育,以理想株型、高产、优质为主要选择目标,育成高光效品种浙薯86。该品种具有理想株型的形态特征,短蔓,基部分枝数多,由较多的直立次生分枝构成半直立株型,垄上株高优势明显,形成较高的冠层空间,叶面积指数高,七裂中等深缺刻叶形,叶片较小而厚,上部叶茎叶夹角小,叶势上冲明显,单株结薯数较多,光合效率和经济系数高,表现出优良的早熟性和丰产性。在浙江省和长江中下游甘薯品种区试中,浙薯86每年的鲜薯产量均居所有参试品种之首,鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量均比对照徐薯22增产30%左右。浙薯86的块根β-淀粉酶活性高,蒸熟后麦芽糖和可溶性糖含量高,食味优,淀粉率较高,且淀粉的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值高,糊化温度低,适合用于鲜食、薯脯和淀粉加工。浙薯86适应性广,抗蔓割病,中抗黑斑病、根腐病、Ⅱ型薯瘟病,感茎线虫病、Ⅰ型薯瘟病和基腐病。综上,浙薯86是一个优质、高产、多用途的高光效甘薯品种,适宜在长江中下游地区种植,不宜在浙东南基腐病重疫区推广。

紫外辐照及甲基磺酸乙酯诱变对马铃薯早熟品种淀粉含量和产量性状的影响

针对黑龙江省现有马铃薯早熟品种淀粉含量较低的问题,通过紫外辐照和甲基磺酸乙酯浸泡2种方式,对东农303和中龙薯1号的组培苗进行处理,经过3 a的种植、调查和数据采集,确定诱变方式对不同品种马铃薯变异程度和诱变方向的影响,以改良获得早熟且高淀粉含量的马铃薯品种。结果表明,诱变后,整体变化表现为无变化>抑制>促进,其中东农303更易发生变异,紫外辐照的诱变效果更佳。在组培苗阶段,多数处理显示为抑制作用;在原原种阶段,紫外辐照有利于东农303产量的提升和中龙薯1号淀粉含量的增加;在原种阶段,甲基磺酸乙酯浸泡对东农303的商品性有提升作用,而2种诱变方式对中龙薯1号的产量和结薯数量均有明显抑制作用,紫外辐照的影响更为显著。在紫外辐照处理中,2个品种均发现了1个淀粉含量明显提升的单株,2个单株的发现将有利于黑龙江省不同熟期品种的搭配种植,减少完全依赖晚熟品种所带来的种植风险,并可有效提升产业效益。

9个不同使用类型木薯品系在合浦县的适应性研究

为筛选适宜在合浦县推广的木薯品系,本研究以主栽品种‘南植199’为对照,对9个木薯新品系的生物学特性进行了观察,并测定其农艺性状和经济性状,同时进行相关性分析。结果表明,9个品系分枝角度小、块根长度适中和主茎高度中等以上;‘RC4’的块根产量显著高于对照,其余8个品系与对照差异不显著;‘RC4’等8个品系的淀粉产量高于对照;9个品系的淀粉含量高于对照,其中‘RC3’等5个品系的淀粉含量显著或极显著高于对照;9个木薯品系的直链淀粉含量显著或极显著低于对照‘;RC6’等6个品系的氢氰酸含量低于50 mg/kg。相关性分析结果表明:块根产量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、块根直径呈极显著正相关,与茎粗呈显著正相关;淀粉含量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、茎粗呈显著正相关;淀粉产量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、茎粗、块根直径、块根产量呈极显著正相关,与淀粉含量呈显著正相关。综合来看,这9个木薯新品系的综合表现良好,适合在合浦县进行推广。其中‘,RC3’、‘RC4’和‘RC7’可作为加工型品系;‘RC5’和‘RC10’可作为食用品系;‘RC2’、‘RC6’、‘RC11’和‘RC12’可作为鲜食加工兼用品系;‘RC2’和‘RC5’作为食用品系具有很好的推广前景。

