Why forefoot striking in minimal shoes might positively change the course of running injuries

It is believed that human ancestors evolved the ability to run bipedally approximately 2 million years ago. This form of locomotion may have been important to our survival and likely has influenced the evolution of our body form. As our bodies have adapted to run, it seems unusual that up to 79% of modern day runners are injured annually. The etiology of these injuries is clearly multifactorial. However, 1 aspect of running that has significantly changed over the past 50 years is the footwear we use. Modern running shoes have become increasingly cushioned and supportive, and have changed the way we run. In particular, they have altered our footstrike pattern from a predominantly forefoot strike(FFS) landing to a predominantly rearfoot strike(RFS) landing. This change alters the way in which the body is loaded and may be contributing to the high rate of injuries runners experience while engaged in an activity for which they were adapted. In this paper, we will examine the benefits of barefoot running(typically an FFS pattern),and compare the lower extremity mechanics between FFS and RFS. The implications of these mechanical differences, in terms of injury, will be discussed. We will then provide evidence to support our contention that FFS provides an optimal mechanical environment for specific foot and ankle structures, such as the heel pad, the plantar fascia, and the Achilles tendon. The importance of footwear will then be addressed, highlighting its interaction with strike pattern on mechanics. This analysis will underscore why footwear matters when assessing mechanics. Finally, proper preparation and safe transition to an FFS pattern in minimal shoes will be emphasized. Through the discussion of the current literature, we will develop a justification for returning to running in the way for which we were adapted to reduce running-related injuries.

Striking the Right Note

THE rapid growth of China＇s international trade has had a dramatic impact on its economy. Chi- na has grown in a short time to become the second largest economy in the world, In order to match its economy with the international use of its currency - the renminbi （RMB） - China has begun the process of RMB internationalization from the pilot cross-border RMB settlement scheme and capital account opening several years ago to facilitating and encouraging the use of the RMB outside the Chinese mainland.

Strikingly 10秒建一个网站

2012年8月,Strikingly公司联合创始人David Chen有了一个新目标——做一个最简单、最快捷的网站生成器。他的团队成功地完成了首个原型产品的更新迭代,开发出一种服务,只需使用客户Facebook的个人信息,通过一键点击,就能自动生成一个初级的网站。但是他们的竞争对手,比如Sitefly也采用了同样的方式。

Striking an Economic Blow

Ongoing mass industrial action in South Africa is poisoning investor confidence By Hannah Edinger

Physical exercise and traumatic brain injury: is it question of time?

Is it better to be safe than sorry?This Hamletic dilemma has always stimulated medical-scientific debates in numerous fields of biomedicine.And among these,the preventive-therapeutic approach to the treatment of brain trauma is one of the most striking examples.Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is a leading cause of brain damage among young and elderly populations with a very high hospitalization and death rate.TBI is characterized by two pathologically distinct but strictly consequential phases:a first characterized by an immediate and highly variable mechanical dysfunction of the brain tissue,which involves widespread cell death and tissue degeneration,followed by a second phase which can last from days to even years depending on the severity of the TBI and the patient’s pre-existing health status.Secondary processes,including inflammatory phenomena,oxidative stress associated with metabolic,vascular,and neuro-modulatory deficits,are very often responsible for neuro-motor and psychological deficits leading to long-term disabilities(Kaur and Sharma,2018).

Retraction: Knockdown of Gab1 Inhibits Cellular Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells

Following the publication,concerns have been raised about a number of figures in this article.The Western Blot data shown in Figs.2a,2b were strikingly similar to data appearing in different form in other articles written by different authors at different research institutes that had already been published.The authors were contacted and invited to comment on the concerns raised and to provide the original,unmodified figures,but did not respond.The Editors-in-Chief therefore no longer have confidence in the integrity of the data in this article and decided to retract this article.

Retraction: KIF18A is a potential prognostic factor and promotes tumor progression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Following the publication of this paper,a concerned reader alerted the Editors to the similarities between the data presented in this article and data published in prior works by different authors from different research institutions.Specifically,the colony formation data in Fig.4B,the Western Blot data in Fig.4C,and the tumor data in Figs.5A and 5B appear strikingly similar to data previously published.

