Heterogeneous population distribution enhances resistance to wheat lodging by optimizing the light environment

Lodging is still the key factor that limits continuous increases in wheat yields today,because the mechanical strength of culms is reduced due to low-light stress in populations under high-yield cultivation.The mechanical properties of the culm are mainly determined by lignin,which is affected by the light environment.However,little is known about whether the light environment can be sufficiently improved by changing the population distribution to inhibit culm lodging.Therefore,in this study,we used the wheat cultivar“Xinong 979”to establish a low-density homogeneous distribution treatment(LD),high-density homogeneous distribution treatment(HD),and high-density heterogeneous distribution treatment(HD-h)to study the regulatory effects and mechanism responsible for differences in the lodging resistance of wheat culms under different population distributions.Compared with LD,HD significantly reduced the light transmittance in the middle and basal layers of the canopy,the net photosynthetic rate in the middle and lower leaves of plants,the accumulation of lignin in the culm,and the breaking resistance of the culm,and thus the lodging index values increased significantly,with lodging rates of 67.5%in 2020–2021 and 59.3%in 2021–2022.Under HD-h,the light transmittance and other indicators in the middle and basal canopy layers were significantly higher than those under HD,and the lodging index decreased to the point that no lodging occurred.Compared with LD,the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-Lyase(PAL),4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase(4CL),catecholO-methyltransferase(COMT),and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD)in the lignin synthesis pathway were significantly reduced in the culms under HD during the critical period for culm formation,and the relative expression levels of TaPAL,Ta4CL,TaCOMT,and TaCAD were significantly downregulated.However,the activities of lignin synthesis-related enzymes and their gene expression levels were significantly increased under HD-h compared with HD.A partial least squares path modeling analysis found significant positive effects between the canopy light environment,the photosynthetic capacity of the middle and lower leaves of plants,lignin synthesis and accumulation,and lodging resistance in the culms.Thus,under conventional high-density planting,the risk of wheat lodging was significantly higher.Accordingly,the canopy light environment can be optimized by changing the heterogeneity of the population distribution to improve the photosynthetic capacity of the middle and lower leaves of plants,promote lignin accumulation in the culm,and enhance lodging resistance in wheat.These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanism responsible for the lower mechanical strength of the culm under high-yield wheat cultivation,and a theoretical basis and for developing technical measures to enhance lodging resistance.

Relationships Between the Distribution of Relative Canopy Light Intensity and the Peach Yield and Quality

The aim of the present experiment was to study the relationship between the distribution of relative light intensity in canopy and yield and quality of Wanmi peach. The optimum relative canopy light intensity was judged to be 36.3% for high quality peaches, when canopy volumes of Wanmi peach trees with a relative light intensity 〈 30% accounted for 7.7 and 47.9% of the total canopy volume in June and September, respectively. The canopy volume with a relative light intensity 〉 80% was 27.7 and 3.1% of the total canopy volume in June and September, respectively. Peach canopies were divided into 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m cubes, with the relative light intensity being measured at different positions of the canopy during the growing season. Yield and fruit quality were also measured at these positions at harvest. The results showed that the relative light intensity decreased gradually from outside to inside and from top to bottom of the tree canopy. Fruit were mainly distributed in the upper and middle portions of the canopy, 1.5-3.0 m above ground. Regression results showed that single fruit weight and soluble solid content were positively related to relative light intensity.

Estimating light interception using the color attributes of digital images of cotton canopies

Crop growth and yield depend on canopy light interception （LI）. To identify a low-cost and relatively efficient index for measuring LI, several color attributes of red-green-blue （RGB）, hue-saturation-intensity （HSI）, hue-saturation-value （HSV） color models and the component values of color attributes in the RGB color model were investigated using digital images at six cotton plant population densities in 2012-2014. The results showed that the LI values followed downward quadratic curves after planting. The red （R）, green （G） and blue （B） values varied greatly over the years, in accordance with Cai＇s research demonstrating that the RGB model is affected by outside light. Quadratic curves were fit to these color attributes at six plant population densities. Additionally, linear regressions of LI on every color attribute revealed that the hue （H） values in HSI and HSV were significantly linearly correlated with LI with a determination coefficient （R2）〉0.89 and a root mean square error （RMSE）=0.05. Thus, the H values in the HSI and HSV models could be used to measure LI, and this hypothesis was validated. The H values are new indexes for quantitatively estimating the LI of heterogeneous crop cano- pies, which will provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the crop canopy structure. However, further research should be conducted in other crops and under other growing and environmental conditions to verify this finding.

