Fuzzy Based Interleaved Step-up Converter for Electric Vehicle

This work focuses on the fuzzy controller for the proposed three-phase interleaved Step-up converter(ISC).The fuzzy controller for the proposed ISC converters for electric vehicles has been discussed in detail.The proposed ISC direct current(DC-DC)converter could also be used in automobiles,satellites,industries,and propulsion.To enhance voltage gain,the proposed ISC Converter combines boost converter and interleaved converter(IC).This design also reduces the number of switches.As a result,ISC converter switching losses are reduced.The proposed ISC Converter topology can produce a 143 V output voltage and 1 kW of power.Due to the high voltage gain of this converter design,it is suitable for medium and high-power systems.The proposed ISC Converter topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.The simulated output displays a high output voltage.But the output voltage contains maximum ripples.Fuzzy proposes an ISC Converter which makes closed loop responsiveness and reduces the output voltage ripple.The proposed ISC converter has the lowest ripple output voltage,which is less than 2%,because the duty cycle is regulated using the fuzzy logic controller.It offers high voltage gain,minimal ripple,and low switching loss.The performance of the proposed converter is compared to that of the fuzzy and Pro-portional Integral(PI)controllers implemented in MATLAB.

一种低输入电压、低功率Step-up DC-DC变换器的设计

文章提出一种Step-up DC-DC的变换器的设计方法,效率高达70%,输入电压范围低至500 mV,最小起动电压能够达到300 mV。

One-step laparoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy verse surgical step-up approach for infected pancreatic necrosis:a case-control study

BACKGROUND:The surgical step-up approach often requires multiple debridements and might not be suitable for infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN)patients with various abscesses or no safe route for percutaneous catheter drainage(PCD).This case-control study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of one-step laparoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy(LPN)in treating IPN.METHODS:This case-control study included IPN patients undergoing one-step LPN or surgical step-up in our center from January 2015 to December 2020.The short-term and long-term complications after surgery,length of hospital stay,and postoperative ICU stays in both groups were analyzed.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the risk factors of major complications or death.RESULTS:A total of 53 IPN patients underwent one-step LPN and 37 IPN patients underwent surgical step-up approach in this study.There was no significant difference in the incidence of death,major complications,new-onset diabetes,or new-onset pancreatic exocrine insufficiency between the two groups.However,the length of hospital stay in the one-step LPN group was significantly shorter than that in the surgical step-up group.Univariate regression analysis showed that the surgical approach(one-step/step-up)was not the risk factor for major complications or death.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that computed tomography(CT)severity index,American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)class IV,and white blood cell(WBC)were the significant risk factors for major complications or death.CONCLUSION:One-step LPN is as safe and effective as the surgical step-up approach for treating IPN patients,and reduces total hospital stay.

Step-up approach in emphysematous hepatitis: A case report

BACKGROUND Emphysematous hepatitis(EH)is a rare,rapidly progressive fulminant gasforming infection of the liver parenchyma.It is often fatal and mostly affects diabetes patients.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of EH successfully managed by a step-up approach consisting of aggressive hemodynamic support,intravenous antibiotics,and percutaneous drainage,ultimately followed by laparoscopic deroofing.Of 11 documented cases worldwide,only 1 of the patients survived,treated by urgent laparotomy and surgical debridement.CONCLUSION EH is a life-threatening infection.Its high mortality rate makes timely diagnosis essential,in order to navigate treatment accordingly.

Analysis and Design of Single Switch Hybrid Step-Up Converter

A Single Switch Hybrid Step-up Converter with high voltage gain, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter consists of one switched diode-inductor cell and a capacitor. While switching, both are charged in parallel from the input source and discharged in series to the output. In order to obtain extra voltage gain at lower duty cycle, the voltage multiplier cell is integrated with the proposed converter. The main advantages of the converter are high voltage gain, reduced voltage stress, simple structure and low output voltage ripples. The operating principle and steady state theoretical analysis are presented. A 250 W prototype converter is implemented with 12 V input and 120 V output to verify the design and analysis of this converter and it has an efficiency of over 90% in all operations.