Open to Chinese Democracy

The National People’s Congress meets every year for about a week in March.But there is much more to China’s democracy.SOME 2,977 elected deputies will be attending the second plenary meeting of the 14th National People’s Congress at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing in early March.This,the world’s largest legislative body,is the most striking manifestation of China’s governance system,whole-process people’s democracy.For outsiders,the gathering seems symbolic and ceremonial.However,the deliberation undertaken by the unpaid deputies in the week that they are together is merely the most visible element in a complex consultative system of government.

Small Cities,Big Appetites

Amid the urban tapestry of many small cities across China,a striking sign commands attention,accompanied by bright window walls that offer a glimpse of neatly arranged shelves.Within,an assortment of snacks in every conceivable color beckons,enticing onlookers to step inside and explore the wonders.

Small Cities,Big Appetites

Amid the urban tapestry of many small cities across China,a striking sign commands attention,accompanied by bright window walls that o"er a glimpse of neatly arranged shelves.Within,an assortment of snacks in every conceivable colour beckons,enticing onlookers to step inside and explore the wonders.

岳麓山:超越美景

As a lover of mountain climbing,one of my favorite attractions in Changsha is Yuelu Mountain.It is good exercise when I take my time climbing the mountain with my parents every weekend.On the approximately 300-meter-high mountain,you can admire the beautiful scenes of the whole city at the peak,including Orange Isle and Xiang River.One of the most striking features of Yuelu Mountain is its diverse landscapes.

Differences between triggered lightning striking to ground and distribution line inferred from measured currents and electromagnetic fields

In 2018-2019,two types of rocket-triggered lightning tests,that is,striking to ground and distribution line,were conducted in Guangdong,China.The main focus of this paper is to compare the waveform parameters of the return strokes(RS)from the two tests.For current,the 10%-90%risetime of RS from lightning striking to distribution line is 2.4 times higher than that striking to ground,and the differences in the other parameters are small.For close magnetic field,the RS from lightning striking to distribution line have a lower peak(30%lower after considering the peak current)and a larger risetime and half-peak width time;besides,it is necessary to divide the front edge of the close magnetic field waveform into two parts:leader(BL)and return stroke(BRS).For close electric field,the close RS electric field peak(ERS)was less sensitive to distance than the leader electric field peak(EL).For far electric field,the differences in waveform parameters of RS from the two tests were not significant,but after considering the peak current,the normalised initial electric field peak(EP)of RS from lightning striking to distribution line was 14%lower than that striking to ground.

Numerical study on the blocking effect of skin on Flash-Ball Impact and damage assessment

To explore the response law of non-lethal large-size kinetic energy projectiles to blunt attack on skin tissue,and to evaluate the skin injury characteristics of the attacked personnel and the use safety of kinetic energy projectiles.Based on the LS-DYNA simulation software,a three-layer skin simulation model and a Flash-Ball rubber bullet model are established,and the force-time and deformation-time biomechanical corridors of the Flash-Ball rubber bullet impacting human skin tissue are obtained.The corridor curve and the energy transfer and diffusion are analyzed and compared.The safety evaluation of the damage caused by the rubber bullet shooting a human body at different distances is carried out using the empirical formula of the penetration limit.Finally,the safe shooting distance is obtained.The results show that the model used in the simulation has a good correlation with the experimental data,its biomechanical corridor characteristics are different from those of conventional vehicle impact and smallsize projectile response characteristics.The energy transfer and action time of medium and low-speed impact may cause greater damage.The fat layer is the largest energy absorption unit.The minimum safe shooting distance to ensure skin tissue from penetrating damage is 15.8 m,and the limit specific kinetic energy of skin damage is 7.88 J/cm^(2).This study can be extended to the study of biomechanical response law and safety evaluation under the impact of the same type of large kinetic energy projectile,which provides an important theoretical reference for the police to use large kinetic energy projectiles to conduct safe shooting in peacekeeping operations.

