Evaluation of Subgrid-scale Models in Large-eddy Simulations of Turbulent Flow in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller

The current research of large eddy simulation （LES） of turbulent flow in pumps mainly concentrates in applying conventional subgrid-scale （SGS） model to simulate turbulent flow, which aims at obtaining the flow field in pump. The selection of SGS model is usually not considered seriously, so the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation cannot be ensured. Three SGS models including Smagorinsky-Lilly model, dynamic Smagorinsky model and dynamic mixed model are comparably studied by using the commercial CFD code Fluent combined with its user define function. The simulations are performed for the turbulent flow in a centrifugal pump impeller. The simulation results indicate that the mean flows predicted by the three SGS models agree well with the experimental data obtained from the test that detailed measurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a six-bladed shrouded centrifugal pump impeller performed using particle image velocimetry （PIV） and laser Doppler velocimetry （LDV）. The comparable results show that dynamic mixed model gives the most accurate results for mean flow in the centrifugal pump impeller. The SGS stress of dynamic mixed model is decompose into the scale similar part and the eddy viscous part. The scale similar part of SGS stress plays a significant role in high curvature regions, such as the leading edge and training edge of pump blade. It is also found that the dynamic mixed model is more adaptive to compute turbulence in the pump impeller. The research results presented is useful to improve the computational accuracy and efficiency of LES for centrifugal pumps, and provide important reference for carrying out simulation in similar fluid machineries.

Stochastic modeling of subgrid-scale effects on particle motion in forced isotropic turbulence

The subgrid-scale effects on particle motion were investigated in forced isotropic turbulence by DNS and priorLES methods.In the DNS field,the importance of Kolmogorov scaling to preferential accumulation was validated by comparing the radial distribution functions under various particle Stokes numbers.The prior-LES fields were generated by filtering the DNS data.The subgrid-scale Stokes number(StSGS)is a useful tool for determining the effects of subgrid-scale eddies on particle motion.The subgrid-scale eddies tend to accumulate particles with StSGSb 1 and disperse particles with 1 b StSGSb 10.For particles with StSGS?1,the effects of subgrid-scale eddies on particle motion can be neglected.In order to restore the subgrid-scale effects,the Langevin-type stochastic model with optimized parameters was adopted in this study.This model is effective for the particles with StSGS N 1 while has an adverse impact on the particles with StSGSb 1.The results show that the Langevin-type stochastic model tends to smooth the particle distribution in the isotropic turbulence.

A new mixed subgrid-scale model for large eddy simulation of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids

A mixed subgrid-scale（SGS） model based on coherent structures and temporal approximate deconvolution（MCT） is proposed for turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids. The main idea of the MCT SGS model is to perform spatial filtering for the momentum equation and temporal filtering for the conformation tensor transport equation of turbulent flow of viscoelastic fluid, respectively. The MCT model is suitable for large eddy simulation（LES） of turbulent dragreducing flows of viscoelastic fluids in engineering applications since the model parameters can be easily obtained. The LES of forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence（FHIT） with polymer additives and turbulent channel flow with surfactant additives based on MCT SGS model shows excellent agreements with direct numerical simulation（DNS） results. Compared with the LES results using the temporal approximate deconvolution model（TADM） for FHIT with polymer additives, this mixed SGS model MCT behaves better, regarding the enhancement of calculating parameters such as the Reynolds number.For scientific and engineering research, turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers are expected, so the MCT model can be a more suitable model for the LES of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluid with polymer or surfactant additives.

A SECOND-ORDER DYNAMIC SUBGRID-SCALE STRESS MODEL

A second-order dynamic model based on the general relation between the subgrid-scale stress and the velocity gradient tensors was proposed. A priori test of the second-order model was made using moderate resolution direct numerical simulation date at high Reynolds number ( Taylor microscale Reynolds number R-lambda = 102 similar to 216) for homogeneous, isotropic forced flow, decaying flow, and homogeneous rotating flow. Numerical testing shows that the second-order dynamic model significantly improves the correlation coefficient when compared to the first-order dynamic models.

Rational subgrid-scale modelling: a short survey

We review the previous attempts of rational subgrid-scale （SGS） modelling by employing theKolmogorov equation of filtered quantities. Aiming at explaining and solving the underlyingproblems in these models, we also introduce the recent methodological investigations for therational SGS modelling technique by defining the terms of assumption and restriction. Thesemethodological works are expected to provide instructive criterions for not only the rational SGSmodelling, but also other types of SGS modelling practices.

Large Eddy Simulation of Stratified Turbulent Channel Flow with a Dynamic Subgrid Scale Model

In this paper, large eddy simulation coupled with a dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) model is used to study turbulent channel flows with heat transfer. Some fundamental flow behaviors are discussed. Based on our calculated results, the dynamic SGS model can reasonably predict some main characteristics of stratified turbulent channel flows. Our results are also in good agreement with theoretical analyses and previous calculated results.

