A dynamic plant architecture is the basis of plant adaptation to changing environments.Although many genes regulating leaf rolling have been identified,genes directly associated with water homeostasis are largely unkn...A dynamic plant architecture is the basis of plant adaptation to changing environments.Although many genes regulating leaf rolling have been identified,genes directly associated with water homeostasis are largely unknown.Here,we isolated a rice mutant,dynamic leaf rolling 1(dlr1),characterized by‘leaf unfolding in the morning-leaf rolling at noon-leaf unfolding in the evening’during a sunny day.Water content was decreased in rolled leaves and water sprayed on leaves caused reopening,indicating that in vivo water deficiency induced the leaf rolling.Map-based cloning and expression tests demonstrated that an A1400G single base mutation in Oryza sativa Polygalacturonase 1(OsPG1)/PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1(PSL1)was responsible for the dynamic leaf rolling phenotype in the dlr1 mutant.OsPG1 encodes a polygalacturonase,one of the main enzymes that degrade demethylesterified homogalacturonans in plant cell walls.OsPG1 was constitutively expressed in various tissues and was enriched in stomata.Mutants of the OsPG1 gene exhibited defects in stomatal closure and decreased stomatal density,leading to reduced transpiration and excessive water loss under specific conditions,but had normal root development.Further analysis revealed that mutation of OsPG1 led to reduced pectinase activity in the leaves and increased demethylesterified homogalacturonans in guard cells.Our findings reveal a mechanism by which OsPG1 modulates water homeostasis to control dynamic leaf rolling,providing insights for plants to adapt to environmental variation.展开更多
Mikania micrantha is a fast-growing global invasive weed species that causes severe damage to natural ecosystems and very large economic losses of forest and crop production.It has advantages in photosynthesis,includi...Mikania micrantha is a fast-growing global invasive weed species that causes severe damage to natural ecosystems and very large economic losses of forest and crop production.It has advantages in photosynthesis,including a similar net photosynthetic rate as C4 plants and a higher carbon fixation capacity.We used a combination of genomics and transcriptomics approaches to study the evolutionary mechanisms and circadian expression patterns of M.micrantha.In M.micrantha,16 positive selection genes focused on photoreaction and utilization of photoassimilates.In different tissues,98.1%of the genes associated with photoresponse had high expression in stems,and more than half of the genes of the C4 cycle had higher expression in stems than in leaves.In stomatal opening and closing,2 genes of carbonic anhydrase(CAs)had higher expression at 18:00 than at 8:00,and the slow anion channel 1(SLAC1)and high-leaf-temperature 1 kinase(HT1)genes were expressed at low levels at 18:00.In addition,genes associated with photosynthesis had higher expression levels at 7:00 and 17:00.We hypothesized that M.micrantha may undergo photosynthesis in the stem and flower organs and that some stomata of the leaves were opening at night by CO_(2)signals.In addition,its evolution may attenuate photoinhibition at high light intensities,and enhance more efficient of photosynthesis during low light intensity.And the tissue-specific photosynthetic types and different diurnal pattern of photosynthetic-related genes may contribute to its rapid colonization of new habitats of M.micrantha.展开更多
To observe the regulating effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensinⅡ (ANG II) on the frog’s pericardium, lymphatic stomata and angiogenesis so as to reveal their effects and mechanism on t...To observe the regulating effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensinⅡ (ANG II) on the frog’s pericardium, lymphatic stomata and angiogenesis so as to reveal their effects and mechanism on the mesothelial permeability, lymphatic stoma regulation and myocardial hypertrophy. Methods. VEGF and ANGⅡ were injected into the frog’s peritoneal cavity so as to examine the changes of the pericardial stromata by using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and computerized imaging analysis. Results. Scattered distributed pericardial stomata were found on the parietal pericardium of the frog with a few sinusoid mesothelial cells, whose blood supply was directly from the cardiac chambers flowing into the trabecular spaces of the myocardium (because there are no blood vessels in the myocardium of the frog). The average diameters of the pericardial stomata in VEGF and ANGⅡ groups were 1.50μ m and 1.79μ m respectively, which were much larger than those in the control group (0.72μ m, P Conclusions. VEGF and ANGⅡ could strongly regulate the pericardial stomata by increasing their numbers and openings with larger diameters and higher distribution density. They could also increase the sinusoid areas with the result of the higher permeability of the pericardium, which clearly indicated that VEGF and ANGⅡ could speed up the material transfer of the pericardial cavity and play an important role in preventing myocardial interstitial edema. Yet there was no strong evidence to show the angiogenesis in the myocardium.展开更多