Effect of Cultivation Pattern on the Light Radiation of Group Canopy and Yield of Spring Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merrill)

Heilongjiang Province is the main soybean-producing area in china. In this study, we analyzed the canopy structure, dynamic characteristics of light radiation and yield of Hefeng50 (the main variety of soybean in Heilongjiang Province) under six different cultivation patterns (ORP, TPCR, ORCP, BRHD, SRHD and FPHD). The results showed that SRHD and BRHD at different growth period (blossom period R1, podding R3 and grain filing period R5) produced an even distribution of the population leaf area, suitable mean foliage inclination angle (MFIA), low transparency coefficients for defuse penetration (TCDP) and transparency coefficients for radiation penetration (TCRP), high leaf area index (LAI), extinction light coefficient (K value), fraction of radiation intercepted (FRI) and light energy utilization rate. Grain number, dry matter weight per plant, and yield of SRHD and BRHD were significantly higher than those of other cultivation patterns. The yield of SRHD, BRHD, ORCP, FPHD and TPCR was increased by 136%, 112%, 79%, 50.1% and 14.7%, respectively, compared to that of ORP. These results suggest that SRHD and BRHD are the optimal cultivation pattern for the improvement of soybean yield in phaeozem region of northeastern China.

Overhead supplemental far-red light stimulates tomato growth under intra-canopy lighting with LEDs

Far-red(FR) light regulates phytochrome-mediated morphological and physiological plant responses.This study aims to investigate how greenhouse tomato morphology and production response to different durations of FR light during daytime and at the end of day(EOD).High-wire tomato plants were grown under intra-canopy lighting consisting of red(peak wavelength at 640 nm) and blue(peak wavelength at 450 nm) light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) of 144 μmol m–2 s–1 at 10 cm away from the lamps,and combined with overhead supplemental FR light(peak wavelength at 735 nm) with PPFD of 43 μmol m–2 s–1 at 20 cm below the lamps.Plants were exposed to three durations of FR supplemental lighting including: 06:00–18:00(FR12),18:00–19:30(EOD-FR1.5),18:00–18:30(EOD-FR0.5),and control that without supplemental FR light.The results showed that supplemental FR light significantly stimulated stem elongation thereby resulting in longer plants compared with the control.Moreover,FR light altered leaf morphology toward higher leaf length/width ratio and larger leaf area.The altered plant architecture in FR supplemented plants led to a more homogeneous light distribution inside the canopy.Total plant biomass was increased by 9–16% under supplemental FR light in comparison with control,which led to 7–12% increase in ripe fruit yield.Soluble sugar content of the ripe tomato fruit was slightly decreased by longer exposure of the plants to FR light.Dry matter partitioning to different plant organs were not substantially affected by the FR light treatments.No significant differences were observed among the three FR light treatments in plant morphology as well as yield and biomass production.We conclude that under intra-canopy lighting,overhead supplemental FR light stimulates tomato growth and production.And supplementary of EOD-FR0.5 is more favorable,as it consumes less electricity but induces similar effects on plant morphology and yield.

The Distribution of Relative Light Intensity in a Peach Tree Canopy Affects Fruit Yield and Texture

Light is crucial to the uniform production of high-quality fruit since it is the driving force for leaf photosynthesis and hence overall plant nutrition.The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of relative light intensity in the peach tree(Prunus persica)canopy and the yield and texture of peach fruits.The canopy of 7-year-old‘Qiuyan’was divided into cubical volumes and the relative light intensity distribution was measured for each cube,along with yield distribution and fruit textural properties at different growing times.The relative light intensity decreased gradually from outside to inside the canopy and from top to bottom.The yield distribution and the relative light intensity were clearly correlated.The percentage of the canopy receiving<30%relative light intensity was 49.07%in May,56.02%in June,and 58.95%in July,whereas the percentage receiving>80%relative light intensity was 32.72%,17.28%,and 10.96%,respectively.Consistent with this,peaches were found in the upper and middle portions of the canopy,within 1.5-3.0 m of the top.The regression equation showed that fruit texture index correlated significantly with relative light intensity.Relative light intensity is the main factor affecting peach yield and texture and must be above 41.83%for good peach quality.Orchardists should carefully plan summer pruning strategies to adjust the number and spatial distribution of branches accordingly.

