Function of note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo:a playback experiment

Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.

Energy Dependence of String Fragmentation Function and Ф Meson Production

The meson productions in Au+Au and/or Pb+Pb collisions at AGS, SPS, RHIC, and LHC energies have been studied systematically with a hadron and string cascade model LUCIAE. After considering the energy dependence of the model parameter α in string fragmentation function and adjusting it to the experimental data of charged multiplicity to a certain extent, the model predictions for meson yield, rapidity, and transverse mass distributions are compatible with the experimental data at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies. A calculation for Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energy is given as well. The obtained fractional variable in string fragmentation function shows a saturation in energy dependence. It is discussed that the saturation of fractional variable in string fragmentation function might be a qualitative representation of the energy dependence of nuclear transparency.

Erratum to “Weierstrass’ Elliptic Function Solution to the Autonomous Limit of the String Equation of Type (2,5)” [Advances in Pure Mathematics 4 (2014), 494-497]

In this note, we analyze a few major claims about . As a consequence, we rewrite a major theorem, nullify its proof and one remark of importance, and offer a valid proof for it. The most important gift of this paper is probably the reasoning involved in all: We observe that a constant, namely t, has been changed into a variable, and we then tell why such a move could not have been made, we observe the discrepancy between the claimed domain and the actual domain of a supposed function that is created and we then explain why such a function could not, or should not, have been created, along with others.

Weierstrass’ Elliptic Function Solution to the Autonomous Limit of the String Equation of Type (2,5)

In this article, we study the string equation of type (2,5), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 4th order analogue of the first Painlevé equation, take the autonomous limit, and solve it concretely by use of the Weierstrass’ elliptic function.

Derivation of Multiverse from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory

The multiverse is a hypothesis created to solve certain problems in cosmology. Currently, this scheme is still largely ad hoc, rather than derived from fundamental laws and principles. Because of this, the predictive power of this theory is rather limited. Furthermore, there are concerns that this theory will make it impossible to calculate some measured quantities, such as the masses of quarks and the electron. In this paper, we will show that a new development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, provides a way to derive the mathematical expression of the multiverse. We will demonstrate that the Weyl invariance existing in string theory indicates that our observed universe is a projection from a hologram. We will present how the laws of physics can be derived from this fact. Furthermore, we suggest it may also provide a way to calculate the masses of fundamental particles such as quarks and the electron.

Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory

Inflation is the most commonly accepted theory in cosmology to explain why the universe appears flat, homogeneous, and isotropic, as well as the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos and why no magnetic monopoles have been detected. However, so far, the origin of the inflation epoch and what is the hypothetical field, the inflation, giving rise to inflation, remains unknown. String theory is one of the promising candidates for the grand unification theory. Grand unification theory is to use one mathematic formula to describe everything. In this work, we study the inflation scheme in a new development in string theory, UWFIST （universal wave function interpretation of string theory）. We show that from UWFIST we can derive from the fundamental theory that the long-range vibration is the possible candidate of inflation. We estimate the vacuum energy created by the long-range vibration and show that it can indeed drive the inflation.

Weierstrass’ Elliptic Function Solutions to the Autonomous Limit of the String Equation

In this article, we study the string equation of type (2, 2n + 1), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 2n-th order analogue of the first Painlevéequation, take the autonomous limit, and solve it concretely by use of the Weierstrass’ elliptic function.

Detailed string stability analysis for bi-directional optimal velocity model

The class of bi-directional optimal velocity models can describe the bi-directional looking effect that usually exists in the reality and is even enhanced with the development of the connected vehicle technologies. Its combined string stability condition can be obtained through the method of the ring-road based string stability analysis. However, the partial string stability about traffic fluctuation propagated backward or forward was neglected, which will be analyzed in detail in this work by the method of transfer function and its H∞ norm from the viewpoint of control theory. Then, through comparing the conditions of combined and partial string stabilities, their relationships can make traffic flow be divided into three distinguishable regions, displaying various combined and partial string stability performance. Finally, the numerical experiments verify the theoretical results and find that the final displaying string stability or instability performance results from the accumulated and offset effects of traffic fluctuations propagated from different directions.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF DRILL STRING STRUCTURE IN ANNUI US

Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of drill string structure in annulus of curvedwellbore is done by using the theory of finite element and Newton-Raphson method.According to the characteristics of its deformation,a method of the description andcomputation of taking different forms of elements for different parameters is advanced.The penalty function method is applied for finding the unknown boundary .the nonlinear effects of curvature of wellbore on the side forces on bit ae shown by thecomputation.

