Gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of Panax notoginseng saponins and its role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are a class of effective ingredients in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,a well-known herbal medicine called San-Qi in Chinese.After oral administration,PNS inevitably interacts with gut microbiota,and thus affect the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological effects.To date,studies concering gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of PNS have not been reviewed systematically.Herein,we outline the metabolic profiles of Panax notoginseng saponins mediated by gut microbiota,as well as its role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the basis of reported data.The metabolic pathways of primary saponins are proposed,and step-by-step deglycosylation is found to be the primary degradation pathways of PNS mediated by gut microbiota.Specific microorganisms and enzymes involved in the metabolic processes were summarized.Gut microbiota is deeply involved in the metabolism of PNS,affects the pharmacokinetic profiles,and produces a series of active metabolites.These metabolites were documented to play an essential role in the efficacy of the parent compounds.Future studies should focus on strengthening the real-world evidence,defining the interaction between gut microbiota and PNS,and developing the strategy for modulating gut microbiota to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of PNS.These information would be useful for further research and clinical application of PNS.

PnMYB4 negatively modulates saponin biosynthesis in Panax notoginseng through interplay with PnMYB1

Saponins are the main triterpenoid ingredients from Panax notoginseng,a well-known Chinese medicine,and are important sources for producing drugs to prevent and treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.However,the transcriptional regulatory network of saponin biosynthesis in P.notoginseng is largely unknown.In the present study we demonstrated that one R2R3-MYB transcription factor,designated PnMYB4,acts as a repressor of saponin accumulation.Suppression of PnMYB4 in P.notoginseng calli significantly increased the saponin content and the expression level of saponin biosynthetic genes.PnMYB4 directly bound to the promoters of key saponin biosynthetic genes,including PnSS,PnSE,and PnDS,to repress saponin accumulation.PnMYB4 and the activator PnMYB1 could inter-acted with PnbHLH,which is a positive regulator of saponin biosynthesis,to modulate the biosynthesis of saponin.PnMYB4 competed with PnMYB1 for binding to PnbHLH,repressing activation of the promoters of saponin structural genes induced by the PnMYB1-PnbHLH complex.Our study reveals that a complex regulatory module of saponin biosynthesis is associated with positive and negative MYB transcriptional regulators and provides a theoretical basis for improving the content of saponins and efficacy of P.notoginseng.

Antioxidant,antimicrobial,and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of saponin extracts from walnut(Juglans regia L.) leaves

Objective:To investigate the relationship between triterpenoid saponin content and antioxidant,antimicrobial,and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 70%ethanolic,butanolic,aqueous,supernate and precipitate extracts of Juglans regia leaves.Methods:Triterpenoid saponins of different Juglans regia leaf extracts were measured by the vanillin method.Antioxidant activity was evaluated against DPPH and ABTS free radicals.We also assessed α-glucosidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was evaluated to determine the correlation between the saponin content and biological activities.Results:The butanolic extract was most effective against DPPH with an IC50of 6.63μg/mL,while the aqueous extract showed the highest scavenging activity against ABTS free radical with an IC50of 42.27μg/mL.Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a strong negative correlation (r=-0.956) between DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) and the saponin content in the samples examined.In addition,the aqueous extract showed the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with other extracts.All the extracts had fair antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli,and Klebsiella pneumoniae except for the aqueous extract.Conclusions:Juglans regia extracts show potent antioxidant,antimicrobial,and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.There is a correlation between saponin levels in Juglans regia leaf extracts and the studied activities.However,additional research is required to establish these relationships by identifying the specific saponin molecules responsible for these activities and elucidating their mechanisms of action.