Sun-tracking Multi-layer Stereo-cultivation System Improves Canopy Light of Strawberry

In order to efficiently solve the shading problem between the upper layer and lower layer in the same cultivation system and between adjacent cultivation systems in multi-layer stereo-cultivation of strawberry,and to improve the fixed A-frame system,a novel cultivation system-sun-tracking system was developed that could keep north-south line of cultivation frame parallel to sunray to make the best use of direct light.In this study,crop canopy light condition of sun-tracking and fixed systems were tested and compared.Results showed that integrated PPF of sun-tracking system is higher than that of fixed system in both middle and lower layers.On sunny day compared with fixed system,integrated PPF on middle and lower layer of suntracking system increased by 16.0%,9.1% in January and 19.6%,4.1% in February,while on cloudy day improvement on light condition of sun-tracking system is not evident as sunny days.Thus sun-tracking system can effectively alleviate shading problem between layers and improve plant canopy light environment.

Approach to Modeling and Virtual-reality-based Simulation for Plant Canopy Lighting

Over the past 20 years, significant progress has been made in virtual plant modeling corresponding to the rapid advances in information technology. Virtual plant research has broad applications in agronomy, forestry, ecol- ogy and remote sensing. As many biological processes are driven by light, it is the key for virtual plant to estimate the light absorbed by each organ. This paper presents the radiance equation suitable for calculating sun and sky light intercepted by plant organs based on the principles of the interaction between light and plant canopy firstly; analyzes the process principles of plant canopy primary lighting based on ray casting and projection secondly; describes the multiple scattering of plant lighting based on Monte Carlo ray tracing method and on the radiosity method thirdly; and confirms the research with 3D visualization based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) finally. The research is the primary work of digital agriculture, and important for monitoring and estimating corn growth in Northeast China.

Direct measurement of the three-dimensional distribution of leaf area density and light conditions in a mature oak stand by the cube method

Although the distributions of foliage and light play major roles in various forest functions,accurate,nondestructive measurement of these distributions is difficult due to the complexity of the canopy structure.To evaluate the foliage and light distributions directly and nondestructively in a mature oak stand,we used the cube method by dividing the forest canopy into small cubes(50 cm per side)and directly measured leaf area density(LAD,the total one-sided leaf area per unit volume,i.e.,cube)and relative irradiance(RI)within each cube.The distribution of LAD and of RI was highly heterogeneous,even at the same canopy height.This heterogeneity reflected the presence of foliage clusters associated with multiple forking branches.The relationship between cumulative LAD at the canopy surface and average RI followed the Beer-Lambert law.The mean light extinction coefficient(K)was 0.32.However,K was overestimated by more than double(0.80)when calculated based on the classical method using RI at the forest floor.This overestimation was caused by the lower RI due to light absorption by nonleaf plant parts below the canopy.Our findings on the complex foliage and light distributions in canopy layers should help improve the accuracy of RI and K measurements and thus more accurate predictions of environmental responses and forest functions.

城市森林结构多样性预测冠下地面温度的潜力研究

城市森林冠层具有调控城市森林微气候的能力,但现有研究尚未阐明冠层结构对冠下地面温度的影响及其预测潜力。文章基于无人机机载激光雷达(UAV-LiDAR)提取哈尔滨林业示范基地的城市森林冠层结构多样性特征指标,探究单一结构多样性特征对冠下地面温度的影响,以及结构多样性多因子组合对温度的预测潜力。结果表明:1)城市森林结构多样性的8个特征因子与冠下地面温度呈显著相关关系(P<0.05),其中深间隙(DG)、深间隙分数(DGF)、覆盖分数(CF)、间隙分数分布(GFP)表征了结构多样性的覆盖/开放度特征;冠层高度标准差(H_(std))、冠层高度最大值(H_(max))、95%分位点高度(ZQ_(95))表征了高度特征;垂直复杂指数(VCI)表征了异质性特征。2)城市森林冠层结构多样性的覆盖/开放度特征对冠下地面温度的响应更强(R^(2)为0.15~0.5),强于高度指标(R^(2)为0.14~0.19)以及异质性指标(R^(2)=0.14)。3)结合高度指标、覆盖/开放度指标以及异质性指标的多因子预测模型2(R^(2)=0.61,RMSE=0.51,MSE=0.26,AIC=62.74),对于冠下地面温度的预测性能更优。研究明晰了城市森林结构多样性的多因子变量及其特征组合预测冠下地面温度的潜力,为城市森林冠层结构调控内部小气候环境研究提供了科学参考。