潮土与滩涂盐土环境下甘薯块根产量及营养成分差异分析

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]具有高产稳产特性及较好的耐逆能力。为了探究甘薯盐碱地推广的适宜性,本研究对比分析113份甘薯材料在潮土与盐土两种土壤环境下的块根产量,并对其中10份材料的营养成分进行差异分析。结果表明,在含盐量4.4‰的盐土中,约30%的参试材料没有产量,有产量材料的产量平均值相对潮土环境减少79.98%。与潮土相比,除个别材料外(XY153和XY205),盐土中甘薯块根干物率、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量降低,可溶性糖含量增加,具体表现为:盐土中薯块干物率、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量平均值分别减少3.86、6.15、1.73个百分点,可溶性糖含量平均值增加4.38个百分点;盐土中多数材料薯块类胡萝卜素含量降低,平均值相对减少22.34%;除栗子香外,其余材料直链淀粉含量在盐土中均降低,所有材料直链淀粉含量平均值降低1.89个百分点。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,普薯32淀粉为C型晶体型,其余材料为CA型晶体,两种土壤环境中的淀粉晶体型无明显差异。此外,筛选到高耐盐品系XY33、XY44,耐盐系数分别为0.69和0.61,可作为耐盐种质利用。本研究结果为甘薯在滩涂盐土中的种植推广提供了理论指导。

施氮量对旱地小麦花后糖代谢及籽粒产量的影响

施用氮肥为当前农业增产措施之一,适量施用对小麦产量形成具有重要意义。本试验于2020—2021年在位于黄土高原东南部的山西农业大学小麦试验站开展,设置施氮(N)0 kg/hm^(2)(N0)、90 kg/hm^(2)(N90)、150 kg/hm^(2)(N150)、210 kg/hm^(2)(N210)共4个处理,采用池栽方式研究不同施氮量对旱地小麦地上部生长、花后糖代谢及产量等的影响,以探明提高产量的适宜施氮量及其糖代谢生理机制。结果表明,与对照(N0)相比,施氮肥可显著增加旱地小麦各生育时期株高,增加叶面积指数和花后旗叶蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,且花后15~30 d间差异达显著水平;产量及其构成因素中,产量增加13.45%~42.18%,穗数增加7.68%~22.33%,穗粒数增加2.14%~3.45%,千粒重增加2.48%~13.54%;总淀粉含量增加1.8~8.8个百分点,尤以支链淀粉含量增加显著。从动态趋势上看,施氮量由90 kg/hm^(2)增至210 kg/hm^(2),各生育时期小麦叶面积指数、花后10~30 d旗叶SPS和SS活性、花后10~30 d籽粒淀粉含量均先增后减,且在施氮量150 kg/hm^(2)时达最高值。最终,旱地小麦产量以N150处理最高,而淀粉含量以N210处理最高,但与N150差异不显著。综上,施氮量150 kg/hm^(2)促进旱地小麦地上部生长,增强花后10~30 d旗叶糖代谢酶活性,增加蔗糖和淀粉含量,增产效果最好。

不同种植模式对水稻籽粒淀粉含量及淀粉关键酶活性的影响

【目的】研究不同种植方式对水稻籽粒淀粉形成及关键酶活性的影响,为宁夏水稻直播栽培技术提供参考。【方法】2020-2021年在宁夏回族自治区原种场,选取富源四号(FY4)、宁粳28号(NJ28)、宁粳43号(NJ43)和宁粳50号(NJ50)为试验材料,设置保墒旱直播(Z1)、旱播后上水(Z2)以及插秧(Z3)三种种植方式,采用裂区设计,研究不同种植方式对水稻产量、淀粉含量及关键酶活性的影响。【结果】不同种植方式下,直播稻具有更高的直链淀粉和总淀粉含量,插秧稻具有更高的支链淀粉含量,总淀粉含量表现为Z2>Z1>Z3,支链淀粉含量表现为Z3>Z2>Z1。2021年Z1种植方式下NJ28直链淀粉含量最高达到21.90%,Z3种植方式下NJ28支链淀粉含量最高达到51.64%。籽粒淀粉合成积累主要与淀粉合成关键酶活性有关,与Z3相比,Z1和Z2显著降低了AGP和GBSS活性;插秧显著提高了FY4和NJ43的UGP和SBE活性,直播显著提高了NJ28和NJ50的UGP和SBE活性;不同种植方式下,Z1对SSS活性的提高更显著。在Z3种植方式下,NJ43的AGP活性最大值为28.53 U/(g·min),较Z2和Z1提高了4.1%和8.4%,NJ28的GBSS活性最大值为10.36 U/(g·min),较Z2和Z1处理提高了11.2%和13.5%。在Z1种植方式下,NJ50的SSS活性最大值为20.05 U/(g·min)。与插秧稻相比,直播稻千粒重和结实率显著高于插秧稻,但直播稻穗长和穗粒数显著降低,使得插秧稻产量均显著高于直播稻。2020年Z3种植方式下NJ50产量高达898 kg/666.7m^(2),较Z1和Z2高了30.7%和39.4%。【结论】与插秧种植相比直播方式下水稻产量降低,但直播处理显著提高千粒重以及结实率,同时直播方式可以提高水稻籽粒淀粉形成关键酶的活性,增加直链淀粉含量,使得水稻籽粒总淀粉含量增加。

羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯糊液的屈服应力及触变性研究

为研究羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯(Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate,HPDSP)糊液的屈服应力和触变性行为,本文以不同链支比的玉米淀粉(CS)和蜡质玉米淀粉(WS)为原料的HPDSP为研究对象,讨论了HPDSP糊液在不同温度条件下的临界质量分数、屈服应力及触变特性。结果表明,HPDSP在5℃时的稀溶液-半稀溶液、半稀溶液-浓溶液临界质量分数分别为3wt%和6wt%。5wt%时玉米淀粉-羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯(CS-HPDSP)和蜡质玉米淀粉-羟丙基双淀粉磷酸酯(WS-HPDSP)的屈服应力与温度相关性较低,而6wt%时两者屈服应力随温度升高(至85℃)显著下降了69.52%和77.95%(P<0.05)。HPDSP的触变性受质量分数和温度影响,5℃时,5wt%的CS-HPDSP和WS-HPDSP几乎无触变性,6wt%时触变环面积分别为163.49和85.00 Pa/s,随温度升高至85℃,两者分别降低86.38%和92.18%。WS-HPDSP的三段式触变性测定(Three interval thixotropy test,3iTT)展示出的触变性均小于CS-HPDSP,具有较好的稳定性。综上,与CS-HPDSP相比,WS-HPDSP的屈服应力和触变性更小。本文为HPDSP在食品中作为增稠剂的实际应用提供了理论依据。

不同微生物菌剂浸种对马铃薯生长发育及薯田土壤养分的影响

【目的】探究不同微生物菌剂浸种对马铃薯生长发育及薯田土壤养分的影响,为内蒙古自治区马铃薯绿色、可持续种植提供参考。【方法】以马铃薯品种V7为试验材料,分别采用蒸馏水(CK)、Bacillus sp.188菌剂(T1)、Pseudomonas sp.BP16菌剂(T2)和Streptomyces rochei D74菌剂(T3)浸种30 min,测定马铃薯种植后不同生长时期产量、块茎淀粉含量、各器官干物质量、单株养分积累量,叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性以及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。【结果】马铃薯种植后110 d,与CK相比,T2、T3处理马铃薯产量显著提高7.14%、9.16%(P<0.05),块茎淀粉含量显著提高11.84%、16.38%(P<0.05);T3处理马铃薯根、茎、叶、块茎干物质量显著增加26.87%、16.92%、11.77%、13.59%(P<0.05),氮素、磷素、钾素积累量显著提高28.86%、32.78%、30.81%(P<0.05)。种植后70 d,T3处理马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量最高[4.29 mg/(g·FW)],叶片硝酸还原酶活性较CK显著提高15.29%(P<0.05)。马铃薯种植后50 d,T3处理土壤硝态氮含量达到最大值(42.32 mg/kg),速效磷含量较CK显著提高26.17%,(P<0.05),T1、T3处理速效钾含量分别较CK显著提高24.95%、21.65%(P<0.05);种植后70 d,T2处理土壤铵态氮含量较CK显著提高47.03%(P<0.05)。【结论】Streptomyces rochei D74菌剂浸种可提高成熟期马铃薯产量、块茎淀粉含量、各器官干物质量和植株氮素、磷素、钾素积累量以及块茎形成期叶片叶绿素含量,生育前期土壤硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,块茎形成期土壤铵态氮含量,可作为内蒙古自治区马铃薯栽培较适宜施入的微生物菌剂。

