Composition of Rice Stem Borers in Western Rice Areas of Sichuan Province and New Characteristics of Their Occurrence and Damage

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the composition of rice stem borers in western Sichuan Province and the characteristics of their occurrence and dam- age. [ Method ] Rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province were composed of Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza itwertulas and Sesamla inferens. C. sup- pressalis was the dominant population in most rice areas in western flee areas in Sichuan Province. T. incertulas had distribution and damage in Longquan, Qingbai- jiang and some rice areas, showing increasing trend of spread. The population of S. inferens was the minimum, but it caused serious damage in late period of rice. [ Conclusion] The result provided theoretical basis for proposing effective control measures against rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province.

Do rice water weevils and rice stem borers compete when sharing a host plant?

The rice water weevil （RWW） Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel （Coleoptera： Curculionidae） is an invasive insect pest office Oryza sativa L. in China. Little is known about the interactions of this weevil with indigenous herbivores. In the present study, adult feeding and population density of the weevil, injury level of striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae） and pink stem borer Sesamia inferens （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） to flee, as well as growth status of their host plants were surveyed in a rice field located in Southeastern Zhejiang, China, in 2004 with the objective to discover interspecific interactions on the flee. At tillefing stage, both adult feeding of the weevil and injury of the stem borers tended to occur on larger tillers （bearing 5 leaves） compared with small tillers （bearing 2-4 leaves）, but the insects showed no evident competition with each other. At booting stage, the stem borers caused more withering/dead hearts and the weevil reached a higher density on the plants which had more productive tillers and larger root system; the number of weevils per tiller correlated negatively with the percentage of withering/dead hearts of plants in a hill. These observations indicate that interspecific interactions exist between the rice water weevil and the rice stem borers with negative relations occurring at booting or earlier developmental stages of rice.

Transgenic japonica rice expressing the cry1C gene is resistant to striped stem borers in Northeast China

Rice production and quality are seriously affected by the lepidopteran pest,striped stem borer(SSB),in Northeast China.In this study,a synthetic cry1 C gene encoding Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)δ-endotoxin,which is toxic to lepidopteran pest,was transformed into a japonica rice variety(Jigeng 88)in Northeast China by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Through molecular detection and the Basta resistance germination assay,a total of 16 single-copy homozygous transgenic lines were obtained from 126 independent transformants expressing cry1 C.Finally,four cry1 C-transgenic lines(JL16,JL23,JL41,and JL42)were selected by evaluation of the Cry1 C protein level,insect-resistance and agronomic traits.The cry1 C-transgenic lines had higher resistance to SSB and higher yield compared with non-transgenic(NT)control plants.T-DNA flanking sequence analysis of the transgenic line JL42 showed that the cry1 C gene was inserted into the intergenic region of chromosome 11,indicating that its insertion may not interfere with the genes near insertion site.In summary,this study developed four cry1 C-transgenic japonica rice lines with high insect resistance and high yield.They can be used as insect-resistant germplasm materials to overcome the problem of rice yield reduction caused by SSB and reduce the use of pesticides in Northeast China.

Field Efficacy Test of 22% Fipronil FS against Sugarcane Stem Borers and Thrips

[ Objective] The paper was to explore the field efficacy of 22% fipronil FS against sugarcane stem borer and thrips （Baliothrips serratus Kobus ）. [ Method] The field trial was conducted by foliar spraying of 22% fipronil FS and mixed broadcasting with fertilizer in 2014. [ Result ] Foliar spraying of 22% fipronil FS at the dose of 50 mIV667 m~ had the best control effect against sugarcane stem borer, and the control effect at 90 d post administration was 70.70%, significantly higher than that of control agent （61.86%）. Medium and high dose of 22% fipronil FS had better control effects against sugarcane thrips. [ Conclusion ] Considering control effects against sugarcane stem borers and thrips as well as sugarcane yield, it is recommended that 22% fipronil FS is sprayed at medium concentration （50 mL/667 m2 ）.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COFFEE STEM BORERS, XYLOTRECHUS QUARDRIPES AND ACALOLEPTA CERVINUS, BY BEAUVERIA BASSIANA PREPARATION

The use of Beauveria bassiana proparations for control of coffee stem borers, Xylotrechus quardripes Chevr. and Acalolepta cervinus (Hope), as tested in the laboratory and field conditions. The results show that each instar of coffee stem borers could be infected and killed successfully when being inoculated or contacted with B. bassiana . The control efficacy under indoor cultivation conditions exceeded 90% within 15 days. Jamming drilled hole with fungal mud resulted in the accumulative mortality and corrected mortality of >90% within 20 days. In the field, three methods, jamming drilled holes with bamboo sticker, bamboo sticker with fungal mud, and fungal mud only, were employed, and each led to the control effect of > 90% within 20 days. However, spraying suspensions and dusting powder of B. bassiana was insignificant. The yield of fresh coffee fruits in biological control area was 125 7?kg/0 067?ha greater than that of control area when being harvested in February. Compared the cost of microbial control with that of chemical control, B. bassiana proved to be a profitable, effective, and safe biocontrol agent against coffee stem borer.

