A Static Phase Offset Reduction Technique for Multiplying Delay-Locked Loop

Static phase offset (SPO) in conventional multiplying delay-locked loops (MDLLs) dramatically degrades the deterministic jitter performance. To overcome the issue, this paper presents a new SPO reduction technique for MDLLs. The technique is based on the observation that the SPO of MDLL is mainly caused by the non-idealities on charge pump (e.g. sink and source current mismatch), and control line (e.g. gate leakage of loop filter and voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) control circuit). With a high gain stage inserting between phase detector/phase frequency detector (PD/PFD) and charge pump, the equivalent SPO has been decreased by a factor equal to the gain of the gain stage. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated by a Simulink model of MDLL. The equivalent SPO is measured by the power level of reference spur.

A multimode DLL with trade-off between multiphase and static phase error

A multimode DLL with trade-off between multiphase and static phase error is presented. By adopting a multimode control circuit to regroup the delay line, a better static phase error performance can be achieved while reducing the number of output phases. The DLL accomplishes three operation modes： mode1 with a four-phase output, mode2 with a two-phase output and a better static phase error performance, and mode3 with only a one-phase output but the best static phase error performance. The proposed DLL has been fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS technology and measurement results show that the static phase errors of mode1, mode2 and mode3 are -18.2 ps, 11.8 ps and -6.44 ps, respectively, at 200 MHz. The measured RMS and peak-to-peak jitters of mode1, mode2 and mode3 are 2.0 ps, 2.2 ps, 2.1 ps and 10 ps, 9.3 ps, 10 ps respectively.

A Phase-field Model to Simulate Recrystallization in an AZ31 Mg Alloy in Comparison of Experimental Data

A model has been established to simulate the realistic spatio-temporal microstructure evolution in recrystallization of a magnesium alloy using the phase field approach. A set of rules have been proposed to decide the real physical value of all parameters in the model. The thermodynamic software THERMOCALC is applied to determine the local chemical free energy and strain energy, which is added to the free energy density of grains before recrystallization. The Arrhenius formula is used to describe boundary mobility and the activity energy is suggested with a value of zinc segregation energy at the boundary. However, the mobility constant in the formula was found out by fitting to a group of grain size measurements during recrystallization of the alloy. The boundary range is suggested to decide the gradient parameters in addition of fitting to the experimental boundary energy value. These parameter values can be regarded as a database for other similar simulations and the fitting rules can also be applied to build up databases for any other alloy systems. The simulated results show a good agreement with reported experimental measurement of the alloy at the temperatures from 300 to 400℃ for up to 100 min but not at 250℃. This implies a mechanism variation in activity energy of the boundary mobility in the alloy at low temperature.

Experimental study on freezing of liquids under static magnetic field

Freezing processes of several liquids under static magnetic field(SMF) less than 50 mT were investigated. Central temperature of liquid samples held in glass test tubes immersed in a liquid bath was measured and collected. Nucleation temperature and phase transition time were obtained from freezing curves. Normality tests were performed for nucleation temperature of these liquids with/without magnetic field and normality distributions were justified. Analysis of variances was carried out for nucleation temperature of these liquids with magnetic field flux density as the influencing factor. Results showed that no significant difference was found for deionized water with or without SMF. However, differences exist in 0.9% NaCl solution and 5% ethylene glycol solution with and without SMF. Nucleation temperature of 0.9% NaCl with SMF is lower than that without SMF, while its phase transition time is shorter than that without SMF. Nucleation temperature of 5% ethylene glycol with SMF is higher than that without SMF, while its phase transition time is not modified with SMF.

Static oxidation behaviour of silicide coating on niobium alloy at high temperature

A silicide coating was prepared on the surface of the Nb521 alloy by the complex pack cemented method. The oxidation resistance properties of the present coating were examined by the static oxidation tests at 1 700 ℃ in air. The compositions and the microstructures of the coating before and after test were characterised and analysed through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS) and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),respectively. The present silicide coating can provide an effective protection for the Nb alloy for 25 h at 1 700 ℃ in air. The results show that the oxidation kinetics of the present silicide coating is parabolic. The diffusion of Si leads to the phase transformation and evolution during the oxidation.

Bifurcation and hysteresis phenomena in the two-phase natural circulation system

The static bifurcation of the two-phase natural circulation (TPNC) system was studied theoretically and numerically. By the DERPAR algorithm the solution diagram was calculated, which shows that the static bifurcation occurs under some conditions in the TPNC systems. Also, it shows that, in a region of multiple solutions, the static instability may occur. It is defined as a region of thermal-siphon instability induced flow rate jumping. By means of the solution diagram, the stability margin can be determined in this region. Furthermore, the heat input at the peak of the solution diagram is defined as the maximum capacity Of heating load that can be used to judge the capacity of the TPNC of a given geometry topological structure. Meanwhile, it is interesting that the TPNC systems have the hysteresis phenomenon defined as thermal-siphon hysteresis. Some parametric effects related were also studied.