Mortality and morbidity in necrotizing pancreatitis managed on principles of step-up approach:7 years experience from a single surgical unit

AIM To determine percentage of patients of necrotizing pancreatitis(NP) requiring intervention and the types of interventions performed. Outcomes of patients of step up necrosectomy to those of direct necrosectomy were compared. Operative mortality, overall mortality, morbidity and overall length of stay were determined. METHODS After institutional ethics committee clearance and waiver of consent, records of patients of pancreatitis were reviewed. After excluding patients as per criteria, epidemiologic and clinical data of patients of NP was noted. Treatment protocol was reviewed. Data of patients in whom stepup approach was used was compared to those in whom it was not used. RESULTS A total of 41 interventions were required in 39% patients. About 60% interventions targeted the pancreatic necrosis while the rest were required to deal with the complications of the necrosis. Image guided percutaneous catheter drainage was done in 9 patients for infected necrosis all of whom required further necrosectomy and in 3 patients with sterile necrosis. Direct retroperitoneal or anterior necrosectomy was performed in 15 patients. The average time to first intervention was 19.6 d in the non step-up group(range 11-36) vs 18.22 d in the Step-up group(range 13-25). The average hospital stay in non step-up group was 33.3 d vs 38 d in step up group. The mortality in the step-up group was 0%(0/9) vs 13%(2/15) in the non step up group. Overall mortality was 10.3% while post-operative mortality was 8.3%. Average hospital stay was 22.25 d.CONCLUSION Early conservative management plays an important role in management of NP. In patients who require intervention, the approach used and the timing of intervention should be based upon the clinical condition and local expertise available. Delaying intervention and use of minimal invasive means when intervention is necessary is desirable. The step-up approach should be used whenever possible. Even when the classical retroperitoneal catheter drainage is not feasible, there should be an attempt to follow principles of step-up technique to buy time. The outcome of patients in the step-up group compared to the non stepup group is comparable in our series. Interventions for bowel diversion, bypass and hemorrhage control should be done at the appropriate times.

Controversies in the treatment of Crohn’s disease: The case for an accelerated step-up treatment approach

The ideal treatment strategy for Crohn’s disease (CD) remains uncertain, as does the optimal endpoint of therapy. Top-down versus step-up describes two different approaches: early use of immunomodulators and biological agents in the former versus initial treatment with steroids in the latter, with escalation to immunomodulators or biological drugs in patients proven to be steroid refractory or steroid dependent. Top-down therapy has been associated with higher rates of mucosal healing. If mucosal healing proves to be associated with better long-term outcomes, such as a decreased need for hospitalization and surgery, top-down therapy may be the better approach for many patients. The main concern with the top-down approach is the toxicity of the immunomodulators and biological agents, which have been linked with infectious complications as well as an increased risk of lymphoma. It is unlikely that one strategy will be best for all patients given the underlying heterogeneity of CD presentation and severity. Ultimately, we must weigh the safety and efficacy of the therapies with the risks of the disease itself. Unfortunately our ability to risk stratify patients at diagnosis remains rudimentary. The purpose of this paper is to review the data that supports or refutes the differing treatment paradigms in CD, and to provide a rationale for an approach, termed the "accelerated step-up" approach, which attempts to balance the risks and benefits of our currently available therapies with the risk of disease related complications as we understand them in 2008.

一种基于耦合电感的高增益软开关谐振变换器

该文提出了一种具有高增益、软开关的新型谐振变换器。该谐振变换器使用耦合电感来提高电压增益,升压比不仅取决于占空比,还取决于耦合电感的变比,具有高增益的优点。此外,由于采用了有源钳位技术,漏感中的能量可以被回收利用,用来对开关管的结电容充放电提供能量,从而实现软开关。由于采用了耦合电感,所提出的变换器可以在较低的开关管电压应力的情况下实现较高的输出电压,因此可以使用低导通电阻的低压器件,从而提升系统的效率。该文分析了该谐振变换器的工作原理,并推导了输出电压、关断电流应力等参数的解析表达式。在此基础上,从理论上分析了该变换器取得软开关的条件,并对该变换器的各个器件的电压电流应力进行分析,为器件选型提供了理论依据。最后,搭建1kW实验样机,针对该文提出的基于耦合电感的谐振变换器的高增益、软开关、低电压应力、高效率等性能进行了实验验证。通过实验得出所提出的拓扑可以在10倍增益的情况下达到最高97.5%的效率,表明所提拓扑的优越性。