[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the relation of leaf stomatal traits to yield and drought resistance of wheat. [ Method] Using the DH population of wheat cultivar Hanxuanl0/Lumai14 as the test object, the rela...[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the relation of leaf stomatal traits to yield and drought resistance of wheat. [ Method] Using the DH population of wheat cultivar Hanxuanl0/Lumai14 as the test object, the relation of leaf stomatal density （SD）, length （SL） and width （ SW）, stomatal conductance （g,）, photosynthetic rate （ Pn ）, transpiration rate （ Tr） to grain yield per plant and index of drought resistance （IDR） on the 10th and 20t＂ day after anthesis under the conditions of drought stress and normal irrigation were discussed by the methods of correlation analysis and path analysis. [ Result] Under the two water conditions, the correlations of these stomatal traits with yield components and IDR were mostly not significant on the 10t＂ day after anthesis, but there were significantly positive correlations between thousand kernel weight （TKW） and these traits on the 20^th day after anthesis. Path analysis showed that g,, Pn and Tt, were main factors affecting yield per plant （YPP） and IDR, and they had stron- ger direct effects on YPP and IDR, while their indirect interaction was also strong. The direct effects of SD, SL and SW on YPP and IDR were small, as well as their indirect action among SD, SL and SW. On the other hand, the correlations between SD and SL were significant, and the correlations of SL with SW, gn, P, and Tt, were extremely significant on the 10th and 20th day after anthesis under the two water conditions. However, the correlations of SD and SL with g,, P,, and Tr changed with water conditions or growth stages, showing that water conditions or growth stages had great effects on the correlations between two traits. Therefore, it is not always a good means to improve stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate and hence promote wheat yield by selecting stomatal density and size. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for revealing the roles of leaf stomatal traits in wheat breeding for drought resistance.展开更多
气孔是植物叶片与外界环境交换气体和水分的重要结构。针对现有气孔性状分析主要采用人工测量,过程繁琐、效率低下、容易出现人为误差的问题,本文采用YOLO(You only look once)深度学习模型完成了玉米叶片气孔的自动识别与自动测量工作...气孔是植物叶片与外界环境交换气体和水分的重要结构。针对现有气孔性状分析主要采用人工测量,过程繁琐、效率低下、容易出现人为误差的问题,本文采用YOLO(You only look once)深度学习模型完成了玉米叶片气孔的自动识别与自动测量工作。结合玉米叶片气孔数据集的特点,对YOLO深度学习模型进行了改进,有效地提高了气孔识别和测量的精确率。对YOLO深度学习模型中的预测端进行了优化,降低了误检率;同时,结合气孔特征对16倍、32倍下采样层进行简化,提高了识别效率。实验结果表明,改进后的YOLO深度学习模型在玉米叶片气孔数据集上识别精确率达到95%,参数测量的平均精确率达到90%以上。本文方法能够自动完成玉米叶片气孔的识别、计数与测量,解决了传统气孔分析方法的低效率问题,为农业科学家、植物学家开展植物气孔分析研究提供了技术支撑。展开更多
Fusarium dry rot is considered to be the most critical soilborne and postharvest disease that damages potato tubers worldwide when they are stored for a long time.This study was performed to demonstrate the effect of ...Fusarium dry rot is considered to be the most critical soilborne and postharvest disease that damages potato tubers worldwide when they are stored for a long time.This study was performed to demonstrate the effect of crude extract,culture filtrate,and cell suspension obtained from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis Hussain T-AMU,on the net house and field.From oil-contaminated soil,through the serial dilution method,biosurfactant bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar medium.To isolate and screen the prospective biosurfactant strain,various biosurfactant screening methods were used.Standard protocols were carried out for morphological,molecular,and chemical characterization.The disease incidences were significantly decreased under net house and field conditions after treatment with biosurfactant extract(20%,70%),culture filtrate(23%,49%),and bacterial cell suspension(46%,27%),respectively.These results indicate a significant effect of B.subtilis HussainT-AMU against Fusarium oxysporum.The characterization of the partially purified extract by gas-chromatography indicated the existence of a high amount of methyl ester fatty acids.The quantitative analysis determined the presence of lipopeptide-surfactin,fengycin,and iturin in the biosurfactant extract.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that morphological variation was revealed in the structure of stomata size in leaves and in the mycelia of the pathogen that was investigated.This promising biocontrol agent can be a plausible option for further research and can also be used for the production of green biomolecules at an additional industrial level.展开更多