Non-dimensional analysis of static bifurcation in a natural circulation loop

The steady-state characteristics of a two-phase natural circulation loop were investigated based on the homogenous model. Transcendental equations of non-dimensional loop mass flow rate under various conditions were also derived. The static bifurcation diagram of a two-phase natural circulation described with non-dimensional vari-ables Npch-m + was obtained. In addition, various steady-state characteristics of a natural circulation loop were ana-lyzed and discussed. These characteristics include the existence of multiple solutions under certain conditions, and the maximum mass flow rate. The authors also examined the effects of important parameters such as sub-cooling number, riser-to-heated-region length ratio, and riser-to-heated-region diameter ratio.

基于CFD-DEM算法的气力输送气固两相流特性分析

超轻粉体颗粒由于质量较小,在运输过程中易受气流扰动而飘散,物料的管道气力输送过程不稳定,易发生堵塞。为了研究超轻粉体颗粒在旋流气力输送中气固两相流流动特性,采用计算流体力学与离散单元法(CFD-DEM),对Komax型静态混合器内气固两相流动特性进行数值模拟研究。研究发现,带有Komax型元件的水平管道可以改变颗粒的流动情况,改善了水平管道内颗粒堆积和分布不均匀的现象;分别从颗粒相和流体相的流动状态分析得到元件长径比Ar=3时为最优几何结构;通过正交实验极差分析得到影响气固两相流动特性的因素顺序:输送气速>颗粒质量流量>颗粒粒径。当元件Ar=3时,颗粒-颗粒和颗粒-管壁的碰撞次数与碰撞强度呈现负相关,结合出口颗粒流分散状态,优选输送气速为3~4m/s;主要考虑输送气速对管内压降的影响,提出了带有Komax型元件的水平管道气力运输过程中压降与输送气速和轴向位置的经验拟合式。

一种天基双基地InSAR系统的相位同步方法及验证情况

以德国的TanDEM-X双星编队干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)卫星系统为背景,提出了基于点频连续波同步信号双向对传,实现编队卫星InSAR系统相位同步的方法。文中给出了该同步方法实现的框架,对该相位同步方法的原理进行了理论推导,得出了补偿相位差的表达式,并对影响同步精度的因素进行了初步的分析。该方法可用于天基双/多基地合成孔径雷达系统相位同步链路的设计,仿真分析的结果验证了该方法的理论可行性。此外,通过搭建实物系统对系统的工程可实现精度进行了验证,结果表明获取的载波频率相位同步精度与倍频器件的频率精度和一致性密切相关。该相位同步方法为与TanDEM-X相近InSAR系统的设计提供参考。

轴径向静态偏心故障下外转子永磁发电机电磁转矩特性分析

对外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下的电磁转矩特性进行了理论解析、仿真计算和实验验证。首先,在考虑齿槽效应影响条件下,引入磁导修正系数ε(θ),推导出轴径向静态偏心前后气隙磁密表达式,并考虑绕组分布情况,构建一种新型的永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下相电流数学模型,在此基础上得到轴径向偏心下电磁转矩解析表达式。其次,通过有限元仿真计算得到外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心下的电磁转矩波动特性。最后,在一台外转子永磁发电机上通过故障模拟实验实例印证了解析分析和仿真计算结果。结果表明:相较于正常情况,径向偏心时,电磁转矩以直流、二倍频、四倍频成分为主,随着偏心程度的加剧,电磁转矩的直流、二倍频、四倍频成分幅值将随着增大;轴向偏心时,电磁转矩谐波成分不变,随着偏心程度的加剧,各谐波成分幅值将随着减小。对外转子永磁发电机气隙偏心故障分析的一个重要补充,对此类问题的现场检测和鉴定具有参考价值。

Static filtering and collocation in successive steps for measurements with colored noises

The theory of static filtering in successive steps with colored noises is ample scope for its application in the procedure of GPS data processing. A majority of error and round-cycle distinctness in the measurements of GPS carrier phase can be eliminated through three times of differential calculations of stations, satellites and epochs, in which the cycle beatings became isolated values. The observation error of three-differentials in the intervals between epochs results in block diagonal matrixes in the covariance matrixes, so that the desired matrixes occupy too large memory and the processing time is too long. Therefore, by using the theory of static filtering in successive steps with colored noises, the interrelation can be eliminated and can save the processing time and memory.