基于新型CD单元的两相交错并联高增益Boost变换器

为减少基于电容-二极管(CD)升压单元的两相交错并联高增益Boost变换器的CD单元数量,提升变换器电压增益,提出一种最后两级CD单元电容并联充电、串联供电的新型两相交错Boost变换器拓扑结构,进一步发挥CD单元的升压能力。分析新型3CD、4CD两相交错并联Boost变换器的拓扑演化过程,提出新型NCD两相交错并联Boost变换器的拓扑演化规律。以新型4CD两相交错并联Boost变换器为例,分析变换器工作原理,以及电感、电容寄生电阻对变换器电压增益的影响。最后在StarSim硬件在环实验平台搭建1 kW的新型4CD单元交错并联Boost变换器,验证该文所提拓扑的正确性。

基于"Step-up"策略下四步法治疗感染性胰腺坏死的临床研究

目的探讨以小切口胰腺坏死组织清除术(非视频辅助)为核心的"四步法"治疗感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院胰胆外科收治的207例IPN患者的临床资料,其中男性132例(63.8%),女性75例(36.2%);中位年龄45岁(范围:19~80岁)。重症急性胰腺炎158例(76.3%),中重症急性胰腺炎49例(23.7%)。所有患者均先接受经皮置管引流(PCD)治疗。Step-up组(173例):采用"四步法"治疗策略,PCD后接受微创小切口胰腺坏死清除术(MIAPN),对于术后残余感染灶进一步行经窦道内镜下坏死清除术和(或)PCD,最后行常规开放胰腺坏死清除术(OPN);OPN组(34例):PCD无效后直接行OPN。比较两组患者围手术期情况及预后。正态分布的计量资料采用t检验进行分析,偏态分布的计量资料采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析;计数资料采用χ^2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行分析。结果Step-up组与OPN组患者基本特征的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。OPN组的转诊率、术前3 d器官功能衰竭发生率高于Step-up组(47.1%比28.9%,χ^2=4.313,P=0.038;26.5%比9.2%,χ^2=2.819,P=0.011)。Step-up组MIAPN术前PCD次数、PCD管留置数量较OPN组明显减少[1(1)次比2(1)次;Z=-3.373,P=0.018;2(1)根比3(2)根;Z=-2.208,P=0.027]。与OPN组相比,Step-up组发病至手术时间缩短[29(15)d比36(17)d,Z=-0.567,P=0.008],MIAPN手术时间缩短[58(27)min比90(56)min;Z=-3.908,P<0.01];术后病死率降低(5.8%比17.6%;χ^2=4.070,P=0.044),术后总体并发症发生率降低(23.1%比55.9%;χ^2=14.960,P<0.01),术后新发器官功能衰竭比例降低(37.5%比47.4%;χ^2=7.133,P=0.007),但两组术后腹腔局部并发症(胰瘘、腹腔内出血、消化道瘘)发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。Step-up组术后需要ICU治疗的患者比例小于OPN组(22.0%比44.1%,χ^2=6.204,P=0.013);Step-up组总住院时间较OPN组明显缩短[46(13)d比52(13)d,Z=-1.993,P=0.046]。结论"四步法"微创治疗感染性胰腺坏死的初步临床效果满意,微创小切口胰腺坏死组织清除术治疗IPN简单、安全、有效。

