AN ANALYSIS OF SUBGRID-RESOLVED SCALE INTERACTIONS WITH USE OF RESULTS FROM DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Subgrid nonlinear interaction and energy transfer are analyzed using direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence. Influences of cutoff wave number at different ranges of scale on the energetics and dynamics have been investigated. It is observed that subgrid-subgrid interaction dominates the turbulent dynamics when cut-off wave number locates in the energy-containing range while resolved-subgrid interaction dominates if it is in the dissipation range. By decomposing the subgrid energy transfer and nonlinear interaction into ‘forward’ and ‘backward’ groups according to the sign of triadic interaction, we find that individually each group has very large contribution, but the net of them is much smaller, implying that tremendous cancellation happens between these two groups.

Evaluation of Subgrid-scale Models in Large-eddy Simulations of Turbulent Flow in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller

The current research of large eddy simulation （LES） of turbulent flow in pumps mainly concentrates in applying conventional subgrid-scale （SGS） model to simulate turbulent flow, which aims at obtaining the flow field in pump. The selection of SGS model is usually not considered seriously, so the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation cannot be ensured. Three SGS models including Smagorinsky-Lilly model, dynamic Smagorinsky model and dynamic mixed model are comparably studied by using the commercial CFD code Fluent combined with its user define function. The simulations are performed for the turbulent flow in a centrifugal pump impeller. The simulation results indicate that the mean flows predicted by the three SGS models agree well with the experimental data obtained from the test that detailed measurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a six-bladed shrouded centrifugal pump impeller performed using particle image velocimetry （PIV） and laser Doppler velocimetry （LDV）. The comparable results show that dynamic mixed model gives the most accurate results for mean flow in the centrifugal pump impeller. The SGS stress of dynamic mixed model is decompose into the scale similar part and the eddy viscous part. The scale similar part of SGS stress plays a significant role in high curvature regions, such as the leading edge and training edge of pump blade. It is also found that the dynamic mixed model is more adaptive to compute turbulence in the pump impeller. The research results presented is useful to improve the computational accuracy and efficiency of LES for centrifugal pumps, and provide important reference for carrying out simulation in similar fluid machineries.

Stochastic modeling of subgrid-scale effects on particle motion in forced isotropic turbulence

The subgrid-scale effects on particle motion were investigated in forced isotropic turbulence by DNS and priorLES methods.In the DNS field,the importance of Kolmogorov scaling to preferential accumulation was validated by comparing the radial distribution functions under various particle Stokes numbers.The prior-LES fields were generated by filtering the DNS data.The subgrid-scale Stokes number(StSGS)is a useful tool for determining the effects of subgrid-scale eddies on particle motion.The subgrid-scale eddies tend to accumulate particles with StSGSb 1 and disperse particles with 1 b StSGSb 10.For particles with StSGS?1,the effects of subgrid-scale eddies on particle motion can be neglected.In order to restore the subgrid-scale effects,the Langevin-type stochastic model with optimized parameters was adopted in this study.This model is effective for the particles with StSGS N 1 while has an adverse impact on the particles with StSGSb 1.The results show that the Langevin-type stochastic model tends to smooth the particle distribution in the isotropic turbulence.

A SECOND-ORDER DYNAMIC SUBGRID-SCALE STRESS MODEL

A second-order dynamic model based on the general relation between the subgrid-scale stress and the velocity gradient tensors was proposed. A priori test of the second-order model was made using moderate resolution direct numerical simulation date at high Reynolds number ( Taylor microscale Reynolds number R-lambda = 102 similar to 216) for homogeneous, isotropic forced flow, decaying flow, and homogeneous rotating flow. Numerical testing shows that the second-order dynamic model significantly improves the correlation coefficient when compared to the first-order dynamic models.

A new mixed subgrid-scale model for large eddy simulation of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids

A mixed subgrid-scale（SGS） model based on coherent structures and temporal approximate deconvolution（MCT） is proposed for turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids. The main idea of the MCT SGS model is to perform spatial filtering for the momentum equation and temporal filtering for the conformation tensor transport equation of turbulent flow of viscoelastic fluid, respectively. The MCT model is suitable for large eddy simulation（LES） of turbulent dragreducing flows of viscoelastic fluids in engineering applications since the model parameters can be easily obtained. The LES of forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence（FHIT） with polymer additives and turbulent channel flow with surfactant additives based on MCT SGS model shows excellent agreements with direct numerical simulation（DNS） results. Compared with the LES results using the temporal approximate deconvolution model（TADM） for FHIT with polymer additives, this mixed SGS model MCT behaves better, regarding the enhancement of calculating parameters such as the Reynolds number.For scientific and engineering research, turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers are expected, so the MCT model can be a more suitable model for the LES of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluid with polymer or surfactant additives.