STRING STABILITY OF INFINITE INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS

The notion of string stability of a countably infinite interconnection of a class of nonlinear system was introduced. Intuitively, string stability implies uniform boundedness of all the stares of the interconnected system for all time if the initial states of the interconnected system are uniformly bounded. Vector V-function method used to judge the stability is generalized for infinite interconnected system and sufficient conditions which guarantee the asymptotic string stability of a class of interconnected system are given. The stability regions obtained here are much larger than those in previous papers. The method given here overcomes some difficulties to deal with stability of infinite nonlinear interconnected system in previous papers.

ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR AXIALLY ACCELERATING STRINGS WITH INTEGRAL CONSTITUTIVE LAW

A numerical method is proposed to simulate the transverse vibrations of a viscoelastic moving string constituted by an integral law. In the numerical computation, the Galerkin method based on the Hermite functions is applied to discretize the state variables, and the Runge- Kutta method is applied to solve the resulting differential-integral equation system. A linear iterative process is designed to compute the integral terms at each time step, which makes the numerical method more efficient and accurate. As examples, nonlinear parametric vibrations of an axially moving viscoelastic string are analyzed.

Theoretical Study on the Structures and Magnetic Properties of Metal String Complexes Containing Rigid Equatorial Ligands [Ni3(L)4(NCS)2] (L = dzp-, mpmpa-, mppda-, mptpa-)

Density functional theory at the BP86 level was used to investigate the influence of equatorial ligands on the Ni–Ni interactions and magnetic coupling properties of metal string complexes [Ni3（L）4（NCS）2] （L represents the rigid equatorial ligands; L = dzp- （1）, mpmpa- （2）, mppda- （3）, mptpa- （4））. The following conclusions can be drawn. （1） With increasing the radius of the connecting atom in the cental ring in equatorial ligands, the two pyridine rings bend down, resulting in the decreasing distance between the two pyridine-nitrogen atoms and the Ni–Ni distance. Therefore, the strength order of the Ni–Ni interaction is 4 〉 2 〉 3 〉 1. The Ni–Ni interactions in 2 and 4 are stronger than those in Ni3（dpa）4（NCS）2 containing no-rigid equatorial ligands. （2） The calculated -Jab is 4 〉 2 〉 3 〉 1. There are two types of magnetic exchange pathways in these complexes： the σ-type pathway through the Ni36＋ chains and the δ-type pathway through the equatorial ligands. The magnetic coupling through the metals is the dominant part. Hence, the magnetic coupling strength increases with increasing the Ni–Ni interaction. Modifying the radius of the connecting atom may be one of the means to fine tuning of magnetic coupling strength of this kind of metal string complexes.

共振激励和重力作用下一维水平弦垂直振动驻波理论与实验研究

本文用本征函数展开法和拉普拉斯变换求解了重力作用下水平放置的一端固定、另一端以极小振幅作垂直简谐振动的一维弦的竖向振动波动方程,得出解析解,得到弦(弹性绳)共振形成驻波时的所有本征频率,且本征频率和驻波波腹大小、位置均与重力无关.实验上测量了驻波波腹的数目随共振频率变化的关系,利用理论推导出的波动方程中波速的表达式及测量弹性绳振动时的张力和绳子的长度,算出绳子的质量线密度,与实验值吻合,从另一角度验证了一维弦的横振动所满足的波动方程理论的正确性.

伴内侧副韧带断裂的前交叉韧带损伤患者两种修复方式效果对比分析

目的分析两种修复方式治疗伴内侧副韧带(MCL)断裂的前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤的效果。方法以电脑随机数字表法将2021年4月至2022年11月收治的88例伴MCL断裂的ACL损伤患者分为观察组和对照组,每组44例。对照组采用腘绳肌腱与MCL止点重建,观察组采用腓骨长肌腱与MCL止点重建。比较2组手术状况、康复进程、并发症状况、膝关节功能[国际膝关节文献委员会膝关节评估表(IKDC)、Tegner评分、Lysholm评分]、膝关节稳定性、移植物磁共振成像(MRI)表现、踝关节功能[美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝-脚足评分]、足功能、步态以及并发症情况。结果观察组肌腱直径大于对照组,肌腱长度长于对照组(P<0.01)。术后6个月,观察组Lysholm评分、IKDC评分、Tegner评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。术后6、12个月,2组Lachman试验、轴移试验、应力位内侧间隙开大程度、AOFAS踝-脚足评分比较无明显差异(P>005)。术后12个月,2组移植物MRI表现、足功能、步态及并发症发生率比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论腓骨长肌腱、腘绳肌腱分别联合MCL止点重建治疗伴MCL断裂的ACL损伤患者在改善并发症、足踝功能等方面效果相似,但前者可改善肌腱重构,促进膝关节功能恢复。