Stem Borer Species Composition on Maize and Two Non-Cereal Hosts in the Forest Zone of Kisangani, DRC

Lepidopteran stem borers are the most damaging pests of maize in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the growing importance of maize in the forest zone of Democratic Republic of Congo, no data is available regarding stem borer pest species present and their relative importance. It is thus important to gather information likely to guide future research in this area. This study was undertaken to catalogue stem borer pest species identity and assess their relative infestation levels on maize. Surveys were carried out in wild and cultivated habitats in Kisangani. Five species were collected on maize, i.e., Sesamia calamistis Hampson （1910）, Eldana saccharina Walker （1865）, Busseola fusca Fuller （1901）, Chilo sp. Strand （1913）, and Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot （1888）. In the wild habitats, Poenoma serrata Hampson, B. fusca and S. calamistis were collected on Pennisetum purpureum whereas Chilo sp. was collected on Panicum maximum. Our results suggest that P. maximum might affect the population dynamics of Chilo sp. whereas P. purpureum is expected not to influence the population dynamics of other stem borers owing to its scarcity in the interior of the forest.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of rice with the spider insecticidal gene conferring resistance to leaffolder and striped stem borer

Immature embryos of rice varieties "Xiushui11" and "Chunjiang 11" precultured for 4d were infected and transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101/pExT7 (containing the spider insecticidal gene). The resistant cant were transferred onto the differentiation medium and plants were regenerated. The transformation frequency reached 56%-72% measured as numbers of Geneticin (G418)-resistant calli produced and 36%-60% measured as numbers of transgenic plants regenerated, respectively. PCR and Southern blot analysis of transgenic plants confirmed that the T-DNA had been integrated into the rice genome. Insect bioassays using T1 transgenic plants indicated that the mortality of the leaffolder (Cnaphalocrasis medinalis) after 7d of leaf feeding reached 38%-61% and the corrected mortality of the striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) after 7d of leaf feeding reached 16%-75%. The insect bioassay results demonstrated that the transgenic plants expressing the spider insecticidal protein conferred enhanced resistance to these pests.

Relationship between Resistance of Rice Stem Borer and Insecticide Use Intensity in South China

[Objective] This study aimed to survey the effect of insecticide use intensity on the resistance of rice stem borer in South China. [Method] The data includes 19 counties from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province from 1991 to 2010. A fixed effect model was established to evaluate the effect of insecticide use intensity on the resistance of rice stem borer. [Result] The regression results suggest that one-period lagged total number of insecticide sprays has significant effect on the infestation level of rice stem borer. [Conclusion] Although rice stem borer is a migratory rice pest, insecticide use intensity has significant effect on the resistance level of rice stem borer in South China.

Differential effects of insecticides on mitochondrial membrane fluidity and ATPase activity between the wolf spider and the rice stem borer

Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem borer（Chilo suppressalis（Walker））.Based on a comparison of LD_（50） values,the toxicities of the tested insecticides were higher to the wolf spider than to the rice stem borer.Cyhalothrin at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） caused inhibition of the mitochondrial Na~＋-K~＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities,and it’s inhibitions on Na＋-K＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities were significantly higher in the wolf spider（44 and 28%）than in the rice stem borer（19 and 11%）.Methamidophos at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） decreased Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activity by 16 and 27%in the wolf spider and the rice stem borer,respectively,but no significant effect on the specific activity of Na＋-K＋-ATPase was observed.The DPH（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene）fluorescence polarization values of mitochondrial membranes were not significantly affected by methamidophos in either species.However,cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin induced the values of DPH polarization of mitochondrial membrane increasing with the concentration of cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin from 20 to 100μmol L^（–1） in the rice stem borer and the wolf spider.Effect of ethofenprox on fluidity of the wolf spider and the rice stem borer was contrary.These results suggest that both inhibition of membrane ATPase and changes of membrane fluidity could be appended to the action mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides.

