The nationally registered rice varieties during 2006-2015 were analyzed and there were 49.4 varieties on average annually registered in the last decade. In terms of the structure of varieties, there was a decreasing t...The nationally registered rice varieties during 2006-2015 were analyzed and there were 49.4 varieties on average annually registered in the last decade. In terms of the structure of varieties, there was a decreasing trend for the proportion of three-line hybrid rice varieties but a rapid increase for that of two-line hybrid rice varieties. The percentage of rice varieties developed by scientific research institu- tions was decreasing but that developed by seed companies kept a rapid increase, indicating the commercial breeding conducted by seed companies has become a principal model in rice breeding. With regard to grain quality of varieties, the con- ventional rice varieties showed an increasing trend while the hybrid rice varieties had a decreasing trend in the proportion of high quality varieties, indicating hybrid rice needs improving more in grain quality in breeding programs.展开更多
The euphemism is a phenomenon of language variation with different language varieties. And this phenomenon is closely related with social context. Register, as a concrete representation of context, especially its teno...The euphemism is a phenomenon of language variation with different language varieties. And this phenomenon is closely related with social context. Register, as a concrete representation of context, especially its tenor of discourse, makes great influence on what kind of euphemism and what level of euphemism people will use to achieve effective communication. Therefore, euphemism as language variation will be analyzed from the perspective of tenor of discourse in Halliday's Register Theory in order to enhance learners' pragmatic awareness and pragmatic competence when learning English euphemism or in daily communication.展开更多
This article applies the theories of gender differences in language use, makes a survey of non-English major graduates' English writing, and analyzes the gender differences in EFL writing proficiency and particularly...This article applies the theories of gender differences in language use, makes a survey of non-English major graduates' English writing, and analyzes the gender differences in EFL writing proficiency and particularly in the use of oral/written register features, aiming to provide suggestions for gendered teaching in EFL writing.展开更多
The rising use of nonanesthesiologist-administered sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy has clinical significances. Most endoscopic patients require some forms of sedation and/or anesthesia. The goals of this sedat...The rising use of nonanesthesiologist-administered sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy has clinical significances. Most endoscopic patients require some forms of sedation and/or anesthesia. The goals of this sedation are to guard the patient's safety, minimize physical discomfort, to control behavior and to diminish psychological responses. Generally, moderate sedation for these procedures has been offered by the non-anesthesiologist by using benzodiazepines and/or opioids. Anesthesiologists and non-anesthesiologist personnel will need to work together for these challenges and for safety of the patients. The sedation training courses including clinical skills and knowledge are necessary for the registered nurses to facilitate the patient safety and the successful procedure. However, appropriate patient selection and preparation, adequate monitoring and regular training will ensure that the use of nurse-administered sedation is a feasible and safe technique for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.展开更多
As the cash register system gradually prevailed in shopping malls, detecting the abnormal status of the cash register system has gradually become a hotspot issue. This paper analyzes the transaction data of a shopping...As the cash register system gradually prevailed in shopping malls, detecting the abnormal status of the cash register system has gradually become a hotspot issue. This paper analyzes the transaction data of a shopping mall. When calculating the degree of data difference, the coefficient of variation is used as the attribute weight;the weighted Euclidean distance is used to calculate the degree of difference;and k-means clustering is used to classify different time periods. It applies the LOF algorithm to detect the outlier degree of transaction data at each time period, sets the initial threshold to detect outliers, deletes the outliers, and then performs SAX detection on the data set. If it does not pass the test, then it will gradually expand the outlying domain and repeat the above process to optimize the outlier threshold to improve the sensitivity of detection algorithm and reduce false positives.展开更多
Due to the fact that the register files seriously affect the performance and area of coarse-grained reconfigurable cryptographic processors, an efficient structure of the distributed cross-domain register file is prop...Due to the fact that the register files seriously affect the performance and area of coarse-grained reconfigurable cryptographic processors, an efficient structure of the distributed cross-domain register file is proposed to realize a cryptographic processor with a high performance and a lowarea cost. In order to meet the demands of high performance and high flexibility at a lowarea cost, a union structure with the multi-ports access structure, i, e., a distributed crossdomain register file, is designed by analyzing the algorithm features of different ciphers. Considering different algorithm requirements of the global register files and local register files,the circuit design is realized by adopting different design parameters under TSMC( Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) 40 nm CMOS( complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology and compared with other similar works. The experimental results showthat the proposed distributed cross-domain register structure can effectively improve the performance of the unit area, of which the total performance of block per cycle is improved by17. 79% and performance of block per cycle per area is improved by 117%.展开更多