Effects of Plant Density on Yield and Canopy Micro Environment in Hybrid Cotton

A rational plant population is an important attribute to high yield of cotton, because it can provide a beneficial micro environment within the canopy for plant growth and development as well as yield formation. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal plant density based on cotton yield in relation to the canopy micro environment （canopy temperature, relative humidity and light transmittance）. Six plant densities （1.2-5.7 plants m^-2） were arranged with a completely randomized block design. The highest cotton yield （1 507 kg ha^-1） was obtained at 3.0 plants m^-2 due to more bolls per unit ground area （79 bolls m2）, while the lowest yield （1 091 kg ha1） was obtained at 1.2 plants m^-2. Under the moderate plant density （3.0 plants m^-2）, there was a lower mean daily temperature （MDT, 27. 1℃） attributing to medium daily minimum temperature （Train, 21.9℃） and the lowest daily maximum temperature （Tmax, 35.8℃）, a moderate mean canopy light transmittance of 0.51, and lower mean daily relative humidity （MRH） of 79.7% from June to October. The results suggest that 3.0 plants m^-2 would be the optimal plant density because it provides a better canopy micro environment.

Influences of open-central canopy on photosynthetic parameters and fruit quality of apples(Malus×domestica)in the Loess Plateau of China

Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and fruit quality in apple trees were measured in OCC and compared with those in the conventional condensed round and large canopy(RLC).Results showed that light intercepted at different orientations was 44%higher by OCC than that by RLC.The improved light environment within OCC remarkably increased leaf maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax)and significantly decreased stomatal limitation.Under high light,the ratio of photorespiratory rate to gross photosynthetic rate(Pr/Pg)in OCC was higher than that in RLC.Moreover,reversible component in non-photochemical quenching(r(qE))was increased,while irreversible component(r(qI))was decreased in OCC than in RLC.As a result,the fruit quality in OCC was greatly boosted as evidenced by the significantly increased single fruit weight,fruit flesh firmness and fruit soluble solid contents and the sharply decreased fruit titratable acid contents.PAR intercepted by the canopy and the fruit soluble solid contents,leaf Pnmaxor single fruit weight were positively correlated,while PAR or Pnmaxwas negatively correlated with the fruit titratable acid contents.Accordingly,the improved crown light environment and the enhanced leaf photosynthetic performance and photoprotective capacity in OCC led to the boosted fruit quality.

Tracking leaf area index and coefficient of light extinction over the harvesting cycle of black wattle

The amount of photosynthetic radiation inter- cepted by a crop is a function of the incident solar radiation on the plants, the leaf area index （LAI）, and the light extinction coefficient （k）. We quantified LAI and k in stands of black wattle （Acacia mearnsii De Wild.） over a 7-year growth cycle at two locations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Our study was conducted in commercial stands in agroecological regions with high densities of black wattle plantations. LAI was calculated as the ratio between the leaf area of a tree and its planting space, and k was derived from Beer＇s law. LAI depends on the planting site and stand age. Between the two sites, the LAI was similar over time, the amount of variation differed. Values of k depended only on stand age, with the highest average observed for stands up to 5 years old. The trend of k during the plantation cycle was inversely proportional to LAI and was correlated with LAI, leaf area, leaf dry mass, canopy volume, height, branches dry mass, total dry mass, and crown diameter.

The impact of plant density and spatial arrangement on light interception on cotton crop and seed cotton yield:an overview

Light attenuation within a row of crops such as cotton is influenced by canopy architecture,which is defined by size,shape and orientation of shoot components.Level of light interception causes an array of morpho-anatomical,physiological and biochemical changes.Physiological determinants of growth include light interception,light use efficiency,dry matter accumulation,duration of growth and dry matter partitioning.Maximum light utilization in cotton production can be attained by adopting cultural practices that yields optimum plant populations as they affect canopy arrangement by modifying the plant canopy components.This paper highlights the extent to which spatial arrangement and density affect light interception in cotton crops.The cotton crop branches tend to grow into the inter-row space to avoid shade.The modification of canopy components suggests a shade avoidance and competition for light.Maximum leaf area index is obtained especially at flowering stage with higher populations which depicts better yields in cotton production.