Acute effect of foot strike patterns on in vivo tibiotalar and subtalar joint kinematics during barefoot running

Background:Foot kinematics,such as excessive eversion and malalignment of the hindfoot,are believed to be associated with running-related injuries.The maj ority of studies to date show that different foot strike patterns influence these specific foot and ankle kinematics.However,technical deficiencies in traditional motion capture approaches limit knowledge of in vivo joint kinematics with respect to rearfoot and forefoot strike patterns(RFS and FFS,respectively).This study uses a high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system(DFIS)to determine the effects of different foot strike patterns on 3D in vivo tibiotalar and subtalar joints kinematics.Methods:Fifteen healthy male recreational runners underwent foot computed tomography scanning for the construction of 3-dimensional models.A high-speed DFIS(100 Hz)was used to collect 6 degrees of freedom kinematics for participants’tibiotalar and subtalar joints when they adopted RFS and FFS in barefoot condition.Results:Compared with RFS,FFS exhibited greater internal rotation at 0%-20%of the stance phase in the tibiotalar joint.The peak internal rotation angle of the tibiotalar joint under FFS was greater than under RFS(p<0.001,Cohen’s d=0.92).RFS showed more dorsiflexion at 0%-20%of the stance phase in the tibiotalar joint than FFS.RFS also presented a larger anterior translation(p<0.001,Cohen’s d=1.28)in the subtalar joint at i nitial contact than FFS.Conclusion:Running with acute barefoot FFS increases the internal rotation of the tibiotalar joint in the early stance.The use of high-speed DFIS to quantify the movement of the tibiotalar and subtalar joint was critical to revealing the effects of RF S and FFS during running.

The deterministic condition for the ground reaction force acting point on the combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation moments in early phase of cutting maneuvers in female athletes

Background:Combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation(VL+IR)moments have been shown to stress the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)in several in vitro cadaveric studies.To utilize this knowledge for non-contact ACL injury prevention in sports,it is necessary to elucidate how the ground reaction force(GRF)acting point(center of pressure(CoP))in the stance foot produces combined knee VL+IR moments in risky maneuvers,such as cuttings.However,the effects of the GRF acting point on the development of the combined knee VL+IR moment in cutting are still unknown.Methods:We first established the deterministic mechanical condition that the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis differentiates the GRF vector’s directional probability for developing the combined knee VL+IR moment,and theoretically predicted that when the CoP is posterior to the tibial rotational axis,the GRF vector is more likely to produce the combined knee VL+IR moment than when the CoP is anterior to the tibial rotational axis.Then,we tested a stochastic aspect of our theory in a lab-controlled in vivo experiment.Fourteen females performed 60˚cutting under forefoot/rearfoot strike conditions(10 trials each).The positions of lower limb markers and GRF data were measured,and the knee moment due to GRF vector was calculated.The trials were divided into anterior-and posterior-CoP groups depending on the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis at each 10 ms interval from 0 to 100 ms after foot strike,and the occurrence rate of the combined knee VL+IR moment was compared between trial groups.Results:The posterior-CoP group showed significantly higher occurrence rates of the combined knee VL+IR moment(maximum of 82.8%)at every time point than those of the anterior-CoP trials,as theoretically predicted by the deterministic mechanical condition.Conclusion:The rearfoot strikes inducing the posterior CoP should be avoided to reduce the risk of non-contact ACL injury associated with the combined knee VL+IR stress.

Analysis of the Flow Field and Impact Force in High-Pressure Water Descaling

This study aims to improve the performances of the high-pressure water descaling technology used in steel hot rolling processes.In particular,a 2050 mm hot rolling line is considered,and the problem is investigated by means of a fluid–structure interaction(FSI)method by which the descaling effect produced by rolling coils with different section sizes is examined.Assuming a flat fan-shaped nozzle at the entrance of the R1R2 roughing mill,the outflow field characteristics and the velocity distribution curve on the strike line(at a target distance of 30–120 mm)are determined.It is found that the velocity in the center region of the water jet with different target distances is higher than that in the boundary region.As the target distance increases,the velocity of the water jet in the central region decreases.Through comparison with experimental results,it is shown that the simulation model can accurately predict the impact position of the high-pressure water on the impact plate,thereby providing a computational scheme that can be used to optimize the nozzle space layout and improve the slabs’descent effect for different rolling specifications.

The Black Protests in Poland: An Example of an Anti-pastoral Revolution

Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.

Striking A Chord

The recent Strategic Economic Dialogue between China and the United States achieves some results but more talks are apparently needed to iron out fundamental differences Top Chinese and U.S. economic officials may justi- fiably take some pride in their