Large Eddy Simulation of Stratified Turbulent Channel Flow with a Dynamic Subgrid Scale Model

In this paper, large eddy simulation coupled with a dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) model is used to study turbulent channel flows with heat transfer. Some fundamental flow behaviors are discussed. Based on our calculated results, the dynamic SGS model can reasonably predict some main characteristics of stratified turbulent channel flows. Our results are also in good agreement with theoretical analyses and previous calculated results.

Rational subgrid-scale modelling: a short survey

We review the previous attempts of rational subgrid-scale （SGS） modelling by employing theKolmogorov equation of filtered quantities. Aiming at explaining and solving the underlyingproblems in these models, we also introduce the recent methodological investigations for therational SGS modelling technique by defining the terms of assumption and restriction. Thesemethodological works are expected to provide instructive criterions for not only the rational SGSmodelling, but also other types of SGS modelling practices.

A Nonlinear Sub-grid Scale Model for Compressible Turbulent Flow

The governing equations for large eddy simulation （LES） are obtained by filtering the Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations with standard （non-Favre filtering） spatial filter function. The filtered scale stress due to the standard filtering is then reconstructed by using the Taylor series expansion. The loss of information due to truncating the expansion up to the first derivative term is modeled by a dynamic nonlinear model （DNM）, which is free from any empirical constant and wall damping function. The DNM avoids the singularity of the model and shows good local stability. Unlike the conventional dynamic Smagorinsky model （DSM）, the DNM does not require the plane averaging and reduces the computational cost. The turbulent flow over a double ellipsoid for Reynolds number of 4.25 × 10^6 and Mach number of 8.02 is simulated numerically to validate the proposed approach. The results are compared with experiment data, as well as the data of Reynolds averaged numerical simulation （RANS）.

A distributed Grid-Xinanjiang model with integration of subgrid variability of soil storage capacity

Realistic hydrological response is sensitive to the spatial variability of landscape properties. For a grid-based distributed rainfall-runoff model with a hypothesis of a uniform grid, the high-frequency information within a grid cell will be gradually lost as the resolution of the digital elevation model(DEM) grows coarser. Therefore, the performance of a hydrological model is usually scale-dependent. This study used the GridXinanjiang(GXAJ) model as an example to investigate the effects of subgrid variability on hydrological response at different scales. With the aim of producing a more reasonable hydrological response and spatial description of the landscape properties, a new distributed rainfall-runoff model integrating the subgrid variability(the GXAJSV model) was developed. In this model, the topographic index is used as an auxiliary variable correlated with the soil storage capacity. The incomplete beta distribution is suggested for simulating the probability distribution of the soil storage capacity within the raster grid. The Yaogu Basin in China was selected for model calibration and validation at different spatial scales.Results demonstrated that the proposed model can effectively eliminate the scale dependence of the GXAJ model and produce a more reasonable hydrological response.

风琴管喷嘴空化水射流流场的大涡模拟

针对空化水射流流场空化云演化采用RANS方法模拟不准确的问题,采用大涡模拟(Large-eddy simulation,LES)对风琴管空化喷嘴流场进行数值模拟。基于Mixture多相流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB)空化模型,分别采用SM模型(Smagorinsky-Lilly model,SM)、壁面适应的局部涡黏模型(Wall-adapted local eddy-viscous,WALE)和代数壁面模型(Wall-modeled large eddy simulation,WMLES)3种不同的亚格子模型,对风琴管喷嘴空化水射流流场进行数值模拟,分析空化水射流特性、空化云演化规律及脱落频率。结果表明:WALE模型可以较为准确模拟空化云演化周期,与高速摄像拍摄结果吻合较好;在喷嘴内圆柱段以及扩散段壁面附近产生涡环,加快了空化泡析出,WALE模型较好的模拟了涡环结构;涡量分析表明涡流在喷嘴出口附近出现,射流的末端空化泡破碎产生扰动,大尺度涡演化为小尺度涡,WALE模型模拟出涡的破碎范围较SM模型更大,WMLES模型未捕捉到小尺度涡。