Evaluating the Conservation Efforts of Multi-Projects Using Remote Sensing and Light Use Efficiency Model: A Case of Nyungwe Forest National Park, Rwanda

This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it hosts many threatened species. As such, a number of different stakeholders have been involved in its conservation since 1987;yet, studies that emphasize and evaluate the success of these conservation efforts are limited. We combined a rapid and relatively low cost remotely-sensed data and the Light Use Efficiency model to generate forest conservation indicators such as NDVI, forest canopy Net Primary Productivity and carbon sequestered from 1986 to 2010. The influence of topographic and climatic factors on these indicators was examined. The supervised classifier was used to catalogue the area into Forest, Wetland, and Bareland. The forest was the major category (above 90%) of Nyungwe relative to wetland and bareland. Based on degradation intensity, two distinctive periods were realised;the first period spans 8 years (1986-1994) whereas the second spans 16 years (1994-2010). The former degradation intensity period is 10 times higher than the latter period. Although the size of forest recovered up to 90%, the daily NPP and carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 37.1% (i.e. NPP 6.5 Mg tons in 1986 to 4.1 Mg tons in 2010). Areas of the forest that are physically constrained (high altitude) had a higher degradation. Guided by our indicators, there is an overall success in conservation efforts, but efforts were mostly concentrated in accessible areas. Therefore, conservation efforts that aim to respond to degradation of the inaccessible areas of the forest should be stressed in the management plan of the park.

“减穴稳苗”田间配置对西南稻区水稻冠层结构和光能分布的影响

【目的】明确“减穴稳苗”田间配置对西南稻区杂交籼稻冠层结构和光能分布特征的影响,从而为“减穴稳苗”田间配置在西南稻区的推广应用提供理论和实践依据。【方法】在温江和汉源2个生态点设置田间试验,采用单因素随机区组设计,设常规密植田间配置(THDP,行穴距30.0 cm×12.0 cm,每穴1.5苗,单、双苗错穴移栽)和“减穴稳苗”田间配置(ISRH,行穴距30.0 cm×24.0 cm,每穴3苗)两种配置,研究了不同田间配置对水稻冠层结构、冠层光能分布以及光合特性的影响。【结果】(1)较常规密植,减穴稳苗显著提高了两生态点单穴茎蘖数,使抽穗期水稻上三叶的叶倾角下降了0.93%~3.97%,进而使单穴叶面积和冠层幅度显著增加80.39%和28.99%。(2)减穴稳苗改善了水稻冠层中下部通透性,使温江生态点冠层3~40 cm处的透光率提高了18.08%~42.55%,汉源生态点冠层3~100 cm处的透光率提高了5.49%~44.22%,进而使抽穗至成熟期冠层底部的日辐射量和光照度分别提高46.74%和11.54%~75.63%。(3)较常规密植,减穴稳苗有效提高了水稻上三叶的光合能力,剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的净光合速率分别提高了16.96%~30.33%、9.35%~16.62%和12.93%~32.76%。【结论】采用减穴稳苗田间配置可有效改善宜香优2115的冠层结构,使冠层中下部的透光率明显提高,进而增加冠层底部光能供给,显著提升水稻上三叶的净光合速率。

黄河三角洲白蜡人工林不同冠层光合特征研究

本研究以黄河三角洲地区典型白蜡人工林为研究对象,测定了不同冠层叶片的光响应曲线及光合参数的日变化,并对影响不同冠层净光合速率(Pn)的主要生态环境因子进行了分析。结果表明:白蜡人工林不同冠层叶片的光量子效率(α)表现为上冠层(U)>中冠层(M)>下冠层(L),最大光合速率(Pn_(max))、光饱和点(I_(sat))表现出相同的特征,而光补偿点(I_(c))变化相反,说明冠层越往上光适应范围越大;暗呼吸速率表现为冠层U>冠层L>冠层M。冠层U和冠层M的Pn呈双峰曲线变化,有明显的‘光合午休’现象,首峰出现时间均为上午10时,次峰时间分别为14时和16时;冠层L表现为单峰曲线,峰值出现在12时。逐步回归分析和通径分析表明,不同冠层Pn主要受气孔导度(Gs)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)的影响,分别表现为正向、负向影响,但不同冠层的主要影响因子存在差异,且因子间存在互作效应。总之,黄河三角洲白蜡人工林上冠层具有较高的光合能力和光合效率,这为白蜡人工林经营管理中改善其空间结构提供了参考。