Rhizoma paridis saponins protected against liver injury in diethylnitrosamine-induced mice

Background:Diethylnitrosamine,one of food additives,possessed a strong carcinogenic effect in human.Rhizoma paridis saponins,as the main active components of Paris polyphylla,have a good anti-cancer effect in our previous research.To verify their inhibitory effect on diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer,we carried out this study.Methods:We established diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse hepatocarcinoma models to evaluate antitumor of Rhizoma paridis saponins.Subsequently,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the metabolites in the urine and serum samples.Results:Rhizoma paridis saponins alleviated diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.On the one hand,Rhizoma paridis saponins down-regulated the levels of liver function markers,such as alanine aminotransferase,aspartate transaminase and alpha fetoprotein.On the other hand,Rhizoma paridis saponins reduced metabolic disorders by increasing fructose and mannose metabolism,and decreasing pentose and glucuronate interconversion,inositol phosphate metabolism,and the process of saturated fatty acids transforming to unsaturated fatty acids,which based on the regulating mRNA expression of glucose transporter type 4,lactate dehydrogenase A,fatty acid synthetas,acetyl-CoA carboxylase and apolipoprotein A-I.Conclusion:Rhizoma paridis saponins has the potential application to inhibit chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the future.

Effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins on proliferation and invasion of A549 cells

Objective:Tribulus terrestris saponin is a traditional Chinese medicine in China.This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of tribulus terrestris saponin on the proliferation and invasion ability of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells.Methods:A549 cells were divided into normal control and experimental groups(Tribulus terrestris saponin 250μg/mL group,Tribulus terrestris saponin 200μg/mL group,Tribulus terrestris saponin 150μg/mL group,Tribulus terrestris saponin 100μg/mL group,Tribulus terrestris saponin 50μg/mL group).The proliferation viability of the cells in each group was detected by CCK8,the invasion of tumor cells was detected by Transwell model.The mRNA expression of MMP9 and caspase-3 in each group of cells was detected by RT-PCR.Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the fluorescence intensity of caspase-3 in each group of cells.Results:Compared with the normal control group,tribulus terrestris saponin significantly inhibited the proliferation activity and invasion ability of A549 cells,which was statistically significant(P<0.01).In the invasion assay,compared with the control group,MMP9 expression was significantly reduced and caspase-3 expression was significantly increased in the tribulus terrestris saponin group,and both were concentration-dependent,with statistically significant differences(P<0.01).By cellular immunofluorescence staining experiments,it was found that the fluorescence expression of caspase-3 was enhanced in the experimental group compared with the normal control group,in which the high concentration saponin group was significantly higher than the low concentration group.Conclusion:Tribulus terrestris saponin can inhibit the invasive ability of A549 cells by down-regulating the expression of MMP9,and induce irreversible apoptosis by up-regulating the activation of caspase-3 expression to form caspase-3.

玉竹的化学成分、药理作用及其食品开发研究进展

玉竹不仅富含糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,还含较高的多糖、甾体皂苷、黄酮等生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗微生物、抗疲劳、抗衰老、护肝、调节胃肠道菌群、减肥等药理作用,已广泛用于普通食品和健康食品的开发利用。本文对其营养功能成分、生物活性及其在食品加工领域中的应用进展进行系统总结,以为其深入开发提供参考和支持。

茶皂素和博落回生物碱复配对4种病原菌的联合毒力

为了明确博落回生物碱与茶皂素混配对棉花立枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和柑橘炭疽病菌的联合毒力,采用生长速率法测定了博落回生物碱、茶皂素及其不同配比混剂对4种病菌的毒力,通过交互测定法测定了茶皂素和博落回生物碱的毒性比例和增效系数。结果表明:博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对棉花枯萎病的联合毒力主要为拮抗或相加作用,博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对苹果轮纹病的联合毒力主要为相加作用,博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1∶48.7的混剂对棉花立枯病表现为增效作用,增效系数为1.536;博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1∶20.2的混剂对柑橘炭疽病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数为1.537。