具有谐振软开关的高增益耦合电感组合Boost-Zeta变换器

该文提出一种适用于光伏发电系统的具有谐振软开关的高增益耦合电感组合Boost-Zeta变换器。该变换器是由Boost变换器与Zeta变换器组合并引入有源钳位支路和谐振耦合倍压单元而得到。所提变换器利用拓扑组合和耦合倍压技术实现了非常高的电压增益。利用有源钳位支路,实现了所有开关管零电压开通。同时,利用二次绕组与谐振电容谐振实现了所有二极管的零电流关断,有效地解决了二极管反向恢复问题。分析变换器的工作原理,给出变换器的各项性能参数和软开关实现条件。所提变换器还可通过叠加倍压单元进一步提升电压增益。最后,搭建一台200 W实验样机,对理论分析进行了验证。

一种单输入双输出高增益DC-DC变换器

随着分布式发电在中低压场合的应用越来越广泛,对高增益直流变换器的需求日益增加。提出一种新型单输入双输出高增益DC-DC变换器。该变换器在传统Boost电路基础上引入电容和二极管组成极性反向极,功率端口通过差分连接方式互联,提高了变换器电压增益,降低了开关管电压应力;同时端口功率控制彼此独立,进一步提高了电能路由的灵活性。详细分析了该变换器的电路结构和工作原理,推导出稳态特性下的电压增益、主要开关器件电气应力以及电流纹波等表达式。在此基础上,提出了基于矢量时间作用的模型预测控制策略,建立了该变换器预测模型、推导出开关管矢量时间以及设计了目标函数寻优过程。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了所提变换器及其控制策略不仅可行、有效,而且具有高运行效率与低电压应力。

一种基于开关电容的十三电平逆变器

针对现有多电平逆变器拓扑体积大、成本高和结构复杂的问题,文中提出一种基于开关电容的十三电平逆变器。所提拓扑由1个直流输入电源、3个电容器及14个开关器件组成,可实现6倍升压的十三电平输出,在具有较低成本和较小体积的同时减少了系统输出谐波的含量,且无需H桥即可实现逆变即可降低开关管的电压应力。所提逆变器无需任何辅助方法就能实现电容电压自平衡,简化控制的复杂度。文中通过与其他传统多电平逆变器的对比分析,验证了所提拓扑的优越性。仿真和样机平台的实验结果证明所提逆变器在稳态和动态情况下均具有良好的性能。

Comparison Analysis of Efficiency Between Double-Synchronous Step-Down-Stress and Step-Up-Stress Accelerated Life Tests

Double-crossed-step-stress(DCSS) accelerated life test(ALT) method is widely used for estimating the lifetime of products with high reliability and long lifetime. In order to further reduce the test time and test cost, a double-synchronous-step-stress(DSSS) ALT method which combines a double-synchronous-step-downstress(DSSDS) ALT method and a double-synchronous-step-up-stress(DSSUS) ALT method is proposed. The accelerated stresses decrease and increase in a synchronous way with one step in the DSSDS-ALT and DSSUSALT methods, respectively. Monte Carlo method is adopted to simulate the two methods, and the validity and efficiency of them are demonstrated by the simulation results. In addition, a comparison analysis of efficiency between DSSDS-ALT method and DSSUS-ALT method is carried out. The result shows that the DSSDS-ALT method compared with the DSSUS-ALT method can significantly improve the test efficiency under the same test condition.

具有零电压开关的高升压半桥Boost变换器

为了解决半桥Boost变换器电压增益低、开关管电压应力高、硬开关等问题,通过在半桥Boost变换器中级联一组耦合电感升压结构,提出一种变换器以实现较高的电压增益和较低的开关管电压应力。利用耦合电感的漏感,实现所有开关管零电压开关(Zero-voltage-switched,ZVS)和所有二极管零电流开关(Zero-current-switched,ZCS),有效降低开关损耗。此外,所提出的变换器还具有公共接地和连续输入电流的优点。分析变换器的工作原理,给出变换器的各项性能参数以及变换器开关管实现ZVS导通的条件。对比其他高升压变换器,所提变换器具有较高的电压增益和较低的开关管电压应力。最后搭建一台200 W的试验样机,验证所提变换器原理的正确性。