华北落叶松林隙冠层结构和光环境与云杉幼树生长的关系

2021年5月份在承德市围场县龙头山分场道坝子营林区,以林下更新云杉(14 a)的50年生华北落叶松(Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii(Mayr)Pilger)人工林为研究对象,采用无人机(大疆精灵Phantom 4 RTK)遥感获取正摄影像,并在ArcMap 10.5中通过目视判读提取林冠林隙(23个);应用软件中的计算方法几何求算林隙面积(A g),依据面积大小将林隙分为5种类型——小林隙(A g≤30 m^(2))、较小林隙(30 m^(2)<A g≤60 m^(2))、中林隙(60 m^(2)<A g≤90 m^(2))、较大林隙(90 m^(2)<A g≤120 m^(2))、大林隙(A g>120 m^(2));采用半球摄影法获取林隙冠层结构指标(冠层开度、叶面积指数、平均叶倾角)和光环境指标(总光照指数、直射光指数、散射光指数),并人工测定林隙内人工更新的云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)幼树生长指标(胸径、树高、生物量);采用单因素方差分析法分析不同大小林隙内幼树生长指标与冠层结构指标、光环境指标的相关性,依据偏最小二乘法构建“林隙大小-冠层结构-光环境-幼树生长”的结构方程模型,分析华北落叶松林林隙冠层结构和光环境对林下人工更新云杉幼树生长的影响。结果表明:①在不同大小林隙内,云杉幼树的胸径、树高、生物量的变化表现出一致性,A g≤30 m^(2)林隙内幼树生长最差,30 m^(2)<A g≤60 m^(2)林隙内幼树生长居中,60 m^(2)<A g≤90 m^(2)、90 m^(2)<A g≤120 m^(2)、A g>120 m^(2)内幼树生长较好,且存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。②随着林隙面积的增大,冠层开度、平均叶倾角、直射光指数、散射光指数、总光照指数均随之增大,叶面积指数随之减少,且同一指标在相邻大小的林隙间差异不显著。③林隙大小直接影响冠层结构(直接影响系数为0.838),间接影响光环境(间接影响系数为0.747),林隙大小主要通过影响冠层结构再影响光照进而影响幼树生长,总影响系数为0.563。林隙冠层结构主要通过改善光环境间接影响幼树生长,间接影响系数为0.664。光环境直接影响幼树生长,直接影响系数为0.871。④综合试验结果,可通过调整林隙大小,改变冠层结构、改善林隙内光环境,促进华北落叶松林隙内云杉幼树生长。

近地面激光雷达点云密度对森林冠层结构参数提取准确性的影响

基于激光雷达技术获取冠层结构为森林生态学研究增加了新的维度。搭载于多旋翼无人机的近地面激光雷达相比于固定翼有人机的机载激光雷达,能够更加灵活高效地获取森林群落样地高密度点云。但在实际操作中,往往出现局部低密度点云数据,影响了冠层结构参数提取的准确性。使用4块森林动态样地的近地面激光雷达点云数据;利用航带分解方法分析各样地低密度样方成因;采用点云抽稀模拟算法计算并拟合偏差曲线,对比不同样地、参数和取样尺度间的点云密度对冠层结构参数提取准确性的影响;根据偏差曲线计算各条件下保证参数提取准确性的最低点云密度。结果发现:1)低密度区域主要受地形或(和)近地面遥感设计规划的影响。地形复杂的测区(西双版纳和古田山样地),遥感规划难度大,整体难以获取高密度点云(在30点/m^(2)左右),容易在沟谷和高海拔处出现低密度样方。平坦测区(长白山两块样地)虽可获取高密度点云(均超过150点/m^(2)),但欠佳的遥感规划设计导致长白山1测区北部出现1hm^(2)低密度区域。2)冠层参数提取准确性随点云密度减少而迅速降低,呈负指数幂函数关系。这一变化趋势在不同参数和尺度间差异较大,但在各样地间无显著差异。3)根据偏差曲线拟合结果,点云密度达到16点/m^(2)可以实现5—20 m取样尺度下冠层结构参数提取准确度达95%。综上,为更好的将近地面激光雷达技术应用在森林生态学研究中,应注重外业遥感作业方案的合理性,充分考虑地形的影响,在源头把控数据质量;如果数据存在低密度点云的情况,应适当放宽取样尺度并慎重提取对点云密度较为敏感的冠层结构参数。

基于三维模型的枇杷冠层光截获模拟与分析

利用点云数据与L-系统规则结合的建模方法,生成高精度、高真实感的枇杷果树模型;利用辐射度模型模拟枇杷冠层截获的光合有效辐射,并从受光面积与光合速率的角度对不同冠形的枇杷冠层光截获效率进行定量分析.结果表明:植物冠形对于入射光的响应有明显差异,枝叶排列较为开阔且均匀的冠形,其光截获能力与光合速率更优,冠层日平均直射和散射的光合有效辐射强度分别为154.77和47.20μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1),日最高光合速率为3.97μmol·(m^(2)·s)^(-1).