A comparison study on structure-function relationship of polysaccharides obtained from sea buckthorn berries using different methods:antioxidant and bile acid-binding capacity

In this study,the structural characters,antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides(HRPs)obtained by the commonly used hot water(HRP-W),pressurized hot water(HRP-H),ultrasonic(HRP-U),acid(HRP-C)and alkali(HRP-A)assisted extraction methods were investigated.The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield,monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,particle size,triple-helical structure,and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability.The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities.Moreover,the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network(HRP-C,HRP-W and HRP-U),which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity.The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.

ULTIMATE LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF CYLINDER DERIVED FROM AUTOFRETTAGE UNDER IDEAL CONDITION

According to the basic theory on autofrettage and according to the 4th strength theory, several parameters and their relations are studied under ideal condition, including σej/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at inside surface; σej＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at inside surface; and p/σy, load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder. By theoretical study on relations between the parameters, noticeable results and laws are achieved： to satisfy ｜σei＇｜=σy. the relation between kj and k is, k^2lnkj^2-k^2-kj^2＋2=0, when k→∞, kj = √e = 1.648 72, as based on the 3rd strength theory, where k is the outside/inside radius ratio of a cylinder, kj is the ratio of elastoplastic juncture radius to inside radius of a cylinder; If the plastic region covers the whole wall of a cylinder, for compressive yield not to occur after removing autofrettage pressure, the ultimate k is k=-2.218 46 as based on the 3rd strength theory; With k=2.218 46, a cylinder＇s ultimate load-bearing capacity equals its entire yield pressure, or p/σy=21nk/√3; The maximum and optimum load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is just 2 times the loading which an unautofrettaged cylinder can bear elastically, or p/σy=2（k^2-1）/√3 k^2, and the limit of the load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is also just 2 times that of an unautofrettaged cylinder. The conclusions are the same as based on the 3rd strength theory, but some equations are different from each other.

Effect of Optimum Plastic Depth on Stresses and Load-bearing Capacity of Autofrettaged Cylinder

Autofrettage is an effective measure to even distribution of stresses and raise load-bearing capacity for （ultra-）high pressure apparatus. Currently, the research on autofrettage has focused mostly on specific engineering problems, while general theoretical study is rarely done. To discover the general law contained in autofrettage theory, by the aid of the authors’ previous work and according to the third strength theory, theoretical problems about autofrettage are studied including residual stresses and their equivalent stress, total stresses and their equivalent stress, etc. Because of the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone which is presented in the authors’ previous work, the equations for the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress are simplified greatly. Thus the law of distribution of the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress and the varying tendency of these stresses are discovered. The relation among various parameters are revealed. The safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for cylinders are obtained. According to the results obtained by theoretical analysis, it is shown that if the two parameters, namely ratio of outside to inside radius, k, and depth of plastic zone, kj, meet the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone, when the pressure contained in an autofrettaged cylinder is lower than two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent residual stress and the equivalent total stress at the inside surface as well as the elastic-plastic juncture of a cylinder are lower than yield strength. When an autofrettaged cylinder is subjected to just two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent total stress within the whole plastic zone is just identically equal to the yield strength, or it is a constant. The proposed research theoretically depicts the stress state of ultra-）high pressure autofrettaged cylinder more accurately and more reasonably and provides the reference for design of （ultra-）high pressure apparatus.

China's Excess Oil Refining Production Capacity in the Background of the Supply Side Structural Reform

Through analysis of the current situation and newly-increased production capacity-of the oil refining industry of China, this Paper discusses both the continuous expansion trend and the serious excess of production capacity of the oil refining industry of China. Due to the entry of the Chinese economy into the new normal,the accelerated substitution of old energy by new energy and rigid restrictions composed of low carbon and environmental protection requirements, the oil demand of China will continue to increase overall, but the growth will obviously slow down. At the same time, the newly-increased production capacity in Shandong and coastal region will continuously expand, the supply and demand contradiction will intensify, and the structural excess production capacity of the oil refining industry of China will be prominent. It is suggested that the government should attach great importance to the production capacity of the oil refining industry at the macro level, and deeply carry forward the supply side structural reform, and that enterprises should speed up technical innovation,enhance regional and layout optimization, adapt to market changes and adjust product structure, control oil refining but increase chemical engineering, improve product quality and production efficiency, and constantly promote the international competitiveness of the Chinese petrochemical industry.

