Bending Strength of Glass Materials under Strong Dynamic Impact and Its Strain Rate Effects

Based on the structural characteristics of the high-speed loading tester,a four-point bending test device was designed to carry out the four-point bending strength test of glass under the action of static load and different impact velocities,and the formulae for calculating the maximum dynamic stress and strain rate of glass specimens under the action of impact loads were derived.The experimental results show that the bending strength values of the glass under dynamic impact loading are all higher than those under static loading.With the increase of impact speed,the bending strength value of glass specimens generally tends to increase,and the bending strength value increases more obviously when the impact speed exceeds 0.5 m/s or higher.By increasing the impact velocity,higher tensile strain rate of glass specimens can be obtained because the load action time becomes shorter.The bending strength of the glass material increases with its tensile strain rate,and when the tensile strain rate is between 0 and 2 s^(-1),the bending strength of the glass specimen grows more obviously with the strain rate,indicating that the glass bending strength is particularly sensitive to the tensile strain rate in this interval.As the strain rate increases,the number of cracks formed after glass breakage increases significantly,thus requiring more energy to drive the crack formation and expansion,and showing the strain rate effect of bending strength at the macroscopic level.The results of the study can provide a reference for the load bearing and structural design of glass materials under dynamic loading.

Numerical Derivation of Strain Rate Effects on Material Properties of Masonry with Solid Clay Bricks

In this paper, numerical method is used als. A typical unit of masonry is selected to serve merical model of RVE is established with detailed to study the strain rate effect on masonry materias a representative volume element （RVE）. Nudistinctive modeling of brick and mortar with their respective dynamic material properties obtained from laboratory tests. The behavior of brick and mortar are characterized by a dynamic damage model that accounts for rate-sensitive and pressuredependent properties of masonry materials. Dynamic loads of different loading rates are applied to RVE. The equivalent homogenized uniaxial compressive strength, threshold strain and elastic modulus in three directions of the masonry are derived from the simulated responses of the RVE. The strain rate effect on the masonry material with clay brick and mortar, such as the dynamic increase factor （DIF） of the ultimate strength and elastic modulus as a function of strain rate are derived from the numerical results.

Modeling Strain Rate Effect for Heterogeneous Brittle Materials

Rocks are heterogeneous from the point of dynamic failure behavior. Both the compressive and microstructure which is of significance to their tensile strength of rock-like materials is regarded different from the static strength. The present study adopts smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） which is a virtual particle based meshfree method to investigate strain rate effect for heterogeneous brittle materials. The SPH method is capable of simulating rock fracture, free of the mesh constraint of the traditional FEM and FDM models. A pressure dependent J-H constitutive model involving heterogeneity is employed in the numerical modeling. The results show the compressive strength increases with the increase of strain rate as well as the tensile strength, which is important to the engineering design.

Strain-rate effect on initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loading and its deformation mechanism

The seemingly contradictory understandings of the initial crush stress of cellular materials under dynamic loadings exist in the literature, and a comprehensive analysis of this issue is carried out with using direct information of local stress and strain. Local stress/strain calculation methods are applied to determine the initial crush stresses and the strain rates at initial crush from a cell-based finite element model of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loadings. The initial crush stress under constant-velocity compression is identical to the quasi-static one, but less than the one under direct impact, i.e. the initial crush stresses under different dynamic loadings could be very different even though there is no strain-rate effect of matrix material. A power-law relation between the initial crush stress and the strain rate is explored to describe the strain-rate effect on the initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb when the local strain rate exceeds a critical value, below which there is no strain-rate effect of irregular honeycomb. Deformation mechanisms of the initial crush behavior under dynamic loadings are also explored.The deformation modes of the initial crush region in the front of plastic compaction wave are different under different dynamic loadings.

Seismic performance evaluation of large-span offshore cable-stayed bridges under non-uniform earthquake excitations including strain rate effect

This paper presents a novel and precise seismic performance evaluation method for large-span offshore cable-stayed(LSOCS)bridge by considering the strain rate effect of RC materials and the spatial variation effect of seafloor seismic motions. Threedimensional finite element(FE) model of a LSOCS bridge located in the southeast coast of China is constructed in the ABAQUS platform. The non-uniform ground motions at the offshore site beneath the bridge are stochastically simulated and used as seismic inputs. Moreover, a subroutine for considering the rate-dependent properties of RC materials in a fiber-based beamcolumn element model is developed to account for the strain rate effect of RC materials in the nonlinear time-history analysis.The numerical results indicate that seismic responses and fragilities of the LSOCS bridge are both considerably affected by the non-uniform seafloor seismic motions and strain rate effect. The seismic performance evaluation approach presented in this paper can provide vital support for earthquake resistant design of LSOCS bridges.

Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on Dynamic Properties of Concrete

To study the dynamic properties of the concrete subjected to impulsive loading, stress-time curves of concrete in different velocities were measured using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB).Effects of temperature and strain rate on the dynamic yield strength and constitutive relation of the con-crete were analyzed. The dynamic mechanical properties of the reinforced concrete are subjected to high strain rates when it is at a relatively low temperature. But with temperature increasing, the temperature softening effect makes the strength of the concrete weaken and the impact toughness of the concrete is saliently relative to strain rate effect. So, strain rate effect, strain hardening and temperature softening work together on the dynamic mechanical capability of concrete and the relation between them is relatively complex.

Experimental investigation of rigid confinement effects of radial strain on dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of concrete

In this study,to confirm the effect of confining pressure on dynamic mechanical behavior and failure modes of concrete,a split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic loading device was utilized to perform dynamic compressive experiments under confined and unconfined conditions.The confining pressure was achieved by applying a lateral metal sleeve on the testing specimen which was loaded in the axial direction.The experimental results prove that dynamic peak axial stress,dynamic peak lateral stress,and peak axial strain of concrete are strongly sensitive to the strain rate under confined conditions.Moreover,the failure patterns are significantly affected by the stress-loading rate and confining pressure.Concrete shows stronger strain rate effects under an unconfined condition than that under a confined condition.More cracks are created in concrete subjected to uniaxial dynamic compression at a higher strain rate,which can be explained by a thermal-activated mechanism.By contrast,crack generation is prevented by confinement.Fitting formulas of the dynamic peak stress and dynamic peak axial strain are established by considering strain rate effects(50–250 s-1)as well as the dynamic confining increase factor(DIFc).

Study on the Dynamic Behavior of Tungsten Alloy at Strain Rates up to 5 000 s^(-1)

The dynamic stress-strain curves of 93% tungsten (W) alloy in the forged state at strain rates up to (5 000 s^(-1)) and in the temperature range from 223 K to 473 K were measured with the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. Based on the above experimental data a dynamic constitutive equation considering the effects of strain rate, temperature and the special microstructure of such a kind of W-alloy was proposed. The numerical simulation for the experimental process with this constitutive equation was also carried out, the results show that the constitutive relationship constructed in this paper is very satisfactory for representing the dynamic responsive behavior of material..

Dependence of flow strength and deformation mechanisms in common wrought and die cast magnesium alloys on orientation,strain rate and temperature

The controlling plastic deformation mechanisms(i.e.slip or twinning)and the structural crash performance of Mg alloys are strongly influenced by loading mode,texture and microstructure.This paper summarizes the main results from an experimental program to assess these effects for commercial Mg alloy extrusions(AM30 and AZ31),sheet(AZ31),and high pressure die castings(HPDC,AM50 and AM60).Uniaxial tensile and compressive tests were performed over a wide range of strain rate and temperature(i.e.0.00075–2800 s^(−1) and 100℃ to−150℃)using conventional servo-hydraulic and high-strain-rate universal test machines and a split-Hopkinson-bar(SHB)apparatus.In primarily-slip-dominant deformation,the true stress–strain curves showed approximate power-law behavior,and the effects of strain rate and temperature on yield strength could be approximately described by constitutive equations linearly dependent on the rate parameter,Tln(5.3×10^(7)/ɛ˙)where T is test temperature in Kelvin andɛ˙is strain rate in s^(−1).In primarily-twin-dominant deformation,the effects of strain rate and temperature on yield and initial flow stress were negligible or small from quasi-static to 2800 s^(−1) owing to the athermal characteristics of mechanical twinning;the effects may become more pronounced with exhaustion of twinning and increasing proportion of slip.