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Physiology and Saponin Synthesis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis at Different Nitrogen Levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are important members of the plant microbiome and affect the uptake and transfer of mineral elements by forming a symbiotic relationship with plant roots.Nitrogen(N),as an important min­eral element,can directly affect plant growth and development at different N levels.It has been confirmed that inoc­ulation with AMF can improve the efficiency of N utilization by plants.However,there are still fewer reports on the dynamic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal and plant secondary metabolites at different nitrogen levels.In this experiment,the physiological indexes and genes related to saponin synthesis were determined by applying differ­ent concentration gradients of nitrogen to the medicinal plant P.polyphylla var.yunnanensis infested by AMF as the test material.It was found that nitrogen addition increased the biomass,chlorophyll content,and nutrient content of above-and below-ground plant parts and increased the content of saponin content of P.polyphylla var.yunnanensis to some extent,but AMF inoculation increased the saponin content of P.polyphylla var.yunnanensis more significantly.AMF inoculation also promoted the expression of genes related to the saponin synthesis pathway,including 3-hy­droxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase(HMGS),squalene epoxidase 1(SE1),and cycloartenol synthase(CAS),which is in according with the accumulation of saponin in plants.It also may increase the saponin content of AMF plants by altering the expression of P450s and UGTs related to saponin synthesis.

油茶籽粕发酵菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵产物特性分析

油茶行业的迅速发展导致油茶籽粕废弃物的大量产生,其落后的处理方式造成了严重的资源浪费,制约了我国油茶行业的可持续发展。油茶籽粕中富含有机质,利用微生物发酵法降解其中的纤维素、木质素及茶皂素等生物大分子来制备有机肥是实现油茶籽粕合理资源化利用的有效途径。通过筛选获得3株针对油茶籽粕中纤维素和木质素的高效降解菌,包括1株真菌X1-1,属于Pleurostomarichardsiae,以及2株细菌M4-2和M5-2,分别为蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii)和类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp)属,可有效降低发酵产物中茶皂素的含量,实现油茶籽粕的无害化处理。实验结果显示,经菌株X1-1、M4-2和M5-2发酵处理28 d后,油茶籽粕中纤维素含量的降解率分别为29.74%、19.65%和13.19%,木质素含量的降解率分别为12.84%、17.85%和26.39%,茶皂素含量的降解率分别为34.06%、45.05%和46.15%;且发酵后的油茶籽粕腐熟度、有机质含量和养分含量等指标均符合有机肥标准。研究结果拓展了油茶籽粕的资源化利用途径,同时为木质素和纤维素的高效降解提供了良好的菌种资源。

无患子皂苷对自发性高血压大鼠血管内皮功能和NLRP3炎性小体的影响

目的探讨无患子皂苷对自发性高血压大鼠血管内皮功能和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体的影响。方法将6只WKY大鼠设为对照组,18只自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)分为模型组、无患子皂苷组和替米沙坦组,每组6只。对照组和模型组大鼠灌胃生理盐水,无患子皂苷组和替米沙坦组分别灌胃无患子皂苷(162 mg/kg)和替米沙坦(10 mg/kg),连续灌胃35 d。给药结束后测量各组大鼠尾动脉收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP),免疫组化法检测胸主动脉内膜中血管性假血友病因子(vWF)表达,HE染色观察大鼠胸主动脉组织病理变化,ELISA法检测血清中半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(caspase-1)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)水平,RT-qPCR和Western blot法检测主动脉组织中p38、NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠尾动脉SBP和DBP、血清中caspase-1和IL-1β水平、胸主动脉中p38、NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA和蛋白表达均升高(P<0.01),胸主动脉内膜中vWF阳性表达增多(P<0.01),主动脉内膜和外膜脱落严重,中膜增厚;与模型组比较,无患子皂苷组和替米沙坦组大鼠尾动脉SBP和DBP、血清中caspase-1和IL-1β水平、胸主动脉中p38、NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA和蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),胸主动脉内膜中vWF阳性表达减少(P<0.05),主动脉内外膜损伤减轻,中膜厚度也有所降低。结论无患子皂苷能够有效降低自发性高血压大鼠的血压,改善血管内皮功能障碍,抑制炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NLRP3炎症通路的激活有关。