Benzene is a classified as ahuman carcinogen that can cause myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenousleukemia;.This compound is also a potent toxin suppressing the bone marrow.Accordingly,benzene causes serious h...Benzene is a classified as ahuman carcinogen that can cause myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenousleukemia;.This compound is also a potent toxin suppressing the bone marrow.Accordingly,benzene causes serious hematological adverse effects,such as pancytopenia and aplastic展开更多
Background:Success in the National Qualified Examination for Registered Professional Nurses(NQEX-RPN)is a critical issue for each nursing student and every nursing school.However,to date,little research has been condu...Background:Success in the National Qualified Examination for Registered Professional Nurses(NQEX-RPN)is a critical issue for each nursing student and every nursing school.However,to date,little research has been conducted regarding the degree of risk for licensure failure associated with specific academic courses and clinical internships in China's Mainland.Objective:This study aimed to explore the relationship of academic courses and clinical internships to performance on the NQEX-RPN in China's Mainland.Methods:This was a retrospective descriptive study.Two hundred twenty-eight new graduates were recruited froma four-year baccalaureate nursing programin China's Mainland.The scores of academic courses and clinical internships were recorded from the Teaching and Learning administration of the university.The NQEX-RPN performance data was collected from the Provincial Health Department.Personal information was collected from the participants.Multiple stepwise regression was used to identify predictors of the NQEX-RPN.Results:Twenty-three courses and four clinical internships were positively associated with NQEX-RPN performance.Surgical nursing,Medical nursing,Computer basics and Community health care explained the 36.2%of the total variance of Theoretical Knowledge(F=31.313,p=0.000);clinical internships of obstetrics and gynecology nursing,pediatrics and surgical nursing explained the 28.1%of the total variance of Application Skills(F=28.852,p=0.000).Conclusion:Surgical-medicine nursing,Community health care,Computer basics and clinical internships are beneficial in assisting students and educators to identify the risk of students'performance in the NQEX-RPN.展开更多
Register, or the functional variety of language, is presented in situational contexts. The situational context is composed of field, tenor and mode of discourse, which manifests the register's features. An author is ...Register, or the functional variety of language, is presented in situational contexts. The situational context is composed of field, tenor and mode of discourse, which manifests the register's features. An author is to make different choices to express meanings, i.e., to choose expressions among potential meanings that are appropriate to contexts. The paper intends to present the instructive and practical values of register in English writing teaching.展开更多
The Precambrian basement rocks in the Bengbu and neighboring areas, located at the southeastern margin of the North China Craton, occur as granulite terrains and xenoliths in the Mesozoic dioritic porphyry.
The stability of Non-Linear Feedback Shift Registers(NFSRs)plays an important role in the cryptographic security.Due to the complexity of nonlinear systems and the lack of efficient algebraic tools,the theorems relate...The stability of Non-Linear Feedback Shift Registers(NFSRs)plays an important role in the cryptographic security.Due to the complexity of nonlinear systems and the lack of efficient algebraic tools,the theorems related to the stability of NFSRs are still not well-developed.In this paper,we view the NFSR with periodic inputs as a Boolean control network.Based on the mathematical tool of semi-tensor product(STP),the Boolean network can be mapped into an algebraic form.Through these basic theories,we analyze the state space of non-autonomous NFSRs,and discuss the stability of an NFSR with periodic inputs of limited length or unlimited length.The simulation results are provided to prove the efficiency of the model.Based on these works,we can provide a method to analyze the stability of the NFSR with periodic input,including limited length and unlimited length.By this,we can efficiently reduce the computational complexity,and its efficiency is demonstrated by applying the theorem in simulations dealing with the stability of a non-autonomous NFSR.展开更多
The three variables—field,mode and tenor form the integrated system of a register which has the function of reflecting culture and language features.Via the analysis of the three dimensions of register,it intends to ...The three variables—field,mode and tenor form the integrated system of a register which has the function of reflecting culture and language features.Via the analysis of the three dimensions of register,it intends to explore the influence of register on the formality degrees of language,so that the proper formality degrees of language are chosen during communication.展开更多
