Forecast of steel cord demand after the financial crisis

To analyze the production and marketing of China automobile in Year 2009,and also the development of China automobile and steel cord in those 11 years.The single-element regression mathematics model was set up to analyze the steel cord demand and automobile production.It predicted that automobile production would up to 15 170 000,16 690 000 and 18 360 000 respectively from 2010 to 2012,with the confidence as of 95%,the steel cord consumption in those three years will be 1 180 000 - 1 370 000 t, 1 320 000 - 1 520 000 t and 1 470 000 - 1 680 000 t.As to the policy of China stimulation,The role of Chinese tire has converted from the export-oriented to domestic consumer smoothly,so the effect of US special protectionist tariffs is limited in China.

Progress of tyre cord steel in Baosteel

With the development of automobile industry,tire is marching toward lighter,energy-saving and safer,and it has been a trend for steel cord to develope in high strength and ultrahigh-strength.In order to reduce fracture of tire cord,steel cord is producted with bloom casting machine by soft reduction to reduce segregation,with clean steel smelt technology to control inclusion.TMCP of wire cord is improved in Baosteel.With technological advancement,the quality of steel cord has been noticeably raised and ultrahigh-strength has developed successfully.The paper introduces the development of steel cord in Baosteel.

Simulation on solidification structure of 72A tire cord steel billet using CAFE method

The solidification microstructure has an important effect on the mechanical properties of castings.Therefore,an FE (Finite Element) CA (Cellular Automaton) coupling model was developed for the simulation of solidification structure during the continuous casting process of 72A tire cord steel.In the model,the effect of phase transformation (l→g→a) during solidification was considered based on a thermodynamic database.The effect of electromagnetic stirring (EMS) was determined by increasing both the thermal conductivity and crystal formation rate in the liquid phase.The results show that the cooling curves and solidification structure calculated by this model agree well with the experimental results.The optimum pouring temperature range for tire cord steel casting was also discussed based on the present model.By comprehensive consideration of billet quality and smooth production,the pouring temperature should be controlled at about 1,495℃ under the casting conditions of the local plant in this study.

Effect of Carbon Content on Ti Inclusion Precipitated in Tire Cord Steel

The precipitation of TiN inclusion during solidification of different carbon content of 0.72%, 0.82% and 0.95% in tire cord steel is thermodynamically studied respectively. The results show that the carbon content has obvious effect on TiN inclusion precipitated in tire cord steel of different strength levels. With the carbon content of tire cord steel increasing, the temperature before solidifying reduced gradually and the required activity product of titanium and nitrogen for TiN inclusion precipitation also declined gradually. With the same condition of initial Ti and N content in liquid steel, the size of TiN inclusion precipitated in tire cord steel of higher carbon content is bigger than that of lower carbon content. In order to control the harmful effects on processability of TiN inclusion precipitated in hypereutectoid tire cord steel of the ultra high strength level, the measures of smelting process must be taken to further reduce the titanium and nitrogen content in liquid steel.

Effect of boron on inclusions morphology in tire cord steel

B_2O^3 was added into tire cord steel during refining in carbon tube furnace.The influence of boron which was added in tire cord steel on the deformability of oxide inclusions was studied by metallographic and scanning electron microscope(SEM) observation.The melting points of boron-bearing compound oxide inclusions were calculated by the software of Factsage.The results showed that the most part of inclusions were boron-bearing compound oxide and their deformation properties were obviously improved by adding B_2O_3 in steel.As the boron content was increased from 0.0046%to 0.039%,the proportion of long strip type inclusions changed a little and the number of inclusions decreased.The low-melting point areas of MnO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 and CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 ternary system were increased due to adding B_2O_3 in steel.Moreover,the areas increased with the increasing of B_2O_3 content in conclusions.Evident effect on low-melting point inclusion occurred when B_2O_3 content went up to 5% in CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 inclusions system and to 10%in MnO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 inclusions system.

Research on the Solid Solution Behavior of Titanium Inclusion for the High Strength Tire Cord Steel

In order to improve the quality of the cord steel wire rod and achieve the effective control of titanium inclusion, the solid solution behavior of titanium inclusion in tire cord steel during the heating process was discussed in this paper, through the thermodynamic theory analysis, combined with the CLSM experiment. The conclusions are as follows: 1) According to the law of Ostwald repening, the coarsening rate of titanium carbonitride inclusion is very small, the coarsening behavior of titanium carbonitride inclusion cannot be considered in the heating and holding stage. 2) The solid solution behavior of titanium inclusion in the heating process is obviously existed. 3) Through the proper control of rolling temperature, holding time and the subsequent cooling rate, the size and quantity of large particle titanium inclusion in the high strength tire cord steel can be effectively controlled.