Drought stress has become more common in recent years as a result of climate change impacts on the production of banana crops and other fruit trees.The growth and productivity of Musa spp are severely impacted by the ...Drought stress has become more common in recent years as a result of climate change impacts on the production of banana crops and other fruit trees.The growth and productivity of Musa spp are severely impacted by the gradual degradation of water resources and the erratic distribution pattern of annual precipitation amount.The aim of the work includes increased drought tolerance in light of water scarcity in the world as a result of the bananas’being gluttonous for water needs.This investigation was carried out from 2019 to 2020 to study the effect of potassium silicate on morphological growth and biochemical parameters of Musa acuminata L under drought stress by PEG.As a result,drought stress reduced the morphological characteristics such as shoots number,shoot length,roots number,and survival percentage and biochemical characteristics such as chlorophyll a,b,carotenoids,stomatal status,and RWC.While proline content increased in the leaf of M.acuminata L.Media complemented with K2SiO3(2 to 6 mM)either individually or in combination with PEG led to an improvement in all morphological and biochemical characteristics.The activities of CAT,POD,and PPO enzymes increased significantly compared to control.Furthermore,the lowest PPO,CAT,and POD activity were achieved.Additionally,K2SiO3 treatments under drought stress successfully enhanced the leaf stomatal behavior.Our results suggest that K2SiO3 can help to maintain plant integrity in the tested cultivar under drought stress.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Postgraduate Research Innovation Project of Chongqing(CYS23217)Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CQMAITS202301)+1 种基金the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(cstc2021jcyj-cxttX0004)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(2023NSCQ-BHX0281).
文摘A dynamic plant architecture is the basis of plant adaptation to changing environments.Although many genes regulating leaf rolling have been identified,genes directly associated with water homeostasis are largely unknown.Here,we isolated a rice mutant,dynamic leaf rolling 1(dlr1),characterized by‘leaf unfolding in the morning-leaf rolling at noon-leaf unfolding in the evening’during a sunny day.Water content was decreased in rolled leaves and water sprayed on leaves caused reopening,indicating that in vivo water deficiency induced the leaf rolling.Map-based cloning and expression tests demonstrated that an A1400G single base mutation in Oryza sativa Polygalacturonase 1(OsPG1)/PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1(PSL1)was responsible for the dynamic leaf rolling phenotype in the dlr1 mutant.OsPG1 encodes a polygalacturonase,one of the main enzymes that degrade demethylesterified homogalacturonans in plant cell walls.OsPG1 was constitutively expressed in various tissues and was enriched in stomata.Mutants of the OsPG1 gene exhibited defects in stomatal closure and decreased stomatal density,leading to reduced transpiration and excessive water loss under specific conditions,but had normal root development.Further analysis revealed that mutation of OsPG1 led to reduced pectinase activity in the leaves and increased demethylesterified homogalacturonans in guard cells.Our findings reveal a mechanism by which OsPG1 modulates water homeostasis to control dynamic leaf rolling,providing insights for plants to adapt to environmental variation.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072490)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC2600100 and2021YFC2600101)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China。