免疫增强剂三七茎叶皂苷口服液的质量控制研究

本研究从性状、pH、相对密度、装量差异、微生物限度、鉴别、含量测定等方面对三七茎叶皂苷口服液(Oral liquid of saponins of stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng,LSPN)进行质量控制研究。利用薄层色谱(thin layer chromatography,TLC)法,鉴定其主要成分;利用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射(high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector,HPLC-ELSD)法,建立LSPN中人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3含量的同步分析方法。HPLC-ELSD的色谱条件:色谱柱为GL,InertSustain C18柱(5μm,250×4.6 mm Column);流动相为乙腈(A)-水(B),采用梯度洗脱;进样量:10 L;人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3保留时间分别为13.264 min和15.415 min。ELSD运行参数:氮气流速为1.64 slpm,气化温度为48℃,蒸发温度为80℃。结果表明,LSPN为黄绿色的澄清液体,味苦,pH、相对密度和微生物限度均符合标准要求。人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3的检出限(limit of detection,LOD)均为10 g/mL,定量限(limit of quantitation,LOQ)均为20 g/mL,均在20~500 g/mL内线性关系良好;回归方程分别为Y=1.58X+1.72(r=0.999904)和Y=1.60X+1.64(r=0.999628)。人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3的平均加样回收率分别为101.25%和100.42%,RSD分别为2.71%和1.12%。该法准确,精密度、重现性好,可用于LSPN中人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3的含量测定。

延龄草总皂苷的黑曲霉发酵工艺及提取条件研究

该文对延龄草总皂苷的最佳提取方法进行筛选,并通过紫外分光光度法与高效液相色谱法对发酵前后药液进行对比分析,在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面实验研究了黑曲霉接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度对延龄草中总皂苷提取率的影响。结果表明:延龄草总皂苷最佳提取方法为75%乙醇回流法,其最佳发酵条件为黑曲霉接种量2.25%,发酵时间6d,发酵温度27℃,在此条件下总皂苷提取率为8.620%,与预测结果基本一致。

红小豆提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制作用

采用体积分数70%乙醇对红小豆进行提取,提取物经水混旋,然后依次采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇溶剂萃取。正丁醇萃取相浓缩干燥后经AB-8大孔树脂吸附,以不同体积分数乙醇洗脱,测定洗脱相浓缩液中总三萜皂苷和总黄酮的含量,并探究洗脱相浓缩液对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制作用。结果显示:体积分数70%和95%乙醇洗脱组分中的总三萜皂苷含量高于其他组分,且体积分数70%乙醇洗脱组分的总黄酮含量最高,为(181.83±3.09)mg/g;体积分数95%、70%、50%乙醇洗脱组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶均具有较好的抑制活性;体积分数95%乙醇洗脱组分对2种酶的抑制类型均为混合型抑制。

β-七叶皂苷通过抑制NF-κB、NLRP3信号通路改善大鼠创伤性脊髓损伤

目的研究β-七叶皂苷对大鼠创伤性脊髓损伤(tSCI)的作用及其机制。方法将72只SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组、tSCI组、低剂量皂苷组和高剂量皂苷组。BV-2小胶质细胞分为对照组、模型组、低、中、高浓度皂苷组。采用旷场实验评估各组大鼠运动功能;HE染色观察各组大鼠脊髓组织病理学变化;ELISA法检测脊髓组织及BV-2细胞中炎症因子白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达。免疫荧光法检测BV-2细胞中核因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白表达;Western blotting检测BV-2细胞中NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、IL-1β和Caspase-1蛋白表达。结果β-七叶皂苷能减轻tSCI大鼠脊髓组织病理损害程度,促进大鼠运动功能的恢复。与tSCI组或模型组比较,不同剂量或浓度皂苷组大鼠脊髓组织或BV-2细胞中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达水平均降低,且呈剂量或浓度依赖性降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,不同浓度皂苷组BV-2细胞中NF-κB、NLRP3、ASC、IL-1β和Caspase-1蛋白表达均降低,且呈浓度依赖性降低(P<0.05)。结论β-七叶皂苷对大鼠创伤性脊髓损伤具有一定的保护作用,该作用可能与抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路有关。