Constitutive model depending upon temperature and strain rate of carbon constructional quality steels

The basic factors relating to the rheological stress in the constitutive equations were introduced.Carbon constructional quality steels were regarded as a kind of elastic-viscoplastic materials under high temperature and the elastic-viscoplastic constitutive models were summarized.A series of tension experiments under the same temperature and different strain rates,and the same strain rate and different temperatures were done on 20 steel,35 steel and 45 steel.52 groups of rheological stress-strain curves were obtained.The experimental results were analyzed theoretically.The rheological stress constitutive models of carbon steels were built combining the strong points of the Perzyna model and Johnson-Cook model.Comparing the calculation results conducted from the model with the experiment results,the results proves that the model can reflect the temperature effect and strain rate effect of carbon constructional quality steels better.

CYCLIC VISCOPLASTIC DESCRIPTION FOR THE MEAN STRAIN EFFECT

ＣＹＣＬＩＣＶＩＳＣＯＰＬＡＳＴＩＣＤＥＳＣＲＩＰＴＩＯＮＦＯＲＴＨＥＭＥＡＮＳＴＲＡＩＮＥＦＦＥＣＴＣＹＣＬＩＣＶＩＳＣＯＰＬＡＳＴＩＣＤＥＳＣＲＩＰＴＩＯＮＦＯＲＴＨＥＭＥＡＮＳＴＲＡＩＮＥＦＦＥＣＴ￥ＹａｎｇＸｉａｎｊｉｅ（ＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔＪ...

Particle breakage of calcareous sand from low-high strain rates

The influence of strain rate on the mechanics of particles is well documented.However,a comprehensive understanding of the strain rate effect on calcareous particles,particularly in the transition from static to dynamic loading,is still lacking in current literature.This study conducted 720 quasi-static and impact tests on irregular calcareous particles to investigate the macroscopic strain rate effect,and performed numerical simulations on spherical particles to explore the underlying microscopic mechanisms.The strain rate effect on the characteristic particle strength was found to exhibit three regimes:in Regime 1,the particle strength gradually improves when the strain rate is lower than approximately 10^(2)s^(-1);in Regime 2,the particle strength sharply enhances when the strain rate increases from 10^(2)s^(-1)to 10^(4)s^(-1);and in Regime 3,the particle strength remains almost constant when the strain rate is higher than 10^(4)s^(-1).The three-regime strain rate effect is an inherent property of the material and independent of particle shape.The asynchrony between loading and deformation plays a dominant role in these behaviors,leading to a thermoactivation-dominated effect in Regime 1,a macroscopic viscosity-dominated effect in Regime 2,and a combined thermoactivation and macroscopic viscosity-dominated effect in Regime 3.These mechanisms induce a transition in the failure mode from splitting to exploding and then smashing,which increases the energy required to rupture a single bond and,consequently,enhances the particle strength.

Rate efect and coupled evolution of atomic motions and potential landscapes

Since rate effect of materials plays a key role in impact engineering, the microscopic mechanism of rate effect is investigated at molecular level in this paper. The results show that rate effect on the strength of atomic system is closely related to the coupled evolution of atomic motions and potential landscapes. Accordingly, it becomes possible to develop a new algorithm of molecular simulation, which could properly and efficiently demonstrate strain rate effect under a wide range of loading rates and unveil the mecha- nisms underlying the strain rate effects.

Effect of temperature on mechanical behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Strain rate sensitivity and tension/compression asymmetry of AZ31 magnesium alloy at different temperatures and strainrates were investigated.Both of mechanical behaviors are temperature dependent.Strain rate sensitivity increases with increasingtemperature.Thermally activated slip is the source of strain rate sensitivity.At the temperature below or near 373 K,strain ratesensitivity is very little.Tension/compression asymmetry in yielding decreases with increasing temperature.Twinning is the reasonof tension/compression asymmetry.At the temperature above or near 573 K,the material shows little tension/compressionasymmetry of the flow stress.

冻融循环下砂岩的动态劈裂特性与应变演变机理

为了研究冻融循环条件下砂岩的动态拉伸力学性能,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统并结合高速数字图像相关技术(DIC),对冻融循环0次、10次、20次、40次的砂岩试件进行不同冲击速度下的动态劈裂试验,研究分析了不同冻融循环次数下冻结砂岩在动态拉伸应力下的强度特征、变形过程与破坏形态。结果表明:不同冻融循环作用下冻结砂岩与普通砂岩的动态拉伸曲线有着相似的应力发展特点,分为低速增长段、高速增长段、峰值平台段和降低段;冻岩的拉伸峰值应力与应力加载速率呈线性关系,与冻融循环次数之间呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;在相同打击强度下,4种冻融循环次数(N)的冻岩试件中心处拉伸应变大小依次为40次、20次、0次、10次,具有一定的冻融循环效应。