文摘Mikania micrantha is a fast-growing global invasive weed species that causes severe damage to natural ecosystems and very large economic losses of forest and crop production.It has advantages in photosynthesis,including a similar net photosynthetic rate as C4 plants and a higher carbon fixation capacity.We used a combination of genomics and transcriptomics approaches to study the evolutionary mechanisms and circadian expression patterns of M.micrantha.In M.micrantha,16 positive selection genes focused on photoreaction and utilization of photoassimilates.In different tissues,98.1%of the genes associated with photoresponse had high expression in stems,and more than half of the genes of the C4 cycle had higher expression in stems than in leaves.In stomatal opening and closing,2 genes of carbonic anhydrase(CAs)had higher expression at 18:00 than at 8:00,and the slow anion channel 1(SLAC1)and high-leaf-temperature 1 kinase(HT1)genes were expressed at low levels at 18:00.In addition,genes associated with photosynthesis had higher expression levels at 7:00 and 17:00.We hypothesized that M.micrantha may undergo photosynthesis in the stem and flower organs and that some stomata of the leaves were opening at night by CO_(2)signals.In addition,its evolution may attenuate photoinhibition at high light intensities,and enhance more efficient of photosynthesis during low light intensity.And the tissue-specific photosynthetic types and different diurnal pattern of photosynthetic-related genes may contribute to its rapid colonization of new habitats of M.micrantha.
文摘To observe the regulating effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensinⅡ (ANG II) on the frog’s pericardium, lymphatic stomata and angiogenesis so as to reveal their effects and mechanism on the mesothelial permeability, lymphatic stoma regulation and myocardial hypertrophy. Methods. VEGF and ANGⅡ were injected into the frog’s peritoneal cavity so as to examine the changes of the pericardial stromata by using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and computerized imaging analysis. Results. Scattered distributed pericardial stomata were found on the parietal pericardium of the frog with a few sinusoid mesothelial cells, whose blood supply was directly from the cardiac chambers flowing into the trabecular spaces of the myocardium (because there are no blood vessels in the myocardium of the frog). The average diameters of the pericardial stomata in VEGF and ANGⅡ groups were 1.50μ m and 1.79μ m respectively, which were much larger than those in the control group (0.72μ m, P Conclusions. VEGF and ANGⅡ could strongly regulate the pericardial stomata by increasing their numbers and openings with larger diameters and higher distribution density. They could also increase the sinusoid areas with the result of the higher permeability of the pericardium, which clearly indicated that VEGF and ANGⅡ could speed up the material transfer of the pericardial cavity and play an important role in preventing myocardial interstitial edema. Yet there was no strong evidence to show the angiogenesis in the myocardium.
基金Supported by the Study Abroad Foundation of Shanxi Province,China( 2010048)CGIAR Challenge Program Project ( GCP) ( G7010.02.01-7)Special Foundation for Talent Introduction And Development of Shanxi Province,China ( 2011)
文摘[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the relation of leaf stomatal traits to yield and drought resistance of wheat. [ Method] Using the DH population of wheat cultivar Hanxuanl0/Lumai14 as the test object, the relation of leaf stomatal density （SD）, length （SL） and width （ SW）, stomatal conductance （g,）, photosynthetic rate （ Pn ）, transpiration rate （ Tr） to grain yield per plant and index of drought resistance （IDR） on the 10th and 20t＂ day after anthesis under the conditions of drought stress and normal irrigation were discussed by the methods of correlation analysis and path analysis. [ Result] Under the two water conditions, the correlations of these stomatal traits with yield components and IDR were mostly not significant on the 10t＂ day after anthesis, but there were significantly positive correlations between thousand kernel weight （TKW） and these traits on the 20^th day after anthesis. Path analysis showed that g,, Pn and Tt, were main factors affecting yield per plant （YPP） and IDR, and they had stron- ger direct effects on YPP and IDR, while their indirect interaction was also strong. The direct effects of SD, SL and SW on YPP and IDR were small, as well as their indirect action among SD, SL and SW. On the other hand, the correlations between SD and SL were significant, and the correlations of SL with SW, gn, P, and Tt, were extremely significant on the 10th and 20th day after anthesis under the two water conditions. However, the correlations of SD and SL with g,, P,, and Tr changed with water conditions or growth stages, showing that water conditions or growth stages had great effects on the correlations between two traits. Therefore, it is not always a good means to improve stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate and hence promote wheat yield by selecting stomatal density and size. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for revealing the roles of leaf stomatal traits in wheat breeding for drought resistance.