半钢子午线轮胎两段一次法成型机的研制

半钢轮胎成型中两次法和一次法两种工艺一直并行,近年来一次法设备发展迅速,导致两次法工艺逐步边缘化,甚至两次法擅长的AT、MT轻卡系列轮胎都没有对应的设备支撑。本文旨在提供一种高智能化、高效率的两段成型方法和成型设备。

基于缓步升温的高精度恒温箱分段检测控制研究

温度控制是许多科学实验和工业生产的关键参数,精确温度控制对于实验结果的准确性和工业产品的质量至关重要。文章旨在研究一种基于缓步升温的温度控制方案,实现对温度的高精确控制。该方案采用缓步升温策略,通过分段检测技术实时监测温度变化,并通过嵌入式系统进行数据处理和判断。通过分段检测技术,该设备能够实时监测温度变化,并在异常情况下及时报警。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高恒温箱的温度控制精度,降低能耗,并延长设备使用寿命。

基于SURF-OKG特征匹配的三维重建技术

为了解决结构光三维重建中传统立体匹配存在的特征点匹配错误、匹配缺失和匹配重复等问题,本文将SURF算法中高斯滤波改进为自适应中值滤波结合小波变换,并提出了一种基于OKG算法的二次特征匹配方法。该算法首先使用自适应中值滤波结合小波变换算法对图像进行平滑和降噪处理,再进行初步特征点提取和匹配,然后将构建的尺度空间划分成多个网格,在每个网格内使用FAST算法提取尺度空间特征点,使用ORB算子提取左右图像的特征点,用BRIEF描述子对其进行描述,采用K-D树最近邻搜索法限制特征点选取,通过GMS算法剔除误匹配点。最后,将本文SURF-OKG算法与传统特征匹配算法进行对比分析,并对阶梯块进行三维重建来验证本文算法的有效性。实验结果表明:SURF-OKG算法的正确匹配率为92.47%;对阶梯宽度为40 mm,精度为0.02 mm的阶梯块进行三维重建,实验测得阶梯宽度的误差均值为1.312 mm,最大误差值不超过1.72 mm,基本满足结构光三维重建系统的实验要求。

一种非隔离型高增益三端口DC-DC变换器

针对光伏储能联合供电系统输出电压低、供电可靠性差等问题,提出了一种具备多种工作模式的非隔离型高增益三端口DC-DC变换器。变换器的3个端口共地,分别连接光伏发电单元、储能单元和负载,通过改进二次型结构提升电压增益,并降低开关器件应力。变换器具有5种工作模式,可满足离网光储发电系统的各种工况需求。此外,变换器对光伏端口和储能端口之间没有电压约束,能够适应更多的应用场合。详细分析了变换器在各工作模式下的工作原理和稳态特性,并与现有同类变换器进行了工作特性对比。根据光伏储能联合供电系统的控制要求和变换器在不同工况下的功率流动情况,研究了相应的模式运行与切换控制策略。最后,搭建了一台300 W的实验样机进行验证。

一种适用于燃料电池的新型高升压DC-DC变换器

高升压DC-DC变换器是燃料电池实现并网的重要环节。针对燃料电池输出电压低、输出特性软的问题,提出一种基于开关电容的电流馈电升压变换器。首先,详细阐述了所提变换器的拓扑结构及其在连续导通和不连续导通模式下的工作原理。然后,具体分析了该变换器的电压增益、各元件的电压和电流应力。在此基础上,将其与SC-Boost、SL-Boost等变换器进行性能对比。最后,搭建一台200 W的实验样机验证了所提变换器的可行性和理论分析的正确性。所提变换器结合电流馈电结构和开关电容网络,具有电压增益高、输入电流连续且纹波低的优势,有利于延长燃料电池使用寿命。同时,通过复用开关电容中的电容-二极管(capacitor-diode, C-D)单元对开关管电压进行钳位,降低了功率元件的电压应力。因此,所提变换器适用于燃料电池并网系统。