2D-simulation of wet steam flow in a steam turbine with spontaneous condensation

Removal of condensates from wet steam flow in the last stages of steam turbines significantly promotes stage efficiency and prevents erosion of rotors. In this paper, homogeneous spontaneous condensation in transonic steam flow in the 2-D rotor-tip section of a stage turbine is investigated. Calculated results agree with experimental data reasonably well. On the basis of the above work, a 2-D numerical simulation of wet steam flow in adjacent root sections of a complex steam turbine stage was carded out. Computational results were analyzed and provide insights into effective removal of humidity.

Prediction of Boiler Drum Pressure and Steam Flow Rate Using Artificial Neural Network

Numerical simulation of complex systems and components by computers is a fundamental phase of any modern engineering activity. The traditional methods of simulation typically entail long, iterative processes which lead to large simulation times, often exceeding transient real time. Artificial neural networks （ANNs） may be advantageous in this context, the main advantage being the speed of computation, the capability of generalizing from the few examples, robustness to noisy and partially incomplete data and the capability of performing empirical input-output mapping without complete knowledge of underlying physics. In this paper, the simulation of steam generator is considered as an example to show the potentialities of this tool. The data required for training and testing the ANN is taken from the steam generator at Abott Power Plant, Champaign （USA）. The total number of samples is 9600 which are taken at a sampling time of three seconds. The performance of boiler （drum pressure, steam flow rate） has been verified and tested using ANN, under the changes in fuel flow rate, air flow rate and load disturbance. Using ANN, input-output mapping is done and it is observed that ANN allows a good reproduction of non-linear behaviors of inputs and outputs.

Catastrophe Model of Steam Flow Excitation Vibration in Steam Turbine Governing Stage

汽流激振是影响大型汽轮机组安全运行的主要故障之一。根据突变理论、非线性振动理论以及流体动力学，从机理分析的角度出发，对汽轮机调节级在部分进汽下导致的汽流激振突变性能进行了定量分析。建立了部分进汽情况下调节级气流激振力模型，以及考虑汽流激振力的调节级非线性动力学模型，通过基于突变理论的推导，得到了调节级汽流激振的尖点突变流形和分岔集，确定了系统汽流激振突变的影响因子，讨论了振幅突变与影响因子的相关性，划分了系统工作的突变区域。最后，利用数值计算方法对汽流激振的幅值响应进行了分析，分析结果验证了基于突变理论的汽流激振突变分析方法的正确性。研究成果为汽轮机汽流激振突变性能的研究提供了一条新的途径。

A COUPLED THERMO-HYDRAULIC MODEL FOR STEAM FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS

This article aims to establish a coupled thermo-hydraulic mathematical model for steam network by adopting a set of equations, i.e., the continuity equation, motion equation, energy equation, state equation and enthalpy equation and considering the interaction of hydraulic and thermal working conditions. The model is simplified according to steam flow features in pipe networks. The unsteady flow model is simplified to a steady one with considering engineering practice and the solution to the governing equations are obtained by using the standard fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Many factors of steam flow are generally considered, such as condensability, change of state, friction and heat transfer in the model. It is concluded that coupled iteration can be employed in steam network thermo-hydraulic computation. The numerical results with the model are basically in accordance with practical operation data.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WET STEAM CONDENSING FLOW WITH AN EULERIAN/EULERIAN MODEL

Wet steam condensing flow in low-pressure steam turbine leads to efficiencylosses and blade erosions. In order to investigate this problem by numerical approach, anEulerian/Eulerian model has been developed, in which the wet steam is regarded as mixture comprisingtwo coupled systems: the vapor phase and the liquid phase. These two systems are both described byconservation equations. High resolution TVD scheme is employed to capture condensing phenomena inwet steam flow. This model has been validated by numerical simulations of condensing flows in 1D and2D nozzles. Compared with experimental data, a good agreement is observed. This Eulerian/Eulerianmodel can be extended to 3D calculation of condensing flow.

Correction of Non-Isokinetic Sampling of Wetness Measurement for Wet Steam Flow

A mathematical model for predicting the behavior of wet steam flow in the vicinity of the intake head of the sampling probe is presented. The vapor flow field and droplet trajectory in the calculated region have been obtained. The errors caused by non-isokinetic sampling for different conditions have been analyzed and the analytical results would provide useful data for the design and application of a heating method-based wetness measurement probe in practice.