不同密度硬质聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能和本构关系

目的不同密度的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)适用于不同的工程应用,通过对不同密度RPUF力学性能开展研究,并对现有的本构模型加以修正,得到材料真实的本构关系。方法通过开展不同密度RPUF材料的准静态压缩实验(0.001 s^(−1))及不同加载速率(100~1000 s^(−1))下的动态压缩力学性能实验,得到材料的应力-应变曲线,在此基础上分析RPUF材料的密度效应及应变率敏感性,得到其真实本构关系。结果RPUF材料力学性能受到密度和应变率的耦合影响,随着密度以及应变率的增大,RPUF材料的屈服应力呈指数函数形式增大;给出了RPUF材料屈服应力与应变率及密度之间的函数关系式。结论得到了基于实验数据以及横向惯性效应修正后的Sherwood-Frost模型(M-S-F模型),研究结果可为RPUF材料在抗冲击方面的工程应用提供指导。

Investigating the mechanical properties of cortical bone under dynamic torsional loading

Bone is a multi-phase,non-homogeneous material that exhibits strain rate sensitivity,and it may fail under compression,tension,torsion,or a combination of these loading.The mechanical properties of cortical bone with strain rate effect under compression and tension have been obtained through the application of the split Hopkinson pressure/tension bar technique,but no such studies have been reported for determining the strain rate behavior properties of bony materials under torsion.In this study,the shear stress-strain curves with the rate-dependent cortical bone subjected to dynamic torsional loading were first obtained using a torsional split Hopkinson bar system.Based on the experiments,an improved mathematical model consisting of elastic,viscoelastic,and viscoplastic components was used to identify the material parameters of the cortical bone.Detailed material properties are derived through constitutive relations.The results may assist researchers in developing more accurate models of cortical bone behavior under different load conditions.

Kevlar29纱线动态拉伸力学性能与本构方程

为了能够清晰地表征芳纶纱线在不同应变率下的力学行为,进行了Kevlar29纱线的准静态和动态拉伸试验,结合分离式霍普金森拉杆理论和运动目标追踪法,获得了Kevlar29纱线在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线,分析了纱线动态拉伸的变形与断裂过程,揭示了Kevlar29纱线力学性能的应变率效应;通过最小二乘法拟合得到了基于纱线应变率效应的黏弹性本构方程,分析了三元件和五元件本构模型的差异及适用性。结果表明:随着应变率升高,Kevlar29纱线的断裂应变减小,拉伸强度和韧性先增大后减小,拉伸模量先增大后趋于稳定;五元件黏弹性本构模型能够较好地表征纱线力学性能的应变率效应。

碳纤维复合材料层合板的动态力学性能及失效机制

为了进一步明确碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)在冲击加载下的动态力学行为,采用电子万能试验机和霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,研究了铺层方式为[-45°/90°/45°/0°]的CFRP在厚度和面内方向的静/动态力学性能。结果表明,CFRP复合材料主要发生脆性破坏,在不同方向纤维铺层之间相互纠缠,有效支撑基体,可避免材料发生瞬间坍塌失效。受微裂纹扩展和加载速率关系的影响,复合材料呈现出明显的正相关应变率效应,虽然加入了不同铺层纤维,但材料失效破坏仍主要由基体决定。沿厚度方向加载,裂纹主要以沿45°角扩展的剪切破坏为主,断面在剪应力作用下出现了大量纤维的拔出和断裂。沿面内加载方向,纤维间的粘结层发生脆性断裂,与加载方向一致的纤维发生了屈曲失稳,裂纹穿透纤维层导致脱层。

PVA纤维增强珊瑚混凝土静动态力学性能试验研究

为增强珊瑚混凝土的力学性能,对其进行了5种聚乙烯醇纤维体积分数(0、0.5%、1%、1.5%和2%)条件下的静态力学试验,并采用直径为100 mm的分离式霍普金森杆研究其在4种应变率下的冲击压缩性能。结果表明:掺入适量纤维能明显提高混凝土静态抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度;动态力学试验表明珊瑚混凝土具有明显的应变率效应,加入纤维后能提高动态增强因子对应变率的敏感性,增强效果在纤维掺量为1.5%时趋于饱和;纤维在混凝土中起到了阻裂与耗能的作用,能明显地改善混凝土的破坏形态与冲击韧性。