1×1钢丝帘线的开发与性能探讨

开发1×1钢丝帘线,并研究其性能。结果表明:采用校直器校直和加捻反扭两种工艺均可以得到符合设计要求的1×1钢丝帘线,校直器校直的钢丝帘线残余扭转更稳定,而加捻反扭的钢丝帘线直线性更好;在材料确定的情况下,1×1钢丝帘线的弯曲刚度和低负荷伸长率主要与直径相关,而与强度关系不大;在1500 MPa试验压力下,1×0.30ST钢丝帘线的亨特疲劳性能比2×0.30ST钢丝帘线更好。

电镀镀层对帘线黏合剥离性能影响

为研究电镀钢丝镀层对帘线黏合和剥离性能的影响,分别生产不同镀层重量、镀层铜含量和镀层表层铜含量的Φ1.72 mm电镀黄铜钢丝,以相同工艺拉拔捻制为2×0.30 HT钢帘线,用以帘线和橡胶黏合和剥离性能测试。结果发现:当帘线镀层重量在2.47~4.34 g·kg^(-1)、镀层铜含量在61.30%~66.36%时,帘线和橡胶建立了良好的黏合强度和黏附效果,即帘线和橡胶在此范围具有较好的黏合和剥离性能,钢丝表层铜含量在57.82%~62.22%时,帘线与橡胶的黏合和剥离性能均良好,说明此范围内表层铜含量的变化未对帘线黏合和剥离性能造成明显的或不利的影响。同时,当钢丝铜含量或表层铜含量偏低,均使得拉拔损失增加,不利于钢丝拉拔。

电镀电流密度对2×0.30HT钢帘线黏合及剥离性能影响

为研究电镀铜过程对钢帘线黏合和剥离性能的影响,以直径1.80 mm钢丝为基础,分别生产不同平均电流密度、槽间电流密度分布及最外层电流密度因素下电镀钢丝,以同机床、同工艺拉拔捻制为2×0.30HT钢帘线,分别考察3因素钢帘线的黏合和剥离性能。结果表明:电镀铜平均电流密度、各阳极架电流密度分布不均以及最外层电流密度在一定范围内变化对钢帘线黏合抽出性能影响较小,但随着电镀平均电流密度增大至17.07 A/dm~2,镀层致密性变差,从而使得钢帘线的剥离性能降低;同时,相比于钢丝最外层电流密度的设置,首节阳极架电流密度过高更容易导致钢帘线的剥离性能不良。

基于泰伯挺度仪的钢丝/钢帘线弯曲刚度分析与仿真模拟

弯曲刚度对轮胎、橡胶减震器等橡胶/钢帘线复合材料的抗变形能力至关重要。采用泰伯挺度仪对钢丝及钢帘线的弯曲刚度进行测试分析。基于泰伯挺度仪测试方法分析泰伯挺度仪测试原理,通过ABAQUS有限元软件对钢帘线的弯矩测试进行模拟,分别设计并建立了推辊模型、端面翻转模型和挡片模型三种有限元模型,并将模型所计算的结果与实测结果进行比较。该模型可有效辅助钢帘线的设计,缩短研发周期,节约成本。

钢丝帘线/橡胶复合材料弯曲疲劳失效机理的研究

自主设计并搭建基于隧道磁阻传感器的无损检测系统,对钢丝帘线/橡胶复合材料试样(简称试样)弯曲疲劳失效机理进行研究。结果表明:无损检测方法可对疲劳试验后试样内部的损伤状态进行评估,无损检测系统可实现试样缺陷的在线检测;疲劳缺陷的产生是损伤累积,钢丝帘线单丝断裂主要发生试样疲劳寿命的最后阶段;试样内部钢丝疲劳断裂为穿晶解理断裂,裂纹扩展过程中存在一定程度的微观不连续性,包括多次角度偏折与裂纹分支;试样内部钢丝疲劳断口具有典型的低周疲劳特点,存在多个疲劳源与撕裂台阶,疲劳源间偶见撕裂棱,无明显贝纹样,疲劳源附近表面光滑,断口形成了较平滑的微撕裂形貌与粗糙的撕裂台阶形貌。

钢丝绳芯输送带接头强度与预成型芯胶技术研究

钢丝绳芯输送带是带式输送机的牵引和运载构件,接头破坏是引起钢丝绳芯输送带故障的主要原因。为了提高输送带的接头强度和接头硫化效率,基于现有接头硫化工艺,提出了一种预成型芯胶敷设技术,以ST1600型钢丝绳芯输送带接头为研究对象,对该技术的应用进行了理论分析和试验研究。首先,建立输送带接头力学模型并进行受力分析,通过ANSYS Workbench软件研究钢丝绳水平、垂直间距不均匀性对接头强度的影响,然后,提出预成型芯胶敷设方法,通过芯胶流固耦合分析对比了填充式芯胶与三角形、梯形和半圆形芯胶凹槽对限制钢丝绳偏移的作用效果。最后,通过接头预成型芯胶硫化试验研究了该技术对输送带胶体粘合强度、接头硫化效率以及接头强度的影响。研究表明:输送带接头处钢丝绳的受力与其纵向位移有关,由于传统接头硫化作业中无法实现钢丝绳的均匀分布从而引起钢丝绳受力不均,影响接头强度,而钢丝绳水平间距相较垂直间距的变化对钢丝绳等效应力的影响尤为显著,更易引起接头钢丝绳的破坏。预成型芯胶敷设技术能够有效减少钢丝绳的偏移量,其中半圆形芯胶凹槽效果最优,水平方向减少70%,垂直方向减少86.9%。在相同硫化条件下,与填充式芯胶相比,三角形、梯形和半圆形芯胶凹槽硫化后的粘合强度分别提升了1.91%、−3.51%、2.48%,半圆形芯胶与钢丝绳结合度最好;采用半圆形芯胶凹槽的预成型芯胶技术敷设钢丝绳可减少70%作业时间,硫化后的输送带接头强度提高5.74%。研究结果可为钢丝绳芯接头硫化工艺的改进提供理论和实践指导。