Analysis of flow instabilities in forced-convection steam generator

Because of the practical importance of two-phase instabilities, substantial efforts have been made to date to understand the physical phenomena governing such instabilities and to develop computational tools to model the dynamics. The purpose of this study is to present a numerical model for the analysis of flow-induced instabilities in forced-convection steam generator. The model is based on the assumption of homogeneous two-phase flow and ther- modynamic equilibrium of the phases. The thermal capacity of the heater wall has been included in the analysis. The model is used to analyze the flow instabilities in the steam generator and to study the effects of system pressure, mass flux, inlet temperature and inlet/outlet restriction, gap size, the ratio of do / di, and the ratio of qi / qo on the system be- havior.

Optimum Tilt Angle of Flow Guide in Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood Considering the Effect of Last Stage Flow Field

Abstract Heat transfer and vacuum in condenser are influenced by the aerodynamic performance of steam tur- bine exhaust hood. The current research on exhaust hood is mainly focused on analyzing flow loss and optimal design of its structure without consideration of the wet steam condensing flow and the exhaust hood coupled with the front and rear parts. To better understand the aerodynamic performance influenced by the tilt angle of flow guide inside a diffuser, taking a 600 MW steam turbine as an example, a numerical simulator CFX is adopted to solve compressible three-dimensional （3D） Reynolds time-aver- aged N-S equations and standard k-e turbulence model. And the exhaust hood flow field influenced by different tilt angles of flow guide is investigated with consideration of the wet steam condensing flow and the exhaust hood coupled with the last stage blades and the condenser throat. The result shows that the total pressure loss coefficient and the static pressure recovery coefficient of exhaust hood change regularly and monotonously with the gradual increase of tilt angle of flow guide. When the tilt angle of flow guide is within the range of 30~ to 40~, the static pressure recovery coefficient is in the range of 15.27% to 17.03% and the total pressure loss coefficient drops to approximately 51%, the aerodynamic performance of exhaust hood is significantly improved. And the effectiveenthalpy drop in steam turbine increases by 0.228% to 0.274%. It is feasible to obtain a reasonable title angle of flow guide by the method of coupling the last stage and the condenser throat to exhaust hood in combination of the wet steam model, which provides a practical guidance to flow guide transformation and optimal design in exhaust hood.

The Density and Momentum Distributions of 2-Dimensional Transonic Flow in an LP-Steam Turbine

Within turbine blade rows, particularly for cascades of high deflection angle, cross-channel gradients of steam properties may be appreciable. To determine the effects on spontaneous condensation of gradients of supersaturation normal to streamlines, the conservation equations can be incorporated in a two dimensional calculation procedure. With the help of program FORTRAN 90 a developed computational program of calculations is accomplished, whose results are communicated to the pressure and Mach number distribution, direction of flow and streamlines in the field and the drops distribution in the outlet of the stator blade mesh. The procedure contains a program section, which avoids difficulties in the strongly curved profile of the leading and trailing edge by a developed computational mesh construction.

Experimental study on steam-water two-phase flow frictional pressure drops in helical coils

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Oxy-Steam燃烧方式下的NO生成特性

以甲烷掺混氨气为燃料对oxy-steam气氛下NO生成特性进行实验和模拟研究.在常压柱塞流反应器中开展了一系列O_2/N_2和O_2/H_2O气氛的对比实验,当量比从富燃至贫燃(1.6、1.0、0.2),温度范围为973~1,773,K.实验结果表明,O2/H_2O气氛下高浓度的水蒸气在当量和贫燃工况下抑制NO的生成,而在富燃工况下促进NO生成.更新并构建的详细化学机理能够很好地重现并解释实验中NO的生成特性.当量和贫燃工况下,极少的O基团抑制了反应NH_2+O H+HNO从而抑制了NH_2→HNO→NO反应路径,最终降低了NO的生成.富燃工况下,充足的OH基团显著促进了反应NH_2+OH=NH+H_2O从而促进了NH_2→NH→HNO→NO反应路径,最终增加了NO的生成.