The Effect of Bone Loss Pattern on the Structural Capacity of the Proximal Femur

The effect of age-related bone loss on the structural capacity of the proximal femur were investigated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Four bone loss patterns were considered. These were "uniform cortical bone loss", "neck cortical bone loss", "intertrochanteric cortical bone loss" and "uniform trabecular bone loss". The results show that the two "non-uniform cortical bone loss" patterns are more dangerous than the "uniform cortical bone loss" pattern, and that the cortical bone loss in intertrochanteric region is associated with a greater reduction in cortical failure load than the cortical bone loss in the femoral neck. The trabecular bone loss causes a limited decrease in both cortical failure and trabecular failure loads. This research should be helpful to the clinical assessment of femur fracture risk due to age-related bone loss.

Correlation between Chromatograph Capacity Factors and Structural Parameters of Indole Derivatives

Sixteen indole derivatives have been computed at B3LYP/6-31 IG^＊＊ level using density functional theory （DFF）. Based on linear solvation energy theory, the structural parameters were employed to present correlation between the parameters of chromatograph capacity factor （CCF） and molecular structural parameters. As a result, the correlation equation of the reversed phased high performance liquid chromatograph capacity factor to the intercept lgk＇w and slope S of CCF were obtained, from which the correlation coefficients of lgk＇w to the structural parameters are r^2 = 0.9596 and q^2 = 0.9262. While the correlation coefficients of the parameter S r^2 q^2 with structures are = 0.9750 and = 0.9252. Moreover, the effect of water as solvent on the present two models was also considered using SCRF method, and the result shows that the predicting capacity of correlation equation of lgkw＇ increases, while that of the model for S decreases slightly. Both two correlation equations achieved in this work are more advantageous than those using theoretical descriptors from molecular connectivity indices.

A Combination of N2 and CO2 Adsorption to Characterize Nanopore Structure of Organic-Rich Lower Silurian Shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China： Implications for Shale Gas Sorption Capacity

The pores in shales are mainly of nanometer-scale, and their pore size distribution is very important for the preservation and exploitation of shale gas. This study focused on the organic-rich Lower Silurian black shale from four wells in the Upper Yangtze Platform, and their TOC, mineralogical composition and pore characterization were investigated. Low pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption were conducted at 77.35 K and 273.15 K, respectively, and the pore structures were characterized by modified Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）, Dubinin-Radushkevich （DR）, t-plot, Barrett- Joyner-Halenda （BJH） and density functional theory （DFT） methods and then the relationship between pore structure and shale gas sorption capacity was discussed. The results indicate that （1） The Lower Silurian shale has high TOC content of 0.92%~96%, high quartz content of 30.6%-69.5%, and high clays content of 24.1%-51.2%. The total specific surface area varies from 7.56 m^2/g to 25.86 m^2/g. Both the total specific surface area and quartz content are positively associated with the TOC content. （2） Shale samples with higher TOC content have more micropores, which results in more complex nanopore structure. Micropore volumes/surface areas and non-micropore surface areas all increase with the increasing TOC content. （3） A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption provides the most suitable detection range （~0.3-60 nm） and has high reliability and accuracy for nanopore structure characterization. （4） The TOC content is the key factor to control the gas sorption capacity of the Lower Silurian shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform.

Hierarchical platinum–iridium neural electrodes structured by femtosecond laser for superwicking interface and superior charge storage capacity

The interfacial performance of implanted neural electrodes is crucial for stimulation safety and the recording quality of neuronal activity.This paper proposes a novel surface architecture and optimization strategy for the platinum–iridium(Pt–Ir)electrode to optimize electrochemical performance and wettability.A series of surface micro/nano structures were fabricated on Pt–Ir electrodes with different combinations of four adjustable laser-processing parameters.Subsequently,the electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and wetting behavior.The results show that electrode performance strongly depends on the surface morphology.Increasing scanning overlap along with moderate pulse energy and the right number of pulses leads to enriched surface micro/nano structures and improved electrode performance.It raises the maximum charge storage capacity to 128.2 mC/cm^(2) and the interface capacitance of electrodes to 3.0×10^(4)μF/cm^(2) for the geometric area,compared with 4.6 mC/cm^(2) and 443.1μF/cm2,respectively,for the smooth Pt–Ir electrode.The corresponding optimal results for the optically measured area are 111.8 mC/cm^(2) and 2.6×10^(4)μF/cm^(2),which indicate the contribution of fner structures to the ablation profle.The hierarchical structures formed by the femtosecond laser dramatically enhanced the wettability of the electrode interface,giving it superwicking properties.A wicking speed of approximately 80 mm/s was reached.Our optimization strategy,leading to superior performance of the superwicking Pt–Ir interface,is promising for use in new neural electrodes.