According to M. A. K. Halliday, language varieties can be categorized into different registers in line with the given con? text. The three social variables of register are field, tenor and mode, to which speakers may ...According to M. A. K. Halliday, language varieties can be categorized into different registers in line with the given con? text. The three social variables of register are field, tenor and mode, to which speakers may adapt their language behaviours. On the basis of Halliday’s Register Theory, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the newly-born language variety, the barrage language (弹幕语言), to promote readers’understanding towards it and help to better comprehend the reasonableness of its existence.展开更多
Recently,register theory has been largely adopted in translation studies.It can better avoid subjective factors in translation in perspective of register.It can also evaluate"faithfulness"of translated text ...Recently,register theory has been largely adopted in translation studies.It can better avoid subjective factors in translation in perspective of register.It can also evaluate"faithfulness"of translated text in a rigorous way.In the paper,register theory is introduced to political discourse translation.In Halliday's systemic functional grammar,he defines"register"as the context of situation.And there are three variables of register,respectively,field,tenor and mode.Field means what is taking place in the discourse.By tenor,it refers to who is taking part in the discourse,i.e.participant.As for mode of discourse,it means what the language will do for the participants in the context of situation.The paper aims to discuss the guiding role that register theory has to political discourse translation practice through field,tenor and mode.展开更多
We investigate the dynamical behaviors of quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty and its lower bound in the amplitude-damping channel. The influences of different placement positions of the quantum register on t...We investigate the dynamical behaviors of quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty and its lower bound in the amplitude-damping channel. The influences of different placement positions of the quantum register on the dynamics of quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, and quantum discord are analyzed in detail. The numerical simulation results show that the quantum register should be placed in the channel of the non-Markovian effect. This option is beneficial to reduce the entropic uncertainty and its lower bound. We also find that this choice does not change the evolution of the quantum coherence and quantum entanglement, but changes the dynamical process of the quantum discord of the system.These results show that quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, and quantum discord are different quantum resources with unique characteristics and properties, and quantum discord can play a key role in reducing the uncertainty of quantum systems.展开更多
To construct the Agricultural Scientific and Technical Information Core Metadata (ASTICM) standard and its expanding principles, and to develop a register system based on ASTICM, the policy and methods of DC (Dubli...To construct the Agricultural Scientific and Technical Information Core Metadata (ASTICM) standard and its expanding principles, and to develop a register system based on ASTICM, the policy and methods of DC (Dublin Core) and SDBCM (Scientific Database Core Metadata) were studied. The construction of ASTICM has started from the proposed elements of the DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative), and has expanded the DC and SDBCM with related expanding principles. ASTICM finally includes 75 metadata elements, five expanded principles, and seven application profile creation methods. According to the requirement analysis of a large number of users of agricultural information, a register system based on ASTICM was developed. The ASTICM standard framework and its register system supported the search, sharing, integration exchange and other applications, effectively.展开更多
Health information systems are the basis of eHealth at regional and national levels. They provide the maintenance of traditional medical documents in out-patient clinics and hospitals in electronic form. At the same t...Health information systems are the basis of eHealth at regional and national levels. They provide the maintenance of traditional medical documents in out-patient clinics and hospitals in electronic form. At the same time, specialized registries are monitoring systems for the health status of people with certain diseases. However, the creation of registers as independent information systems, which takes place to this day, is now inadvisable, since the necessary information can be obtained from the Electronic Healthcare Record/ Electronic Medical Record. In this case, specialized registers are implemented as virtual systems of a temporary or permanent type. Regarding patient registers, they integrate data from electronic medical records and information from patients or their relatives.展开更多