A distributed Grid-Xinanjiang model with integration of subgrid variability of soil storage capacity

Realistic hydrological response is sensitive to the spatial variability of landscape properties. For a grid-based distributed rainfall-runoff model with a hypothesis of a uniform grid, the high-frequency information within a grid cell will be gradually lost as the resolution of the digital elevation model(DEM) grows coarser. Therefore, the performance of a hydrological model is usually scale-dependent. This study used the GridXinanjiang(GXAJ) model as an example to investigate the effects of subgrid variability on hydrological response at different scales. With the aim of producing a more reasonable hydrological response and spatial description of the landscape properties, a new distributed rainfall-runoff model integrating the subgrid variability(the GXAJSV model) was developed. In this model, the topographic index is used as an auxiliary variable correlated with the soil storage capacity. The incomplete beta distribution is suggested for simulating the probability distribution of the soil storage capacity within the raster grid. The Yaogu Basin in China was selected for model calibration and validation at different spatial scales.Results demonstrated that the proposed model can effectively eliminate the scale dependence of the GXAJ model and produce a more reasonable hydrological response.

Assessment of the modulated gradient model in decaying isotropic turbulence

A recently introduced nonlinear model undergoes evaluations based on two isotropic turbulent cases:a University of Wiscosion-Madison case at a moderate Reynolds number and a Johns Hopkins University case at a high Reynolds number.The model uses an estimation of the subgrid-scale(SGS) kinetic energy to model the magnitude of the SGS stress tensor,and uses the normalized velocity gradient tensor to model the structure of the SGS stress tensor.Testing is performed for the first case through a comparison between direct numerical simulation(DNS) results and large eddy simulation(LES) results regarding resolved kinetic energy and energy spectrum.In the second case,we examine the resolved kinetic energy,the energy spectrum,as well as other key statistics including the probability density functions of velocities and velocity gradients,the skewness factors,and the flatness factors.Simulations using the model are numerically stable,and results are satisfactorily compared with DNS results and consistent with statistical theories of turbulence.

Applications of a Surface Runoff Model with Horton and Dunne Runoff for VIC

Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.

风琴管喷嘴空化水射流流场的大涡模拟

针对空化水射流流场空化云演化采用RANS方法模拟不准确的问题,采用大涡模拟(Large-eddy simulation,LES)对风琴管空化喷嘴流场进行数值模拟。基于Mixture多相流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB)空化模型,分别采用SM模型(Smagorinsky-Lilly model,SM)、壁面适应的局部涡黏模型(Wall-adapted local eddy-viscous,WALE)和代数壁面模型(Wall-modeled large eddy simulation,WMLES)3种不同的亚格子模型,对风琴管喷嘴空化水射流流场进行数值模拟,分析空化水射流特性、空化云演化规律及脱落频率。结果表明:WALE模型可以较为准确模拟空化云演化周期,与高速摄像拍摄结果吻合较好;在喷嘴内圆柱段以及扩散段壁面附近产生涡环,加快了空化泡析出,WALE模型较好的模拟了涡环结构;涡量分析表明涡流在喷嘴出口附近出现,射流的末端空化泡破碎产生扰动,大尺度涡演化为小尺度涡,WALE模型模拟出涡的破碎范围较SM模型更大,WMLES模型未捕捉到小尺度涡。

An improved dynamic subgrid-scale model and its application to large eddy simulation of rotating channel flows

A new dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model, which is proved to satisfy the principle of asymptotic material frame indifference (AMFI) for rotating turbulence, is proposed based on physical and mathematical analysis. Comparison with direct numerical simulation (DNS) results verifies that the new SGS model is effective for large eddy simulation (LES) on rotating turbulent flow. The SGS model is then applied to the LES of the spanwise rotating turbulent channel flow to investigate the rotation effect on turbulence characteristics, budget terms in the transport equations of resolved Reynolds stresses, and flow structures near the wall regions of the rotating channel.

A dynamic subgrid-scale model for the large eddy simulation of stratified flow

A new dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model, including subgrid turbulent stress and heat flux models for stratified shear flow is proposed by using Yoshizawa’ s eddy viscosity model as a base model. Based on our calculated results, the dynamic subgrid-scale model developed here is effective for the large eddy simulation (LES) of stratified turbulent channel flows. The new SGS model is then applied to the large eddy simulation of stratified turbulent channel flow under gravity to investigate the coupled shear and buoyancy effects on the near-wall turbulent statistics and the turbulent heat transfer at different Richardson numbers. The critical Richardson number predicted by the present calculation is in good agreement with the value of theoretical analysis.