基于LES的射流火焰湍流辐射交互作用研究

在大涡模拟中,研究了亚格子湍流辐射交互作用(SGS-TRI)对Sandia Flame D和Flame 4D(Scaled Sandia flame D)辐射源项的影响。模拟中,采用概率密度函数输运方程(TPDF)湍流燃烧模型模拟湍流燃烧过程,球谐函数(P1近似)法、灰气体加权和模型(WSGGM)模拟辐射换热。采用湍流涡团光学薄脉动近似(OTFA)处理滤波吸收项,分别采用考虑和忽略SGS-TRI的方法求解滤波发射项。结果显示,SGS-TRI仅在辐射源项本身数值较小的区域对时均辐射源项有相对较大的影响(最大为25%);考虑和忽略SGS-TRI计算得到的时均温度以及CO_(2)浓度等径向分布基本重合(相对差别小于3%)。因此,亚格子湍流辐射交互作用对无碳烟湍流射流火焰(Flame D和Flame 4D)的影响较小。

WRF模式中参数化方案对新疆北部不同地形地区风场模拟的影响

WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式中参数化方案的选择与近地面风场的仿真模拟结果关系密切。为解决新疆北部不同地形地区风场模拟准确性的问题,采用WRF中尺度气象模式,探究4类参数化方案(边界层、微物理、陆面过程、近地面层)以及次网格地形方案对新疆北部不同地形地区风场模拟结果的影响。结果表明:每组试验均能模拟出风速的变化趋势;陆面过程RUC(rapid update cycle)方案和微物理Lin(Purdue Lin)方案对平原地区模拟结果较好,陆面过程Noah方案和微物理WSM6(WRF single moment 6 class)方案对山区地形模拟结果较好,且对于平原和山谷地形,次网格地形方案对模拟地区均能起到较好的修正作用。

大涡模拟及其在湍流燃烧中的应用

大涡模拟作为一种研究湍流流动和湍流燃烧的有效手段，在国际上已经得到广泛应用．本文在回顾了大涡模拟（ＬＥＳ）的基本思想及其实施方法的基础上着重介绍了前人在大涡模拟的亚格子湍流模式和亚格子燃烧模式中的研究成果，同时给出了采用不同亚格子模式的大涡模拟在湍流燃烧中的应用实例，指出了大涡模拟在湍流燃烧中的重要作用，为大涡模拟的进一步发展和应用提供参考。

旋转圆管湍流的大涡模拟数值研究

采用大涡模拟（LES）方法,并结合动力学亚格子尺度应力（SGS）模型,通过数值求解柱坐标系下的滤波Navier-Stokes方程,研究了绕管轴旋转圆管内的湍流流动特性.为验证计算的可靠性,以及动力学SGS模型对于旋转湍流的适用性,将大涡模拟计算所得的结果,与相应的直接模拟（DNS）结果和实验数据进行了对比验证,吻合良好.进一步对旋转圆管湍流的物理机理进行了探讨,研究了湍流特性随旋转速率的变化规律.当旋转速率增加时,湍流流动有层流化的发展趋势.基于湍动能变化的关系,分析了旋转效应对湍流脉动生成的抑制作用.

地表粗糙度非均匀性对模式湍流通量计算的影响

理论分析和数值试验结果表明,地表参量的不均匀性对网格区地表湍流通量的计算有重要影响。近中性大气层结条件下,次网格粗糙度长度的变差系数、网格平均粗糙度及参考高度的选取是影响网格湍流通量计算的主要因素,其中次网格粗糙度长度的变差系数对计算偏差起主要决定作用。实际计算表明,某些特定地区(如植被气候过渡带)粗糙度的地表非均匀性引起的计算相对误差可达40%以上,选取特定的参考高度能改善高网格湍流通量计算的效果。非中性大气层结条件下,由地表粗糙度不均匀性所致的平均风速、位温梯度以及近地层大气稳定度的次网格分布都对网格湍流通量(感热通量)计算产生影响,比较而言,相对误差大小对大气稳定度的次网格分布最为敏感。所以,在目前的数值模式中有必要进一步对湍流通量计算过程中由于地表不均匀性产生的计算偏差加以考虑。

夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析——Ⅲ:环流场稳定维持的物理机制

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年夏季青藏高原地区进行了涡度方程诊断分析,研究了它们的月际变化、逐日变化和日变化,与高原上积云对流活动的强弱变化进行了比较,讨论了夏季高原稳定的环流场维持的物理机制;同时还对同时期热带赤道地区强对流活动区域进行了涡度方程诊断分析,将其涡旋环流场的维持机制与夏季高原地区进行了比较. 通过分析,发现夏季青藏高原月平均涡度方程平衡关系主要是次网格尺度项和散度项的平衡,水平平流项的耗散作用在高空较强,但不如次网格尺度项强,涡度方程其余各项均很小.从月际变化、逐日变化和日变化的比较,发现当积云对流活动发生强弱变化时,ω、D和涡度方程中的散度项、次网格尺度项均伴随很强的相应变化,对应关系很好,说明涡度方程中的次网格尺度项R(余差项)的主要部分来源于积云对流系统的活动,反映了夏季高原上存在的强盛频繁的积云对流活动对高原平均环流场的形成和维持具有重要的作用. 使夏季青藏高原高低层环流场加强的物理机制足高低层气流强大的辐散辐合,耗散机制是积云对流系统对高低层涡度的上下搅拌垂直输送作用和网格尺度水平平流项的非线性耗散作用,其中前者起主要的作用. 从涡旋能量维持的角度看。

大涡模拟模型环形燃烧室污染特性

在任意曲线坐标系下,采用大涡模拟模型环形燃烧室两相燃烧流场中污染物的生成.用亚网格涡破碎(EBU)燃烧模型估算化学反应速率;分别用NO亚网格动力学模型与CO亚网格模型来模拟NO和CO的生成;采用随机离散模型模拟气液两相湍流流动,两相之间耦合采用PSIC算法.计算结果与瞬态速度场、出口温度和污染物质量分数分布的实验数据比较吻合,表明大涡模拟方法和亚网格模型可以用来预估实际燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场和污染物生成过程.

全球海洋模式中CFC-11吸收对次网格尺度混合参数化的敏感性

以描述中尺度涡旋对示踪物的输送作用为目的的湍流混合方案GM90经证明对海洋模式的模拟能力较以前的湍流混合方案有较大的提高.该方案涉及到两个主要参数:等密度面扩散系数(AI)和等密度面厚度扩散系数(Aith).该文的目的就是利用中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)全球海洋环流模式L30T63研究以上两个系数取值大小对主动示踪物(温盐)以及被动示踪物(CFC-11)海洋分布的影响.实验结果表明这两个系数的取值可明显改变大洋温盐垂直分布以及海洋对CFC-11的吸收,且两个系数在其中起到的作用有很大的差异.从几个剖面的分析结果可知,总的来说,AI的增加使得CFC-11主要储存区的模拟结果更接近观测资料,而Aith的增大使得模拟结果变差.

陆面气象要素非均匀分布对模式计算的影响及其参数化初步探讨

为改进陆面过程的参数化 ,初步探讨了模式中陆面气象要素次网格尺度不均匀性分布对模拟计算结果的影响。应用平均化方法初步探讨陆面过程的参数化 ,并分析了气象要素次网格尺度不均匀性分布对计算结果的影响特征。结果表明 ,次网格尺度不均匀性分布对模式的计算结果会产生一定的偏差 ,可用平均化方法对陆面过程次网格尺度不均匀性分布进行初步参数化。

次网格地形参数化对WRF模式在复杂地形区风场模拟的影响

黄土高原特殊的地形导致该地区风场特征复杂,本文以黄土高原为研究对象,通过3组数值模拟试验,探讨次网格地形参数化对WRF模式模拟近地面风场的影响。结果表明:地形越复杂,次网格地形标准差越大,WRF模式中离站点最近格点的海拔高度与站点实际海拔高度差异越大;研究时段内,若不考虑次网格地形影响,观测风速较小时,WRF会高估风速,而观测风速较大时,WRF则低估风速。在相对平坦的地区,模拟风速与观测风速之间的均方根误差较小,地形越复杂时,均方根误差越大。采用次网格参数化方案后,模式对风速的模拟有明显改进,认同指数、准确率、相关性等都有明显提高,模拟误差明显降低。3组试验均能模拟出风速的日变化,但不考虑次网格地形影响时,模拟的风速几乎是观测值的2倍,考虑次网格地形影响后,模拟的风速明显降低,其中Jimenez方案模拟的风速与观测值之间的偏差最小,能更好地描述风速的空间分布特征,而Mass方案仅降低了平原和山谷地区的风速却没有突出山区的高风速,对风速空间变化的模拟不如Jimenez方案。