AIM To investigate the inter-and intra-rater reliability of the vertebral fracture classifications used in the Swedish fracture register.METHODS Radiological images of consecutive patients with cervical spine fracture...AIM To investigate the inter-and intra-rater reliability of the vertebral fracture classifications used in the Swedish fracture register.METHODS Radiological images of consecutive patients with cervical spine fractures(n = 50)were classified by 5 raters with different experience levels at two occasions. An identical process was performed with thoracolumbar fractures(n = 50). Cohen's kappa was used to calculate the inter-and intra-rater reliability.RESULTS The mean kappa coefficient for inter-rater reliability ranged between 0.54 and0.79 for the cervical fracture classifications, between 0.51 and 0.72 for the thoracolumbar classifications(overall and for different sub classifications), and between 0.65 and 0.77 for the presence or absence of signs of ankylosing disorder in the fracture area. The mean kappa coefficient for intra-rater reliability ranged between 0.58 and 0.80 for the cervical fracture classifications, between 0.46 and0.68 for the thoracolumbar fracture classifications(overall and for different sub classifications) and between 0.79 and 0.81 for the presence or absence of signs of ankylosing disorder in the fracture area.CONCLUSION The classifications used in the Swedish fracture register for vertebral fractures have an acceptable inter-and intra-rater reliability with a moderate strength of agreement.展开更多
基金Supported by Social Undertaking and People's Livelihood Guarantee Science and Technology Innovation Fund(cstc2016shms-ztzx0013cstc2016shms-ztzx0032 and cstc2016shms-ztzx0017)~~
文摘The nationally registered rice varieties during 2006-2015 were analyzed and there were 49.4 varieties on average annually registered in the last decade. In terms of the structure of varieties, there was a decreasing trend for the proportion of three-line hybrid rice varieties but a rapid increase for that of two-line hybrid rice varieties. The percentage of rice varieties developed by scientific research institu- tions was decreasing but that developed by seed companies kept a rapid increase, indicating the commercial breeding conducted by seed companies has become a principal model in rice breeding. With regard to grain quality of varieties, the con- ventional rice varieties showed an increasing trend while the hybrid rice varieties had a decreasing trend in the proportion of high quality varieties, indicating hybrid rice needs improving more in grain quality in breeding programs.
文摘The euphemism is a phenomenon of language variation with different language varieties. And this phenomenon is closely related with social context. Register, as a concrete representation of context, especially its tenor of discourse, makes great influence on what kind of euphemism and what level of euphemism people will use to achieve effective communication. Therefore, euphemism as language variation will be analyzed from the perspective of tenor of discourse in Halliday's Register Theory in order to enhance learners' pragmatic awareness and pragmatic competence when learning English euphemism or in daily communication.
文摘This article applies the theories of gender differences in language use, makes a survey of non-English major graduates' English writing, and analyzes the gender differences in EFL writing proficiency and particularly in the use of oral/written register features, aiming to provide suggestions for gendered teaching in EFL writing.
文摘The rising use of nonanesthesiologist-administered sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy has clinical significances. Most endoscopic patients require some forms of sedation and/or anesthesia. The goals of this sedation are to guard the patient's safety, minimize physical discomfort, to control behavior and to diminish psychological responses. Generally, moderate sedation for these procedures has been offered by the non-anesthesiologist by using benzodiazepines and/or opioids. Anesthesiologists and non-anesthesiologist personnel will need to work together for these challenges and for safety of the patients. The sedation training courses including clinical skills and knowledge are necessary for the registered nurses to facilitate the patient safety and the successful procedure. However, appropriate patient selection and preparation, adequate monitoring and regular training will ensure that the use of nurse-administered sedation is a feasible and safe technique for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
文摘As the cash register system gradually prevailed in shopping malls, detecting the abnormal status of the cash register system has gradually become a hotspot issue. This paper analyzes the transaction data of a shopping mall. When calculating the degree of data difference, the coefficient of variation is used as the attribute weight;the weighted Euclidean distance is used to calculate the degree of difference;and k-means clustering is used to classify different time periods. It applies the LOF algorithm to detect the outlier degree of transaction data at each time period, sets the initial threshold to detect outliers, deletes the outliers, and then performs SAX detection on the data set. If it does not pass the test, then it will gradually expand the outlying domain and repeat the above process to optimize the outlier threshold to improve the sensitivity of detection algorithm and reduce false positives.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61176024)