CFX-TASCflow在汽轮机通流设计中的应用

从应用CFX TASCflow的角度介绍了哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司 (简称哈汽 )在汽轮机通流部分全三维流场设计的应用成果 ,典型介绍了分流结构叶片、叶片汽封、多级叶片的三维流场计算和新一代亚临界6 0 0MW汽轮机高压缸通流气动设计。结果证明 ,利用CFX TASCflow能详细地分析三维粘性流场各种参数的特性及变化 ,进一步研究流场中的各种流动情况 ,控制好流场中的相关参数 ,合理地设计出高效三维叶片 。

Periodical streaming potential and electro-viscous effects in microchannel flow

This paper presents an analytical solution to periodical streaming potential, flow-induced electric field and velocity of periodical pressure-driven flows in twodimensional uniform microchannel based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equations for electric double layer and Navier-Stokes equation for liquid flow. Dimensional analysis indicates that electric-viscous force depends on three factors： （1） Electric-viscous number representing a ratio between maximum of electric-viscous force and pressure gradient in a steady state, （2） profile function describing the distribution profile of electro-viscous force in channel section, and （3） coupling coefficient reflecting behavior of arnplitude damping and phase offset of electro-viscous force. Analytical results indicate that flow-induced electric field and flow velocity depend on frequency Reynolds number （Re = wh^2/v）. Flow-induced electric field varies very slowly with Re when Re 〈 1, and rapidly decreases when Re 〉 1. Electro-viscous effect on flow-induced electric field and flow velocity are very significant when the rate of the channel width to the thickness of electric double layer is small.

Performance Optimization of Dual Pressure Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in the Tropical Rainforest

This work evaluates the performance optimization of heat recovery steam generator system in Afam VI power plant, Rivers State. Nigeria. Steady state monitoring and direct collection of data from the plant was performed including logged data for a period of 12 months. The data were analysed using various energy equations. Hysys software was used to model the temperature across the heating surfaces, and MATLAB software was used to determine the heat transfer coefficient, heat duties, steam flow, effectiveness of the HRSG. The optimization technique was carried out by varying the exhaust gas flow, exhaust gas temperature, steam pressure and the theoretical introduction of duct burner for supplementary firing. The results show that between 490℃ and 526℃, the percentage increase in the overall heat absorbed in the HRSG is 37.39%. It also show that for an increase in the exhaust gas mass flow by 80 kg/s, the steam generation increase by 19.29% and 18.18% for the low and high pressure levels respectively. The overall result indicates an improvement in the HRSG energy efficiency and steam generation. As the exhaust gas mass flow and temperature increases, the steam generation and system effectiveness greatly improved under the various considerations, which satisfy the research objective.

Main coolant pump resistance influence on single phase water reverse flow in the inverted U-tubes under natural circulation

Based on nuclear power plant(NPP) best-estimate transient analysis with RELAP5 / MOD3 code,the reactor point kinetics model in RELAP5 / MOD3 code is replaced by the two-group,3-D space and time dependent neutron kinetic model,and two-fluid model is replaced by drift flux model.A coupled three-dimensional physics and thermal-hydrodynamics model is used to develop its corresponding computing code,thus simulating natural circulation of single-phase flow for the PWR.In this paper,we report the forward and reverse flow distribution in the inverted U-tubes of the steam generator(SG) under some typical operating conditions in the natural circulation case, and analyze the influence of main coolant pump resistance on the forward and reverse flow distribution.The calculation results show that,the pressure drop between SG inlet and outlet plenum decreases,and the SG inlet and outlet mass flow decrease with an increased main coolant pump resistance,but net mass flux of reverse flow in inverted U-tubes,and the ratio of mass flow in all reverse flow tubes to that of main coolant pipeline increase, meanwhile,the secondary steam load is invariable in this process.

蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法测定土壤有机碳含量的方法

为了准确高效批量测定土壤有机碳含量,采用比色管代替消煮管,蒸汽加热消煮土壤,利用流动分析仪法测定有机碳。并将此方法与重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法(常规通用)进行了比较,探讨方法的可行性。结果表明,蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法测定土壤有机碳含量重复性试验的相对标准偏差为3.19%~9.41%,回收率为92.21%~97.63%。方法精密度及准确性良好。所测结果与重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法无显著性差异(P>0.05),两种方法拟合的回归方程:y(蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法)=0.947x(重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法)+1.621(r^(2)=0.933),两者呈良好的相关性。用两种方法测定200个土壤有机碳,蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法的检测用时是重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法用时的68%,人工操作用时是重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法用时的44%,蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法无需使用硫酸亚铁,重铬酸钾、硫酸和水用量为重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法的40%。蒸汽浴-流动分析仪法省工省时,人员工作强度低,试剂用量少,环境危害降低,检测准确高效,经济安全,可推荐为大批量土壤有机碳含量测定的方法。

Study on Valve Management of DEH for Steam Turbine

Valve management is one of the major functions of DEH for steam turbine. It has an important practical significance for the security and economy of the steam turbine. This paper starts from the valve configuration figure of the domestic-type 300 MW steam turbine, and then makes a simple comparison between the two types of valve governing modes. In order to realize the valve control, the structure of control system has been established, in which the roles of the mathematical functions are discussed. On the basis of the experiment of valve flow characteristic, this article carries out a quantitative study on the functions of the valve management and the parameter tuning method. Through a serious corrections, the sequence valve flow characteristic curve is obtained, which can provide significant guidance on the research of valve management of the similar steam turbines.

非线性动态特性系数对汽轮机转子-轴承-密封系统运动特性的影响

为准确地反应汽流激振下汽轮机转子-轴承-密封系统的运动特性,推导了包含非线性动态特性(非线性刚度、阻尼)的转子运动微分方程,将数值模拟获得的非线性汽流激振力拟合成方程耦合到运动方程中,采用龙格-库塔法求解对应的运动方程,基于试验对比验证了考察非线性因素的必要性与运动微分方程的准确性。在此基础上,分析汽流激振力作用下不同非线性动态特性系数对转子运动特性与稳定性的影响。结果表明:系统中的非线性动态特性会改变转子不同类型的混沌运动区域与位移,使1/2、1/3、2/3工频的出现范围及幅值改变,密频现象增加;耦合热、动载荷后高负荷区域转子位移减小。对比Lyapunov指数,考虑非线性动态特性后其均值有所上升;合理的非线性刚度能够改善系统的稳定性,高非线性阻尼值能提高系统稳定性;耦合热、动载荷后的系统高负荷运行时更稳定。

Feasibility Study of Solar Energy Steam Generator for Rural Electrification

In Middle East region, where there are plentiful amounts of solar radiation and great desert areas, solar energy can play a potential role in replacing conventional fuel-operated electricity generation methods with a cost-effective, sustainable solution. This paper presents a feasibility study of a low-cost solar energy steam generator for rural areas electrification. The proposed system is based on the use of trough concentrator which converts solar radiation into thermal energy in its focal line (where a receiver pipe is installed with a fluid flowing in its interior). The aim of the paper is to predict the feasibility and potential for steam generation using a stand-alone solar concentrator with a small dimension for domestic and small-scale electricity generation. The study presented here is based on modelling of the system to determine the points at which the system is expected to produce sufficient steam energy at the tube outlet to drive a steam engine for producing electricity. Results are presented in graphical forms to show the operating points and the effect of changing selected input parameters on the behavior of the system in order to set some limits (boundaries) for such parameters. Results show that among the three input design parameters selected, the tube diameter is the most dominant parameter that influences steam energy, then the tube length and finally the flow rate of the water passing through the tube. The results of this paper can provide a useful guideline for future simulation and/or physical implementation of the system.

Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of the Mechanical Erosion in Steam Turbine Blades. Part I

The methodology of calculation of the velocity distribution for the stream frictionless and the drops in the flow line, on the basis of the frictionless, two-dimensional, stationary, transonic and homogenous flow is established. The knowledge of conditions that govern the low pressure section of steam turbines in the last stage to have an approximate movement of the droplets in the blade cascades and the accumulation of droplets on the stator blades, flowing through the steam, is presented. This study is used for developing a code in Fortran about the velocity distribution in the output of stator blades that have flow conditions of wet steam, in order to understand the causes that originate the erosion on the blades of the last stages in the low pressure section of steam turbines.