氮磷钾配方施肥提高林下七叶一枝花产量和重楼皂苷含量

【目的】研究氮、磷、钾不同组合用量对林下栽培七叶一枝花产量及重楼皂苷含量的影响,为七叶一枝花人工栽培合理施肥提供参考。【方法】采用“3414”试验设计,利用福建南平杉竹混交林下4年生七叶一枝花(Paris polyphylla Smith var.chinensis (Franch.) Hara)进行田间试验,将氮、磷、钾肥当地适宜水平定为“2”,分别为N 270 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5) 375 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 300 kg/hm^(2),不足“1”和过量“3”水平分别为适宜水平的0.5、1.5倍。在七叶一枝花收获时期,测定其植株形态、根茎产量、4种重楼皂苷含量等指标,并计算生产效益。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥用量均显著影响七叶一枝花的植株形态、根茎产量和重楼皂苷含量,对七叶一枝花根茎产量的提升率分别为59.75%、27.54%、63.15%,以钾肥的贡献率最高,其次为氮肥,磷肥较低。N1水平下,增加磷、钾水平显著降低七叶一枝花的株高、茎粗和叶长,N3水平七叶一枝花的株高、叶长均达到最高,但茎粗低于N1和N2水平,表明适宜氮肥用量对七叶一枝花的生长至关重要。七叶一枝花的根茎产量和总重楼皂苷含量还受肥料交互效应的影响。当N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O用量分别为270、375、450 kg/hm^(2) (N_(2)P_(2)K_3)和270、375、300 kg/hm^(2)(N_(2)P_(2)K_(2))时,根茎产量达到最高,分别为2804、2648 kg/hm^(2)。N_(2)P_(2)K_3的总重楼皂苷含量也最大,达到1.62%,显著高于其他处理。施氮磷钾肥净增收效益在N_(2)P_(2)K_3处理下最高,N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理次之。【结论】适量的氮、磷肥配合较高的钾肥可显著提升七叶一枝花根茎产量和总重楼皂苷含量,提高七叶一枝花的经济效益。因此,在供试地区,推荐N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O用量分别为270、375、450 kg/hm^(2)。

辽东楤木叶总皂苷提取工艺研究

以总皂苷提取率、两种质量标志性皂苷成分的提取率为指标探索辽东楤木叶药材中皂苷的提取工艺。分别考察药材浸泡达饱和的时间、回流提取时乙醇溶液用量、提取时间、提取次数以及乙醇溶液浓度对辽东楤木叶皂苷提取率的影响,并采用正交实验法对辽东楤木叶总皂苷的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,药材经乙醇水溶液浸泡3h以上达到吸收饱和;加8倍量的70%乙醇水溶液回流提取3次,每次2.5h,所得的辽东楤木叶总皂苷提取率及两种指标性皂苷提取率均较高。

博落回生物碱和茶皂素对4种蔬菜病原菌的室内联合毒力

为明确博落回生物碱与茶皂素混配对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌、番茄晚疫病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的联合毒力,以期为博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配型植物源农药的开发提供依据,采用生长速率法测定博落回生物碱和茶皂素单剂及其混剂对上述4种病原菌的EC_(50)、毒力比率以及最佳配比的联合毒力。结果表明,博落回生物碱对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌、番茄晚疫病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的EC_(50)值分别为29.3、89.0、24.8、29.6μg/mL;茶皂素对4种病原菌的EC_(50)值分别为90.0、90.3、55.2、83.0μg/mL。毒力比率筛选结果表明,博落回生物碱和茶皂素EC_(50)剂量百分比为90∶10、80∶20、70∶30、60∶40、50∶50和40∶60时,对辣椒疫霉病菌的毒力比率分别为1.30、1.38、1.45、1.33、1.29和1.28,表现为增效作用;EC_(50)剂量百分比为40∶60和10∶90时,对瓜果腐霉病菌的毒力比率分别为1.26和1.28,表现为增效作用;EC_(50)剂量百分比为80∶20和50∶50时,对番茄晚疫病菌的毒力比率分别为1.27和1.25,表现为增效作用;博落回生物碱和茶皂素复配对番茄灰霉病菌表现为相加作用。最佳配比的联合毒力筛选结果表明,博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1.0∶3.1和1.0∶4.6的混剂对辣椒疫霉病菌表现为增效作用,增效系数分别为2.30和1.54;质量比为1.0∶1.5和1.0∶9.1的混剂对瓜果腐霉病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数分别为1.67和2.12;博落回生物碱与茶皂素混剂对番茄灰霉病菌的联合毒力主要表现为相加作用;博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1.8∶1.0的混剂对番茄晚疫病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数为1.52。综上,博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌和番茄晚疫病菌具有明显的协同增效作用,对番茄灰霉病菌表现为相加作用。