文摘Due to the fact that the register files seriously affect the performance and area of coarse-grained reconfigurable cryptographic processors, an efficient structure of the distributed cross-domain register file is proposed to realize a cryptographic processor with a high performance and a lowarea cost. In order to meet the demands of high performance and high flexibility at a lowarea cost, a union structure with the multi-ports access structure, i, e., a distributed crossdomain register file, is designed by analyzing the algorithm features of different ciphers. Considering different algorithm requirements of the global register files and local register files,the circuit design is realized by adopting different design parameters under TSMC( Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) 40 nm CMOS( complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology and compared with other similar works. The experimental results showthat the proposed distributed cross-domain register structure can effectively improve the performance of the unit area, of which the total performance of block per cycle is improved by17. 79% and performance of block per cycle per area is improved by 117%.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81730087]Jiangsu Provincial Youth Medical Talent program [QNRC2016536]+3 种基金Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province [WSW-017]Jiangsu Province’s Outstanding Medical Academic Leader program [CXTDA2017029]Preventive Medicine Foundation of Jiangsu [Y2015049]Occupational Health Risk assessement and National Occupational Hygienic Standard Formulation [131031109000150003]
文摘Benzene is a classified as ahuman carcinogen that can cause myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenousleukemia;.This compound is also a potent toxin suppressing the bone marrow.Accordingly,benzene causes serious hematological adverse effects,such as pancytopenia and aplastic
文摘Background:Success in the National Qualified Examination for Registered Professional Nurses(NQEX-RPN)is a critical issue for each nursing student and every nursing school.However,to date,little research has been conducted regarding the degree of risk for licensure failure associated with specific academic courses and clinical internships in China's Mainland.Objective:This study aimed to explore the relationship of academic courses and clinical internships to performance on the NQEX-RPN in China's Mainland.Methods:This was a retrospective descriptive study.Two hundred twenty-eight new graduates were recruited froma four-year baccalaureate nursing programin China's Mainland.The scores of academic courses and clinical internships were recorded from the Teaching and Learning administration of the university.The NQEX-RPN performance data was collected from the Provincial Health Department.Personal information was collected from the participants.Multiple stepwise regression was used to identify predictors of the NQEX-RPN.Results:Twenty-three courses and four clinical internships were positively associated with NQEX-RPN performance.Surgical nursing,Medical nursing,Computer basics and Community health care explained the 36.2%of the total variance of Theoretical Knowledge(F=31.313,p=0.000);clinical internships of obstetrics and gynecology nursing,pediatrics and surgical nursing explained the 28.1%of the total variance of Application Skills(F=28.852,p=0.000).Conclusion:Surgical-medicine nursing,Community health care,Computer basics and clinical internships are beneficial in assisting students and educators to identify the risk of students'performance in the NQEX-RPN.
文摘Register, or the functional variety of language, is presented in situational contexts. The situational context is composed of field, tenor and mode of discourse, which manifests the register's features. An author is to make different choices to express meanings, i.e., to choose expressions among potential meanings that are appropriate to contexts. The paper intends to present the instructive and practical values of register in English writing teaching.
基金financially supported by the Ph.D Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(grant No.20133402130008)the National Basic Research Program of China(grant No.2015CB856104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41273036)
文摘The Precambrian basement rocks in the Bengbu and neighboring areas, located at the southeastern margin of the North China Craton, occur as granulite terrains and xenoliths in the Mesozoic dioritic porphyry.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.61672020,U1803263,61662069,61762068,31560622,31260538,30960246,31672385,71761029)Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2013M542560,2015T81129)+6 种基金A Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program(No.J16LN61)Inner Mongolia Colleges and Universities Scientific and Technological Research Projects(Grant No.NJZC17148)CERNET Innovation Project(No.NGII20161209)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of china(No.2017MS0610,No.2017MS717)Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJYT-18-A13)Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of economic data analysis and mining China-Mongolia Scientific Research Capacity Building of Incubator,Joint Laboratory and Technology Transfer Center,Education research project of national finance and economics(No.MZCJYB1803)Postgraduate research and innovation project of Inner Mongolia university of finance and economics.
文摘The stability of Non-Linear Feedback Shift Registers(NFSRs)plays an important role in the cryptographic security.Due to the complexity of nonlinear systems and the lack of efficient algebraic tools,the theorems related to the stability of NFSRs are still not well-developed.In this paper,we view the NFSR with periodic inputs as a Boolean control network.Based on the mathematical tool of semi-tensor product(STP),the Boolean network can be mapped into an algebraic form.Through these basic theories,we analyze the state space of non-autonomous NFSRs,and discuss the stability of an NFSR with periodic inputs of limited length or unlimited length.The simulation results are provided to prove the efficiency of the model.Based on these works,we can provide a method to analyze the stability of the NFSR with periodic input,including limited length and unlimited length.By this,we can efficiently reduce the computational complexity,and its efficiency is demonstrated by applying the theorem in simulations dealing with the stability of a non-autonomous NFSR.