The insecticide resistance in stripped stem borer,Chilo suppressalis(Walker)

The stripped stem borer (SSB),Chilo suppressalis (Walker) is one ofthe major insect pests of rice in Chi-na. Chemical control has been acommon practice in SSB managementsince 1950s. Insecticides used in-cluded BHC before 1983; organophos-

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Breeding among Hassawi Landrace and Egyptian Genotypes for Stem Borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)Resistance and Related Quantitative Traits

Rice stem borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)is a primary insect pest of rice and is a major limiting factor to rice production.Breeding for insect-resistant crop varieties has been an economic way of integrated pest management(IPM)as it offers a viable and ecologically acceptable approach.This study was aimed to evaluate rice genotypes for their resistance against rice stem borer.Seven parental genotypes with twenty one F1 crosses were evaluated for genotypic variation in field experiments.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for the studied traits in almost all crosses and parents.In addition,the mean squares of parents versus their crosses were signifi-cant for stem borer resistance and other associated traits.Moreover,both general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)variances were highly significant for all characters studied in the F1 generation.Based on GCA,4 genotypes(Sakha101,Gz6903-3-4-2-1,Gz9577-4-1-1 and Hassawi)exhibited highly significant negative values for stem borer resistance(–0.53,–1.06,–0.18 and–0.49,respectively)indicating they are the best combiners for stem borer resistance.Based on SCA analysis,nine cross combinations showed highly significant negative effects for stem borer resistance.Similarly,the cross Giza178
Hassawi was the best combination with significantly highest value for early maturity.In addition,seven crosses showed highly significant negative SCA for plant height trait.On the other hand,for panicle length,number of primary branches/panicle,panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,seven,four,eight and six crosses showed highly significant positive SCA,respectively.The result further revealed that the non-additive dominance genetic variance was higher than the additive variance for all evaluated traits indicating that non-additive genetic variances have a role in their inheritance.The broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all the studied traits.The stem borer resistance was significantly correlated with panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,which also showed a highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant.Thus these traits can be effectively employed in a breeding program to confer resistance against stem borer infestation in rice.It was further supported by biplot analysis,which clustered these potentially important traits into two quadrants showing their importance in any future breeding program to control stem borer infestation.This study has contributed valuable information for evaluation of genetic diversity in the local rice germplasm and its utilization in futuristic rice genetic improvement programs.

Identification of Bt-transgenic Rice Plants for Resistance to Stripe Stem Borer (Chilo suppressalis) and Genetic Analysis of the Transgenes

Resistance to herbicide Basta was used to identify Bt-transgenic rice plants and the progenies of crosses between the Bt-transgenic rice and the rice varieties cultivated in the Huang Huai area of China. The results demonstrated that the Basta-positive rice plants were highly resistant to stripe stem borer (Chilo sup-pressalis) both in the laboratory and field tests. Both cryIA (b) and bar genes were expressed and co-inherited in both self ing and crossing progenies. Mendelian segregation of the marker gene bar was observed in F2 and BC1 progenies. The results implicates that it is possible to transfer cryIA (b) gene into other cultivated varieties through crosses and back crosses.

Selection of Maize Genotypes Resistant to Pink Stem Borer and Sugarcane Borer

Maize is an important economic crop grown in Nigeria. Its production is dramatically affect by the pink stem borer--Sesamia caIamistis （Hampson, Noctuidae） and sugarcane borer--Eldana saccharina （Walker, Pyralidae） that are endemic in Southeastern Nigeria. In areas of stress, existing genotypes may marginally do well due to their inherent capabilities. Therefore, it is possible to find useful genes in such areas of stress, since such genes have been responsible for the survival of host crops over the years. Evaluation study was conducted for a range of agronomic characteristics and resistance attributes for 209 local maize collections from Southeastern Nigeria along with three improved check varieties. Field trials were conducted at three locations in a total of four environments in 2001. Highly significant genotypic variances as were noted in all the traits, are indicative of the magnitude of variation that exists among the genotypes, thus providing the opportunity of selection for desirable traits. Furthermore, four traits, namely, leaf feeding, ear damage, stalk lodging and yield were used from across the environments to construct a rank summation index （RSI）, which was used to rank the entries for resistance to stem borers. This RSI led to the identification of 11 genotypes which represents the best 5% of the 212 genotypes in resistance ability. Genotype AMA TZBR-WC1 （from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture （IITA）, Ibadan） had the best overall resistance levels, followed by genotypes SE NG-77 and SE NG-67 （from Umuahia North）, SE NG-62 （from Ikwuano）, SE NG-148 （from Ukwa West）, SE NG-106 （from Bende）, SE NG-119 （from Isiala Ngwa）, SE NG-33 （from Ikwuano） and SE NG-65 （from Umuahia North）.

Constructed Model of Cost/Benefit Analysis Strategy for Stem Corn Borer Sesamia cretica

An integrated pest management model of Cost/Benefit analysis strategy was constructed for stem corn borer Sesamia cretica using complementary control measures of different resistant genotypes of corn with the chemical insecticide diazinon 60%. Based on Cost/Benefit analysis result, the resistant genotype （SAKHA 9433） provides maximum economic value of production at the model point where no spray of insecticide is applied. The applications of one or two sprays do not justify the use of chemical insecticide but rather result in economic loss since the reduction in borer damage value, due to diazinon use, is lower than the cost of control （spray）. However, the applications of one spray for the moderate resistant genotype （IPA 2052） and two sprays for the sensitive genotype （CML 323） during corn growing season would be of value to cover the cost of control （spray） but do not achieve similar economic value of revenue comparing with the resistant genotype.