长江中下游不同小麦品种淀粉特性及产量的差异性分析

为揭示长江中下游不同小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种的淀粉特性及产量间差异,寻找更适宜在该地区生长的优良小麦品种,对15个小麦品种的淀粉特性、沉淀值、蛋白质含量及产量进行分析。结果表明,各小麦品种间的淀粉糊化特性、淀粉冻融稳定性和淀粉含量差异较大,其中,宁麦9号和鄂麦006的糊化特性在一定程度上优于其他品种,且这2个品种的淀粉冻融稳定性表现较好、淀粉含量也较高。不同小麦品种间沉淀值存在显著差异,襄麦55和荆麦102沉淀值较高,分别为10.67 mL和8.00 mL。在15个品种中产量居前三位的依次为荆麦102、鄂麦596和漯麦6010,宁麦9号和鄂麦006产量居中。综上所述,荆麦102、鄂麦596和漯麦6010在长江中下游平原区种植可获得高产,而宁麦9号和鄂麦006在长江中下游平原区种植淀粉品质较优,故这些品种可以成为后续推广的优良品种。

不同马铃薯品种产量和淀粉含量对比研究

优良品种的更新换代可保障国家粮食安全。开展新品种比较试验,筛选适宜呼伦贝尔市马铃薯新品种,对该地区马铃薯产业发展具有重要意义。2022—2023年以‘克新13号’作对照,调查11个马铃薯品种的物候期和块茎性状,对其产量和淀粉含量的表现及其稳定性进行鉴定和评价。‘龙薯22号’‘北方002’和‘北方001’平均产量较高,分别为3602、3470和3291 kg/667m^(2),显著高于‘克新13号’,稳定性较好,可作为鲜食品种在呼伦贝尔市推广。‘中薯早39’淀粉含量最高(19.09%)且稳定性好,显著高于‘克新13号’,产量高于‘克新13号’,但差异不显著,稳定性一般,可作为早熟高淀粉品种在呼伦贝尔市推广,但应配套相应栽培技术,保证该品种产量。

肥料减施对小麦产量与淀粉粒度分布特征的影响

为明确肥料减施对小麦产量与淀粉粒度分布特征的影响,以小麦品种龙科1109、扬麦25为材料,设置7个施肥处理,不施氮肥(CK)、农户习惯施氮量(三元复合肥750 kg/hm^(2)+追施150 kg/hm^(2)尿素,CF)、缓释肥900 kg/hm^(2)一次性基施(SF900)、缓释肥750 kg/hm^(2)一次性基施(SF750)、缓释肥600 kg/hm^(2)一次性基施(SF600)、缓释肥750 kg/hm^(2)基施+追施150 kg/hm^(2)尿素(S750T)、缓释肥600 kg/hm^(2)基施+追施150 kg/hm^(2)尿素(S600T)。分析不同处理间缓释肥对小麦产量与淀粉粒度分布特征的影响。结果表明,肥料减施条件下,2个茬口小麦穗数先增加后降低、穗粒数降低,千粒质量增加,且均以SF750处理下产量最高;2个茬口小麦湿面筋、蛋白质含量下降,淀粉含量增加;旱茬强、弱势籽粒B型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比先增后降,A型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比先降后增;稻茬B型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比增加,A型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比下降;而对数目百分比无显著影响;2个茬口糊化参数等指标均下降。由此可见,肥料减施主要通过影响胚乳淀粉粒度分布,降低糊化参数等指标,增加籽粒产量及淀粉含量,进而降低蛋白质及湿面筋含量;肥料减施较农户习惯施氮量小麦籽粒产量增加,湿面筋与蛋白质含量增加,淀粉含量下降。