Comparison of Gas Distribution Properties of Conventional and High Capacity Structured Packings

This paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out using large scale equipment to observe the effect of geometry on gas distribution properties of a high capacity corrugated sheet structured packing （Montz-pak B 1-250M） and to compare it with that of its conventional counterpart （Montz-pak B1-250）. Although the high capacity packing exhibits a significantly lower overall pressure drop, the gas distribution performance is similar to that of the conventional packing, and in both cases consistently good one.

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^(-2) and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^(-2) but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^(-2);the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^(-2)(246.9 mAh g^(-1)) at 3 mA cm^(-2) and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^(-2),suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^(-2) at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^(-2) with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.

Analysis of Bridge-Bearing Capacity Detection and Evaluation Technology

A bridge project is taken as an example to analyze the application of bearing capacity detection and evaluation.This article provides a basic overview of the project,the application of bearing capacity detection technology,and the bearing capacity assessment analysis.It is hoped that this analysis can provide a scientific reference for the load-bearing capacity detection and evaluation work in bridge engineering projects,thereby achieving a scientific assessment of the overall load-bearing capacity of the bridge engineering structure.

Analytical Framework Model for Capacity Needs Assessment and Strategic Capacity Development within the Local Government Structure in Tanzania

This is a methodological paper prepared by senior academicians, researchers and consultants from renowned universities in Tanzania. The paper provides insights as to how best development agents can approach the challenge of capacity needs assessment and development of capacity building programs in the context of the local government structure in Tanzania. The paper is of original nature and is based on author’s accumulated knowledge and practice in conducting capacity assessments and developing capacity building programs in Tanzania. The paper describes what can be considered to be best practices in conducting participatory capacity assessment through consultative processes which involves most of the key actors who would be engaged in implementing proposed interventions. The paper puts forward an analytical model for capacity assessment and program development in the Tanzanian context. The main features of the model can be summarized as participatory capacity assessment, strategic capacity building program development and complementarity through synergy building with like-minded stakeholders. The operational modality for utilizing the model in developing capacity building programs which among other components has monitoring and evaluation aspects is included. It is recommended that practitioners and development agents should test the model in their working environments to realize its potential benefits including program ownership by stakeholders.

Mechanism of realizing industrial structure upgrading through technology-driven regional innovation capacity

Based on the analysis of the formation process of regional innovation capacity, this paper expatiates that the technology is the basis for industrial structure upgrading, while technological innovation is the power of regional innovation capacity. It points out that the essential of regional industrial structure upgrading is the transition of regional technology structure from one balance to another. The mechanism of realizing industrial structure upgrading through technology-driven regional innovation capacity is also discussed briefly.

Relationship between Hydrogeological Structure and Groundwater Exploitation Capacity in Aquifer of the Basin of Cai Phan Rang River, Ninh Thuan Province, Viet Nam

This article presents the results of dividing the hydrogeological structure zones in aquifer of Cai Phan Rang river basin, Ninh Thuan province, Viet Nam, and the relationship between parameters of hydrogeological structure zones with water storage capacity of hydrogeological structure. Research results divided hydrogeological structure of Cai Phan Rang River Basin into four zones, including three zones with depression bedrock and one zone with slope bedrock, and the results assessed： （1） specific discharge of exploitation well is proportional to zone area of hydrogeological structure; （2） specific discharge of exploitation well is inversely proportional to slope of bedrock surface, slope of water level in zone and area of drainage surface of hydrogeological structure zone; （3） water level fluctuation in zone is proportional to slope of bedrock surface, slope of water level in zone and inversely proportional to distribution area of zone; （4） total mineralization of water is proportional to bedrock surface slope and water level slope in zone, and inversely proportional to drainage surface area of zone and volume of structural depression. Research results are practical significance in solutions proposal to increase exploitation capacity for various water use purposes.

Analysis and Modeling of k-regular and k-connected Protection Structure in Ultra-High Capacity Optical Networks

This paper proposes k-regular and k-connected(k&k) structure against multifaults in ultra-high capacity optical networks.Theoretical results show that pre-configured k&k structure can reach the lower bound on logical redundancy.The switching time of k&k protection structure is as quickly as ringbased protection in SDH network.It is the optimal protection structure in ultra-high capacity optical networks against multi-faults.We develop the linear programming model for k&k structure and propose a construction method for k&k structure design.Simulations are conducted for spare spectrum resources effi ciency of the pre-confi gured k&k structure under multi-faults on representative COST239 and NSFnet topologies.Numerical results show that the spare spectrum resources efficiency of k&k structure can reach the lower bound on logical redundancy in static networks.And it can largely improve spare spectrum resources effi ciency compared with p-cycles based protection structure without reducing protection effi ciency under dynamic traffi cs.