An improved dynamic subgrid-scale model and its application to large eddy simulation of stratified channel flows

In the present paper, a new dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model of turbulent stress and heat flux for stratified shear flow is proposed. Based on our calculated results of stratified channel flow, the dynamic subgrid-scale model developed in this paper is shown to be effective for large eddy simulation (LES) of stratified turbulent shear flows. The new SGS model is then applied to the LES of the stratified turbulent channel flow to investigate the coupled shear and buoyancy effects on the behavior of turbulent statistics, turbulent heat transfer and flow structures at different Richardson numbers.

大涡模拟及其在湍流燃烧中的应用

大涡模拟作为一种研究湍流流动和湍流燃烧的有效手段，在国际上已经得到广泛应用．本文在回顾了大涡模拟（ＬＥＳ）的基本思想及其实施方法的基础上着重介绍了前人在大涡模拟的亚格子湍流模式和亚格子燃烧模式中的研究成果，同时给出了采用不同亚格子模式的大涡模拟在湍流燃烧中的应用实例，指出了大涡模拟在湍流燃烧中的重要作用，为大涡模拟的进一步发展和应用提供参考。

混流式水轮机尾水管近壁湍流特性和流场结构研究

采用滑移网格技术以及基于Vreman亚格子模型的全局动态大涡模拟方法,得到了HLA551-LJ-43型水轮机小开度工况下全流道内速度、压力以及涡量的分布,同时捕捉到尾水区域高强度的近壁湍流特性以及独特的分离流动现象。计算结果表明,当高转速、小开度工况时,流道内流体的圆周速度占有绝对优势,流体进入尾水管后'被甩出'呈旋转下泄趋势,在锥管段和弯管段内产生了明显的分流,同时在尾水管中心区域形成一个较大的空腔涡带。该涡带的流动形式与常规工况差异较大,反映出小开度工况偏离最优工况最远,流道中流体的漩涡、脱流、分离间断和回流等各种水力不稳定现象更为剧烈和复杂,具有独特的流动形式,容易导致机组异常振动的发生。

旋转圆管湍流的大涡模拟数值研究

采用大涡模拟（LES）方法,并结合动力学亚格子尺度应力（SGS）模型,通过数值求解柱坐标系下的滤波Navier-Stokes方程,研究了绕管轴旋转圆管内的湍流流动特性.为验证计算的可靠性,以及动力学SGS模型对于旋转湍流的适用性,将大涡模拟计算所得的结果,与相应的直接模拟（DNS）结果和实验数据进行了对比验证,吻合良好.进一步对旋转圆管湍流的物理机理进行了探讨,研究了湍流特性随旋转速率的变化规律.当旋转速率增加时,湍流流动有层流化的发展趋势.基于湍动能变化的关系,分析了旋转效应对湍流脉动生成的抑制作用.

湍流数值模拟方法及其特点分析

结合近年来国内外学者的研究,着重从基本思想、基础理论等方面对湍流数值模拟进行了特点比较及适用性分析,湍流数值模拟方法仍处于不断的完善与探索阶段,通过分析,文章最后指出了今后可能获得突破性进展的复杂湍流探索方向。

植被层湍流的大涡模拟

研究植被层湍流的大涡模拟，发展了一个TSF（transientstructurefunction）亚格于模式，尽可能真实地处理植被湍流这种既有强剪切，又有热对流的流动．我们建立了植被湍流数据库，并进行了较为详细的分析研究．湍流统计量如平均风速剖面、雷诺应力、湍流脉动能等等，与有关观测结果作了对比，符合较好．大涡模拟计算同样发现已由现场观测到的、在强对流情况时出现的温度场斜坡型有组织结构．

大涡模拟模型环形燃烧室污染特性

在任意曲线坐标系下,采用大涡模拟模型环形燃烧室两相燃烧流场中污染物的生成.用亚网格涡破碎(EBU)燃烧模型估算化学反应速率;分别用NO亚网格动力学模型与CO亚网格模型来模拟NO和CO的生成;采用随机离散模型模拟气液两相湍流流动,两相之间耦合采用PSIC算法.计算结果与瞬态速度场、出口温度和污染物质量分数分布的实验数据比较吻合,表明大涡模拟方法和亚网格模型可以用来预估实际燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场和污染物生成过程.

壁面在展向作周期运动的槽道湍流的大涡模拟

分别采用3种亚格子模式:传统的Smagorinsky模式、动力Smagorinsky模式和Cui(2004)基于Kolmogorov方程所提出的新模式,对壁面在展向作周期运动的槽道湍流进行了大涡模拟,以考察这3种模式对平均运动为三维、非定常的湍流流动的模拟能力.通过对湍流基本统计量的分析,发现动力模式和新模式都可以较好地预测这种三维非定常的湍流流动;对相位平均的湍流统计量,动力模式的结果略优于新模式;传统的Smagorinsky模式对这种流动的预测结果是最差的.