Applications of Localized Phase Compensation Method to Design a Stabilizer in a Multi-machine Power System

为了演示和验证稳定器设计的就地相位补偿法在多机电力系统中的应用,介绍在多机电力系统中,就地补偿设计稳定器的2个应用实例。第1个实例是在多机电力系统中就地补偿设计电力系统稳定器（power system stabilizer,PSS）,阻尼电力系统局部模振荡。第2个实例是就地补偿设计附加在静态同步补偿器（static synchronous compensator,STATCOM）上的稳定器,抑制多机电力系统中的区域模振荡,并给出在一个16机电力系统中的应用计算和仿真结果。

泄爆条件对管内气粉两相混合体系燃爆特性的影响

为探究气粉两相混合体系泄爆特性变化规律,以甲烷-硝酸铵为实验介质,利用自行搭建的不锈钢火焰加速管道开展了泄爆口不同静态动作压力(p_(st))的燃爆实验,着重研究了p_(st)对气粉两相燃爆压力、火焰传播速度和泄爆火焰形态的影响规律。p_(st)由泄爆口阻塞比(θ)和泄爆膜层数(n)决定,θ和n增大的共同作用使p_(st)升高。p_(st)升高将增强管道对气粉和反应产物冲出管外的约束,增大管内流体的黏滞效应,促进管内气粉两相反应,降低未燃气在管外二次爆炸的强度。对爆燃压力进行分析,发现p_(st)从2.97 kPa升高至14.64 kPa时,爆燃压力时程曲线呈含维稳平台的双峰结构。第一压力峰值从5.48 kPa增大至10.20 kPa,维稳时间从6 ms延长至25 ms,第二压力峰值从23.03 kPa减小至9.71 kPa;p_(st)为16.08和24.12 kPa时,破膜前压力多次叠加反射,致使泄爆膜压力时程曲线呈特殊振荡上升的三峰结构。对火焰传播速度进行分析,发现p_(st)升高使火焰的平均传播速度从161.33 m/s降低至67.99 m/s。对泄爆火焰进行分析,发现当n=2时,θ增大将使泄爆火焰结构由簇状转变为射流状;θ=88.9%时,泄爆火焰呈典型的射流状。θ增大和n增大均使火焰亮度逐渐降低,火焰发光区长度减小,破膜至火焰出现时间间隔和火焰持续时间延长。

浮选颗粒条栅结构表面润湿行为特性研究

矿物颗粒间表面润湿性差异是浮选成功的关键,受表面化学性质与物理形貌结构的双重影响。为进一步明确表面物理形貌结构对液滴在矿物颗粒表面上润湿行为的影响,采用光刻显影技术制备了5种具有不同粗糙度系数和表面面积分数的条栅结构聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)表面,并利用自制的动/静态接触角测量系统及润湿三相接触线行为测试系统对液滴在PDMS表面上的润湿行为进行了测试。动/静态接触角测试结果表明:当表面粗糙度系数相同时,固体表面面积分数增加,条栅结构表面不同润湿方向上的接触角均呈减小趋势,而当表面面积分数相同时,条栅结构表面不同润湿方向上的接触角则与固体表面粗糙度系数呈正相关;此外,各样品表面垂直于条栅结构方向的动/静态接触角均大于平行方向(即θ_(⊥)>θ_(∥)),且不同润湿方向上接触角的差异随样品表面润湿性的增强而减小。动态接触角测试结果还表明:表面接触角滞后(Δθ=θ_(a)-θ_(r))与表面面积分数呈正相关,而与表面粗糙度系数呈负相关,且前进与后退接触角的预测值与试验值基本吻合,说明动态接触角能够真实地反映固体表面润湿性;此外,在液滴滚动时,其运动行为总是周期性地发生后端接触线先从固体表面分离,而后液滴重新与固体表面发生黏附形成新的前端接触线的过程,这种运动特性在不同条栅结构表面上完全相同。润湿三相接触线行为测试结果表明:液滴在条栅结构表面优先沿着条栅结构方向润湿或去润湿,而跨越条栅结构润湿时,受表面微结构的“钉扎”作用,润湿半径远小于平行润湿方向,且三相接触线在不同条栅结构表面的移动均呈现“解钉—钉扎—再解钉—再钉扎”的一种断续周期性过程。研究结果深化了矿物颗粒表面物理形貌结构对其润湿行为特性的影响,可为后续通过表面形貌调控颗粒表面润湿性起到一定的理论支撑作用。