基于YOLOv7x的接触网吊弦缺陷检测方法

【目的】针对铁路运行时由于接触网吊弦缺陷造成的安全隐患问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv7x的接触网吊弦缺陷识别方法。【方法】首先在主干特征提取层的末端引入Swin Transformer网络替换原有的扩展高效层聚合网络模块,提高网络掌握全局信息的能力,再引用SIoU(SCYLLA-IoU)损失函数替换原网络的损失函数,为预测框收敛过程添加方向惩罚机制,最后使用coordinate attention(CA)注意力机制融合颈部层中的扩展高效层聚合网络模块,增强颈部网络模块的全局感受野。【结果】仿真结果表明,此改进算法训练出的模型精度达到95.9%,相较于原YOLOv7x算法检测精度提高了4.7%,检测速度也达到了52帧/s。【结论】改进算法解决了在吊弦缺陷识别领域检测效率低下的问题,在实际作业中能够提高接触网吊弦缺陷排查工作的效率。

C语言指针教学中的知识点分析与总结

分析指针的基本概念及指针在数组、函数、字符串、动态存储分配等方面的应用,提出指针教学过程中易混淆概念及注意事项,对初学者深入理解指针原理及应用有重要的指导意义。

非线性弦振动方程的精确解

利用双曲函数法，找到了非线性弦振动方程的一类扭状精确孤立波解．在此基础上又对双曲函数法的思想进行了推广，从而获得了更多的精确解．这种方法也适用于求解其他非线性发展方程．

电场对Ni3(dpa)4Cl2金属串配合物结构影响的理论研究

应用密度泛函UBP86方法对具有分子导线潜在应用性的金属串配合物Ni3(dpa)4Cl2进行研究,分析了外电场对配合物的几何构型和电子结构的影响.结果表明,零电场条件下存在沿着Ni63+轴及轴向配体Cl的Ni—Ni及Ni—Cl离域作用.沿金属轴Cl4→Cl5方向施加外电场,可使高电势端的Ni2—Cl4键长增大而Ni1—Ni2键长减小,低电势端的Ni3—Cl5键长减小而Ni1—Ni3键长增大;分子能量降低,偶极矩线性增大;HOMO与LUMO能隙减小,前线占据轨道分布向低电势方向移动且轨道能升高,空轨道分布则向高电势方向移动且轨道能降低,其中沿着金属轴方向离域的前线轨道分布及其轨道能随电场的变化尤为显著.在电场作用下,电荷分布发生改变,低电势端Cl5的负电荷向高电势端Cl4转移,但金属和桥联配体的电荷变化很小;同样,在电场作用下,配合物存在明显的结构变化和电子转移现象,呈现出类似导电过程中电子定向转移的变化规律.

基于布隆过滤器的精确匹配算法设计与实现

针对布隆过滤器技术存在将不属于该集合的某元素误判为属于该数据集合(假阳性)和元素删除困难的问题,提出了CAM(内容可寻址存储器)来进行二级匹配。与直接将字符串存储在CAM的单级匹配模式不同,提出将布隆过滤器的k个哈希值存入CAM,从而判断某元素是否真正属于这个集合,从而达到精确匹配,且易于删除元素。对算法在Snort2.9规则库下的分析结果表明,相较于单级CAM查找,所设计的两级匹配模式在假阳率为0.01时,系统的资源占用减少5倍以上;本算法功耗降低10倍以上,能够减轻系统的负载,提高系统性能,适用于高速网络中字符串的检测。

一种非常快速的字符串匹配算法

结合Karp-Rabin和Boyer-Moore字符串匹配算法的优点,提出了一种非常快速的字符串匹配算法。该算法在匹配过程中与传统的直接比较模式及正文子串不同,与KR算法一样,比较的是模式与子串对应的散列值;该算法同时吸取了BM算法的特点,能在扫描正文的过程中跳过尽可能多的字符。理论分析表明,模式串较短时,该算法在最坏情况下的时间复杂度也可以达到O(n)。实验表明,该算法所需时间约为KR算法的1/10。