文摘气孔是植物叶片与外界环境交换气体和水分的重要结构。针对现有气孔性状分析主要采用人工测量,过程繁琐、效率低下、容易出现人为误差的问题,本文采用YOLO(You only look once)深度学习模型完成了玉米叶片气孔的自动识别与自动测量工作。结合玉米叶片气孔数据集的特点,对YOLO深度学习模型进行了改进,有效地提高了气孔识别和测量的精确率。对YOLO深度学习模型中的预测端进行了优化,降低了误检率;同时,结合气孔特征对16倍、32倍下采样层进行简化,提高了识别效率。实验结果表明,改进后的YOLO深度学习模型在玉米叶片气孔数据集上识别精确率达到95%,参数测量的平均精确率达到90%以上。本文方法能够自动完成玉米叶片气孔的识别、计数与测量,解决了传统气孔分析方法的低效率问题,为农业科学家、植物学家开展植物气孔分析研究提供了技术支撑。
基金Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)Govt.of India,New Delhi,under File No.SERB-DST-NPDF/2016/001409.
文摘Fusarium dry rot is considered to be the most critical soilborne and postharvest disease that damages potato tubers worldwide when they are stored for a long time.This study was performed to demonstrate the effect of crude extract,culture filtrate,and cell suspension obtained from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis Hussain T-AMU,on the net house and field.From oil-contaminated soil,through the serial dilution method,biosurfactant bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar medium.To isolate and screen the prospective biosurfactant strain,various biosurfactant screening methods were used.Standard protocols were carried out for morphological,molecular,and chemical characterization.The disease incidences were significantly decreased under net house and field conditions after treatment with biosurfactant extract(20%,70%),culture filtrate(23%,49%),and bacterial cell suspension(46%,27%),respectively.These results indicate a significant effect of B.subtilis HussainT-AMU against Fusarium oxysporum.The characterization of the partially purified extract by gas-chromatography indicated the existence of a high amount of methyl ester fatty acids.The quantitative analysis determined the presence of lipopeptide-surfactin,fengycin,and iturin in the biosurfactant extract.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that morphological variation was revealed in the structure of stomata size in leaves and in the mycelia of the pathogen that was investigated.This promising biocontrol agent can be a plausible option for further research and can also be used for the production of green biomolecules at an additional industrial level.
基金funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project No.(PNURSP2022R188)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia。
文摘Drought stress has become more common in recent years as a result of climate change impacts on the production of banana crops and other fruit trees.The growth and productivity of Musa spp are severely impacted by the gradual degradation of water resources and the erratic distribution pattern of annual precipitation amount.The aim of the work includes increased drought tolerance in light of water scarcity in the world as a result of the bananas’being gluttonous for water needs.This investigation was carried out from 2019 to 2020 to study the effect of potassium silicate on morphological growth and biochemical parameters of Musa acuminata L under drought stress by PEG.As a result,drought stress reduced the morphological characteristics such as shoots number,shoot length,roots number,and survival percentage and biochemical characteristics such as chlorophyll a,b,carotenoids,stomatal status,and RWC.While proline content increased in the leaf of M.acuminata L.Media complemented with K2SiO3(2 to 6 mM)either individually or in combination with PEG led to an improvement in all morphological and biochemical characteristics.The activities of CAT,POD,and PPO enzymes increased significantly compared to control.Furthermore,the lowest PPO,CAT,and POD activity were achieved.Additionally,K2SiO3 treatments under drought stress successfully enhanced the leaf stomatal behavior.Our results suggest that K2SiO3 can help to maintain plant integrity in the tested cultivar under drought stress.