苜蓿皂苷提取物对断奶湖羊免疫、抗氧化能力和瘤胃微生物区系的影响

【目的】苜蓿皂苷作为一类天然生物活性物质,具有提高畜禽机体免疫力、促生长及调节胃肠道功能等多方面效用。试验旨在探究苜蓿皂苷提取物对断奶湖羊生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。【方法】选取45日龄、体重相近(15.67 kg±1.18 kg)的断奶湖羊32只,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只羊。对照组(CON)湖羊饲喂基础饲粮,皂苷组(AS)湖羊在基础饲粮中添加2 g/kg(饲粮干物质基础)苜蓿皂苷提取物,预试期7 d,正试期60 d。试验结束后收集断奶湖羊瘤胃液测定微生物组成,采集颈静脉血用于测定血清免疫和抗氧化性能相关指标。【结果】(1)两组湖羊平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,皂苷组湖羊血清中免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgM)、抗炎因子白介素-10(IL-10)、CD4^(+)T细胞和CD4/CD8水平极显著或显著升高(P<0.01;P<0.05),而促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6含量均极显著降低(P<0.01)。(3)与对照组相比,皂苷组湖羊血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著升高(P<0.05),而丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。(4)两组间湖羊瘤胃液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、各挥发性脂肪酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。(5)两组间湖羊Shannon指数、Simpson指数和主坐标分析(PCoA)均无明显差异;在属水平上,皂苷组湖羊瘤胃液中硫酸盐还原菌脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和有益菌罗氏菌属(Roseburia)、凸腹真杆菌群(Eubacterium_ventriosum_group)等的相对丰度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。【结论】饲粮中添加苜蓿皂苷提取物可以影响断奶湖羊瘤胃微生物的组成,提高机体免疫和抗氧化能力,且一定程度上有利于机体健康。

商陆提取物药理作用研究进展

商陆是我国传统峻下逐水中药,收载于历版《中华人民共和国药典》,入药部位为根部,具有利尿泻下、抗炎、抗肿瘤、祛痰镇咳平喘等药理活性。临床多用于治疗肾炎、肝硬化腹水、乳腺增生、银屑病等疾病。通过对商陆提取物和化学成分药理作用进行总结,为今后商陆深入研究及合理开发利用提供支持和参考依据。

高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定人参组培不定根中11种皂苷成分

建立高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法定量分析人参组培不定根中11种皂苷成分。样品经粉碎研磨,以70%甲醇水溶液为溶剂进行超声提取,离心过滤后测定。采用C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),用水和乙腈进行梯度洗脱,流量为0.3 mL/min,柱温为35℃。质谱采用电喷雾电离源,负离子扫描,多反应监测模式进行检测。11种皂苷的质量浓度在0.1~10μg/mL(Rb1为0.2~10μg/mL)范围内和响应强度线性相关,相关系数均大于0.995,各皂苷的定量限为0.001~0.010 g/kg,加标回收率为90.43%~97.82%,相对标准偏差为1.93%~6.33%(n=6)。该方法操作简单,分析时间短,灵敏度高,准确可靠,适用于人参组培不定根中多种皂苷类成分的同时测定。