玉米新材料昌新19的穗部产量性状和淀粉特性分析

为拓宽玉米种质资源,选育高产优质玉米品种,推动玉米持续增产,利用250Gy 60Co-γ射线处理昌7-2干种子后,通过连续多年对株型、穗部及籽粒性状的筛选获得突变体新材料昌新19。对昌7-2和昌新19籽粒和穗部表型、籽粒淀粉特性进行调查分析。结果发现,昌新19的粒长、粒宽、粒厚、百粒重、行粒数和穗粒重均显著或极显著大于昌7-2,其百粒重和穗粒重分别增加了8.4%和28.8%,具有良好的高产潜力表现。且昌新19的总淀粉含量为70.37%,具有良好的耐剪切性和热稳定性。本研究拓展了玉米新种质,为选育高产玉米新品种提供了理论依据和实践基础。

木薯新品种桂薯1289的选育与抗螨性研究

为选育株型好、高产、高淀粉、广适性等综合性状优良的木薯新品种,本研究以华南5号(SC5)为母本,华南205(SC205)为父本,通过系统选育程序,育成优良木薯新品种桂薯1289(Gui 1289)。该品种区域性试验的平均鲜薯产量为49.92 t/hm^(-2),比对照南植199(NZ 199)增产24.21%。生产性试验的平均鲜薯产量为50.76 t/hm^(-2),比对照增产21.26%,鲜薯产量表现突出。区域性试验的平均淀粉含量为30.22 g/100 g,比对照增加5.42 g/100 g。生产性试验的平均淀粉含量为29.96 g/100 g,比对照增加5.57 g/100 g。抗螨性田间鉴定结果为中抗。适宜在广西、广东、海南、江西等省(区)木薯种植区推广。本研究为我国实现木薯良种化生产提供新的种质资源,对促进薯农增收、企业增效具有重要意义。

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings;therefore,it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China.However,high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice,for example,reservoir water.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage.The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18℃,24℃and 30℃under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation),respectively.The results showed that,at the 30℃soil temperature,drip irrigation increased total root length by 53%but reduced root water conductivity by 9%compared with flood irrigation.Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13%and 5%,respectively.These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress.In the 18℃soil temperature,drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%,leaf water potential by 40%and leaf net photosynthesis by 25%compared with flood irrigation.The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30%less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18℃.Therefore,the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate.Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate,which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice.Overall,the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment,causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate.Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.

Comparative analysis on grain quality and yield of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.

优质高产淀粉型甘薯徐薯37选育及性状鉴定

徐薯37以多抗高淀粉甘薯品种豫薯13为母本,通过集团杂交,经多年多点鉴定选育而成.该品种参加2017、2018年江苏省甘薯品种联合鉴定试验,2年平均鲜薯产量和薯干产量分别达31.51、9.79 t/hm^(2),较对照苏渝303增产15.02%和36.16%.品质分析结果表明,徐薯37干基葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、麦芽糖、可溶性糖质量分数分别为(20.02±1.02)、(156.24±5.26)、(20.37±1.05)、(12.33±0.82)、(208.97±7.42)μg/mg,食味较好;干基淀粉和直链淀粉质量分数分别为(65.01±0.59)%和(20.98±0.21)%,淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度和终值黏度分别为(570.00±1.00)、(214.67±5.69)、(200.98±1.53)mPa·s,糊化温度为(78.87±0.35)℃.徐薯37抗茎线虫病,中抗黑斑病,感根腐病.该品种于2020年获非主要农作物品种登记,证书编号为GPD甘薯(2020)320001,2021年获植物新品种权,证书编号为CNA20191000334.

Relationship Between Degree of Starch Gelatinization and Quality Attributes of Parboiled Rice During Steaming

Paddy rice samples were parboiled by soaking at 65℃ for 180 min and steaming at 96℃ for 2–10 min,and then dried to achieve the final moisture content of 11% ± 1%. The degree of starch gelatinization （DSG） andseveral quality attributes （head rice yield （HRY）, color value and hardness） of parboiled rice were measured.Results showed that DSG （46.8%–77.9%）, color value （18.08–19.04） and hardness （118.6–219.2 N） allincreased following steaming. In contrast, the HRY increased （64.8%–67.1%） for steaming times between 2–4min but decreased （67.1%–65.0%） for steaming times between 4–10 min. Linear relations between DSG andcolor value （R2 = 0.87）, and DSG and hardness （R2 = 0.88） were observed. The suitable DSG of parboiled riceleading to the highest HRY was found to be 62.5%, obtained following 4 min of steaming.