Study of Information Management System for the Population of Yellow Stem Borer [Tryporyza incertulas(walker)] Based on Event Ontology

Based on the representation method of conventional knowledge, a new knowledge representation method for population of yellow stem borer [Tryporyza incertulas（walker）]based on event ontology is proposed, and the new information management system for the population of yellow stem borer is constructed based on the method of knowledge representation. Compared with traditional knowledge representation, representation method of event ontology knowledge adopts higher granularity events as knowledge representation units, which is more accorded with objective reality, having better scalability and integration.

Outbreak, Distribution and Damage Characteristics of Cocoa Stem Borer, Eulophonotus myrmeleon Felder 1874 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) in Major Cocoa Producing States in Nigeria

This study aims to ascertain the extent of the cocoa stem borer Eulophonotus myrmeleon distribution, outbreak, and damage to the cocoa plantations in six cocoa growing states in Nigeria. Three local government areas were selected from each of the six major cocoa states and three farms from each local government area. In each farm, 100 cocoa trees were randomly selected and inspected for symptoms and damages of E. myrmeleon. The result revealed that E. myrmeleon infestation has increased significantly (p = 0.01, df = 1, F = 41.77) in 2019 by 10% from the 2014 inspection. It also showed that the infestation level was significantly different from state to state. Symptoms of infestation include presence of entry/exit holes, woody exudates around the trees, yellowing and browning of the leaves. Damages caused by E. myrmeleon infestation are, loses of pod on the affected branch and tree and death of tree. Field observations showed clearly that stem borer is now becoming a serious problem and limiting considerably the production of cocoa in the region. It is time to give more attention to the biology and management of the pest. This is the first report detailing the symptoms and damage done by cocoa stem borers in Nigeria.

Damage and economical threshold of yellow stem borer (Tryporyza incertulas) on rice

Systematic measurements to damage and yieldloss due to yellow stem borer (YSB) weremade in the single crop and double crop areasof Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou cities,northern Zhejiang Province in 1987-1994. YSBeggmasses were released on rice plants at 0,1, 3, 6, 9, 12 eggmasses per plot (equal to0, 495, 1 500, 3 000, 4 500, and 6 000eggmasses per hectare) from tillering to head-ing. The plot size was 20 m~2. There were 3replications randomly lined. The results in 6locations during 4-6 years of 1987-1994showed that the grain losses caused by eacheggmass at tillering stage was 59.11±2.99 g,elongating 63.18±1.51 g, and heading 74.58

Mechanism of rice variety resistance to the yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this

Development of lepidopteran pest-resistant transgenic japonica rice harboring a synthetic cry2A* gene

A synthetic cry2A^＊ gene enco ding Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt） δ-endotoxi n that resi st ance to lepidopteran pest was transformed into japonica rice variety Jijing 88, which is the most widely cultivated variety in Jilin Province, Northeast China, by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 106 independent transformants overexpressing cry2A^＊ gene driven by ubiquitin（Ubi） promoter was produced. Three single-copy homozygous transgenic lines were finally selected based on the results of PCR analysis, se gregation ratio of Bast a resistance, and Southern hybridiza tion analyse s. RT-PCR and enzyme linke dimmune sorbent assay（ELISA） revealed that cry2A^＊ transcripts and protein were highly expressed in these lines. The high level of Cry2A^＊ protein expression resulted in high resistance to rice striped stem borer as evidence d by insect feeding bioassays. Our results demonst rate that cry2A^＊ transgenic japonica rice confers resistance to the rice striped stem borer in the laboratory conditions.

The Impact of Fire Ants Solenopsis sp. on Upland Arthropods in Eastern India

Solenopsis sp. is an important invader on upland arthropod of Eastern India. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of this insect as potential biocontrol agent against some major pests of rice. The ant populations were sampled before and during appearance of hibernating larva and pupa of rice yellow stem borer （YSB） Scirpophaga incertulas （Walk.） inside the rice plant. Species richness and diversity of other ant species were also assessed from YSB protected field with insecticides and the crop grown under natural biological control. The maximum value of Barger-Parker index （d = 0.245） indicated that fire ant constituted 24.55% of the total population. Besides, in natural as in agricultural ecosystems, interference between fire ants and mealy bug as well as aphids was also recorded in different altitudes of the Eastern Himalayas and found that the incidence of fire ants Solenopsis sp. decreased the abundance of borer pests, but in contrast it increased the hopper pests in the same ecological niche.