文摘The three variables—field,mode and tenor form the integrated system of a register which has the function of reflecting culture and language features.Via the analysis of the three dimensions of register,it intends to explore the influence of register on the formality degrees of language,so that the proper formality degrees of language are chosen during communication.
文摘According to M. A. K. Halliday, language varieties can be categorized into different registers in line with the given con? text. The three social variables of register are field, tenor and mode, to which speakers may adapt their language behaviours. On the basis of Halliday’s Register Theory, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the newly-born language variety, the barrage language (弹幕语言), to promote readers’understanding towards it and help to better comprehend the reasonableness of its existence.
文摘Recently,register theory has been largely adopted in translation studies.It can better avoid subjective factors in translation in perspective of register.It can also evaluate"faithfulness"of translated text in a rigorous way.In the paper,register theory is introduced to political discourse translation.In Halliday's systemic functional grammar,he defines"register"as the context of situation.And there are three variables of register,respectively,field,tenor and mode.Field means what is taking place in the discourse.By tenor,it refers to who is taking part in the discourse,i.e.participant.As for mode of discourse,it means what the language will do for the participants in the context of situation.The paper aims to discuss the guiding role that register theory has to political discourse translation practice through field,tenor and mode.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11264015 and 11404150)
文摘We investigate the dynamical behaviors of quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty and its lower bound in the amplitude-damping channel. The influences of different placement positions of the quantum register on the dynamics of quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, and quantum discord are analyzed in detail. The numerical simulation results show that the quantum register should be placed in the channel of the non-Markovian effect. This option is beneficial to reduce the entropic uncertainty and its lower bound. We also find that this choice does not change the evolution of the quantum coherence and quantum entanglement, but changes the dynamical process of the quantum discord of the system.These results show that quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, and quantum discord are different quantum resources with unique characteristics and properties, and quantum discord can play a key role in reducing the uncertainty of quantum systems.
文摘To construct the Agricultural Scientific and Technical Information Core Metadata (ASTICM) standard and its expanding principles, and to develop a register system based on ASTICM, the policy and methods of DC (Dublin Core) and SDBCM (Scientific Database Core Metadata) were studied. The construction of ASTICM has started from the proposed elements of the DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative), and has expanded the DC and SDBCM with related expanding principles. ASTICM finally includes 75 metadata elements, five expanded principles, and seven application profile creation methods. According to the requirement analysis of a large number of users of agricultural information, a register system based on ASTICM was developed. The ASTICM standard framework and its register system supported the search, sharing, integration exchange and other applications, effectively.
文摘Health information systems are the basis of eHealth at regional and national levels. They provide the maintenance of traditional medical documents in out-patient clinics and hospitals in electronic form. At the same time, specialized registries are monitoring systems for the health status of people with certain diseases. However, the creation of registers as independent information systems, which takes place to this day, is now inadvisable, since the necessary information can be obtained from the Electronic Healthcare Record/ Electronic Medical Record. In this case, specialized registers are implemented as virtual systems of a temporary or permanent type. Regarding patient registers, they integrate data from electronic medical records and information from patients or their relatives.
文摘AIM To investigate the inter-and intra-rater reliability of the vertebral fracture classifications used in the Swedish fracture register.METHODS Radiological images of consecutive patients with cervical spine fractures(n = 50)were classified by 5 raters with different experience levels at two occasions. An identical process was performed with thoracolumbar fractures(n = 50). Cohen's kappa was used to calculate the inter-and intra-rater reliability.RESULTS The mean kappa coefficient for inter-rater reliability ranged between 0.54 and0.79 for the cervical fracture classifications, between 0.51 and 0.72 for the thoracolumbar classifications(overall and for different sub classifications), and between 0.65 and 0.77 for the presence or absence of signs of ankylosing disorder in the fracture area. The mean kappa coefficient for intra-rater reliability ranged between 0.58 and 0.80 for the cervical fracture classifications, between 0.46 and0.68 for the thoracolumbar fracture classifications(overall and for different sub classifications) and between 0.79 and 0.81 for the presence or absence of signs of ankylosing disorder in the fracture area.CONCLUSION The classifications used in the Swedish fracture register for vertebral fractures have an acceptable inter-and intra-rater reliability with a moderate strength of agreement.