Electronic Band Structure and Heat Capacity Calculation of Some TlX (X = Sb, Bi) Compounds

The tight binding linear muffin-tin-orbital (TB-LMTO) method within the local density approximation (LDA) has been used to calculate structural and electronic properties of thallium pnictides TlX (X = Sb, Bi). As a function of volume, the total energy is evaluated. Apart from this, equilibrium lattice parameter, bulk modulus, first order derivative, electronic and lattice heat co-efficient, Debye temperature and Grüneisen constants, band structure and density of states are calculated. From energy band diagram, we observed metallic behaviour in TlSb and TlBi compounds. The equilibrium lattice constants agreed well with the available data.

Structure Bearing Capacity Testing and Evaluation of Existing Bridges

The bearing capacity testing and evaluation of the existing bridge engineering structure is not only the key to clarify its structural quality and safety performance,but it also can lay a solid foundation for subsequent repairs and maintenance work.To ensure the bearing capacity,durability and reliability of existing bridges,this paper analyzes the importance and methods of testing and evaluation of structural bearing capacity of a bridge.This analysis aims to provide scientific reference for the quality assessment and subsequent repair and maintenance of existing bridge engineering structures.

QSRR Study on the Relationship between the Chromatographic Capacity Factor and Lipophilicity and Structure Parameters of Halogenated Thiophenols

The capacity factors （k＇） of fourteen types ofhalogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） and the relationships between the logarithm of capacity factor lgK＇ and methanol ratio ψ were analyzed. A fair linear relationship is found between lgK＇ and ψ, and the correlation coefficients R2 of the constructed linear equations are all greater than 0.990. Relationship between the chromatographic data lgKw＇ when extrapolated to pure water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient lgKow obtained by the group contribution method has shown a good linear correlation with R2= 0.956. The structure parameters of fourteen halogenated thiophenols were calculated by using DFT, and the correlation equation of lgKw＇ and structure parameters was obtained by using SPSS, lgKw＇ = -0.409 ＋ 0.039a and R2 = 0.981, meaning that lgKw＇ is mainly determined by the polarizability α.

Mechanism of Capacity Fading Caused by Mn(Ⅱ)Deposition on Anodes for Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxide Cell

The capacity fade of spinel lithium manganese oxide in lithium-ion batteries is a bottleneck challenge for the large-scale application.The traditional opinion is that Mn（Ⅱ） ions in the anode are reduced to the metallic manganese that helps for catalyzing electrolyte decomposition.This could poison and damage the solid electrolyte interface（SEI） film,leading to the the capacity fade in Li-ion batteries.We propose a new mechanism that Mn（Ⅱ） deposites at the anode hinders and/or blocks the intercalation/de-intercalation of lithium ions,which leads to the capacity fade in Li-ion batteries.Based on the new mechanism assumption,a kind of new structure with core-shell characteristic is designed to inhabit manganese ion dissolution,thus improving electrochemical cycle performance of the cell.By the way,this mechanism hypothesis is also supported by the results of these experiments.The LiMn2-xTixO4 shell layer enhances cathode resistance to corrosion attack and effectively suppresses dissolution of Mn,then improves battery cycle performance with LiMn_2O_4 cathode,even at high rate and elevated temperature.

Load-settlement behaviour of a strip footing resting on iron ore tailings as a structural fill

This study presents a laboratory investigation of load-settlement behaviour of a strip footing resting on iron ore tailings used as a structural fill.The footing was placed at various depths in the tailings bed.The relative density of the tailings was varied as D_r = 50%,70%and 90%.An incremental load was applied on the footing while observing the settlement until the failure took place.The results obtained for tailings were compared with those for the sandy soil.It is observed that the load-bearing capacity and stiffness increase with an increase in footing embedment depth and relative density.Compared to load-settlement behaviour of Perth sandy soil,the tailings fill could have as high as 22 times and 13.5 times the load-bearing capacity and stiffness,respectively.Therefore,the replacement of sandy soil with iron ore tailings for structural fills is cost-effective,and moreover,this application contributes to environmental sustainability in construction.