一种新型的CRM-Boost APFC控制方法

介绍了Boost-APFC电路工作在临界导通模式下的优势。针对传统单相CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法存在PI参数调试时间较长、调节效果较差、不稳定因素增加等不足,提出了一种有静态工作点的单相CRMBoost APFC电压模式控制方法,并通过PSIM仿真验证了该方法的优点。针对新型交错控制方法存在PI参数调试时间较长、不稳定因素增加等不足和需要额外使用一个电压控制电流源的情况,提出了一种改进型两相交错并联CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法,并且完成了PSIM仿真,功率因数高达99.96%。制作了一台4kW的两相交错并联CRM-Boost APFC实验样机,并进行了实验调试,功率因数达到了99.66%,效率为98.02%。

RFreeTrack:基于差分相位全息图的RFID非接触式鲁棒定位系统

针对复杂室内环境非接触式RFID目标定位误差大的问题,提出了RFreeTrack系统,其使用商用RFID设备计算出目标反射信号,实现了复杂环境下高精度非接触式目标定位。首先,提出了一种基于时间序列相似度的搜索方法用于校准静态信号,从而显著增强了目标反射信号提取的鲁棒性。然后,提出了基于差分相位全息图的非接触式定位方法,排除阅读器天线位置的影响,提升了定位准确度,降低了系统的部署难度。最后,实现了一个高精度的非接触式定位系统原型。实验表明,在复杂环境中使用校准后的静态信号提取出的目标反射信号相位,相较于现有方法误差降低了68.8%。基于校准过的静态反射信号,在复杂环境中使用差分相位全息图的定位误差平均值为0.040 8 m,相较于现有方法提升了50.6%。

并网逆变器LVRT同步稳定性分析及其优化策略

针对现有低电压穿越(LVRT)研究难以准确全面评估变流器同步运行能力的问题,首先结合LVRT特性和电网侧特性定量研究不同因素对准静态平衡点的影响,揭示系统准静态平衡点的存在条件。其次,分析LVRT特性对并网逆变器暂态稳定性和小信号稳定性的影响,明晰电网故障期间系统不仅存在暂态失步的风险,而且难以在准静态平衡点稳定运行。基于以上理论分析,提出一种提高并网逆变器LVRT同步运行能力的优化策略。该策略在LVRT期间根据电网运行状态自适应调整锁相环参数,不仅可降低系统暂态失步的风险,还可增强其小信号稳定裕度。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了理论分析的正确性和优化策略的有效性。

气相法聚乙烯工艺静电产生及控制

气相法聚乙烯装置运行中,静电造成的反应器内结片是导致反应器停车的最主要原因。通过分析树脂颗粒性质、流化床操作参数、系统内杂质水平、原辅材料输送带电等影响静电产生的主要因素,围绕降低流化床主体电荷量的途径,结合理论和实际生产经验,提出反应器器壁沉积光滑涂层、开车期间彻底置换反应器并进行床层预处理、进入冷凝态运行、控制系统内杂质水平、控制反应器运行参数稳定、外加介质抑制静电等控制手段,减少了静电造成的反应器内结片、结块,有利于装置的长周期运行。

外加静电场对O_(2)分子高次谐波的调制机制(特邀)

采用了Lewenstein强场近似方法,计算了外加静电场对O_(2)分子在线偏振激光场中高次谐波产生的影响。结果表明:1)当静电场方向平行激光偏振方向时,谐波谱出现双平台结构,截止频率增大,偶次和奇次谐波幅度相当;2)当静电场方向垂直时,谐波谱呈现单平台结构,偶次谐波比奇次谐波的幅度小两个量级左右;3)外加静电场对双心干涉极小值的位置基本没有影响。利用Lewenstein理论,可以将分子谐波谱视为分子两端电离通道产生谐波的叠加,对外加静电场控制高次谐波提供了参考。

动态电压恢复器精准相控整流方法研究

动态电压恢复器是一种新型的电力电子装置,串联于电源和敏感负载之间,主要功能是治理电网电压扰动。动态电压恢复器主要由储能元件、双向变流器、静态转换开关和控制单元组成,电网电压处于稳定状态时,静态转换开关导通,电网通过此回路向负载供电;电网电压异常时,静态转换开关切换至由变流器为负载供电。在研制小容量动态电压恢复器过程中发现,储能元件(超级电容)相控整流充电过程中,出现交流侧充电电流突然急剧增大的现象,导致变流器IGBT模块损坏。针对出现的充电电流突增现象进行理论分析和仿真验证,根据分析验证结果更改设备控制策略和参数设置,解决了储能元件(超级电容)相控整流充电过程中电流激增的问题。