基于DCGAN和改进YOLOv5s的钢丝帘布缺陷检测方法

为解决钢丝帘布表面缺陷检测准确率低且泛化能力不强的问题,提出了一种基于DCGAN和改进YOLOv5s的缺陷检测方法。首先,通过调整DCGAN网络参数并优化超参数,使生成器能够生成具有丰富特征和清晰纹理的钢丝帘布缺陷图像,从而扩充数据集;其次,采用K-means++算法对钢丝帘布缺陷数据重新聚类锚框,以获得更优的锚框参数,实现锚框与实际缺陷的精确匹配;然后,在YOLOv5s主干网络中的C3模块添加坐标注意力机制,以增强模型的特征提取能力和精确定位能力;最后,引入MPDIoU损失函数替换YOLOv5s原损失函数,进一步提高检测精度。实验结果表明,在实测钢丝帘布缺陷数据集上,采用DCGAN数据增强和改进后的YOLOv5s检测模型,缺陷检测平均精度提高了6.6%,达到了89.4%,并且检测准确率和召回率也有所提高。与其他主流检测模型相比,该模型不仅在检测速度上提高了约30%,还保持较高的检测精度。在公开的NEU-DET数据集上,该模型的mAP值达到了82.6%,较原始YOLOv5s模型提高了3.8%。

0.225+18×0.205CCST钢丝帘线在全钢载重子午线轮胎胎体中的应用

研究0.225+18×0.205CCST钢丝帘线在全钢载重子午线轮胎胎体中的应用,并与0.17+5×0.215+10×0.235CCST钢丝帘线和0.25+6+12×0.225HT钢丝帘线进行对比。结果表明:采用0.225+18×0.205CCST钢丝帘线的成品轮胎的强度和高速性能相当,耐久性能提高,滚动阻力下降,单胎质量减小,综合成本降低。

亚甲基给予体/间苯二酚-甲醛树脂用量对半钢子午线轮胎带束层胶性能的影响

研究亚甲基给予体HMMM和间苯二酚-甲醛树脂(简称间甲树脂)SL-3020LFR并用比对半钢子午线轮胎带束层胶性能的影响。结果表明:随着HMMM/间甲树脂SL-3020LFR并用比的增大,胶料的F_(max)-F_(L)增大,焦烧时间和硫化时间均呈延长趋势;胶料的定伸应力略增大、老化后胶料的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率降幅增大;60℃下胶料的损耗因子先增大后减小;热空气、蒸汽和盐雾老化抽出后的钢丝帘线无露铜现象,钢丝表面均附有黑色胶料。综合来看,HMMM/SL-间甲树脂3020LFR并用比为1.6时,不同硫化和老化条件下胶料与钢丝帘线的粘合性能较佳。

检测装置在钢丝帘布裁断机的应用研究

钢丝帘布是子午线轮胎的重要组成部分,而裁切、拼接等工序对于钢丝帘布的整体质量起到了关键的作用。现如今越来越多的裁断机通过检测装置对帘布的接头位置及上、下表面进行检测;与人工检测相比,带有检测系统的裁断机对帘布的品质检测效果有明显提高,该系统不仅能提高其生产的效率,还能对降低对工作人员的要求。

3+9×0.175NT钢丝帘线在215/75R15LT 8PR泥地轮胎胎体中的应用

研究1层3+9×0.175NT钢丝帘布替代2层1667dtex/2-28EPI聚酯帘布在215/75R15LT 8PR泥地轮胎胎体中的应用。结果表明,将3+9×0.175NT钢丝帘线应用于215/75R15LT 8PR泥地轮胎胎体中,成品轮胎的充气外缘尺寸、强度性能和耐久性能均满足国家标准要求,高速性能满足企业标准要求,刚度性能有明显提高。轮胎性能满足市场需求,质量略微减小,具有一定的经济效益。

4×0.38UT钢丝帘线在半钢子午线轮胎带束层中的应用

研究4×0.38UT钢丝帘线替代2+7×0.28HT钢丝帘线用于半钢子午线轮胎带束层中的应用效果。结果表明,在生产工艺不变的情况下,采用4×0.38UT钢丝帘线的成品轮胎各项性能与替代前相当,轮胎质量减小,成本降低,具有较好的经济效益。